**10. Discussion and comparison of ACVF to other similar volcanic fields elsewhere**

The volcanism and volcanoes of ACVF were the subject of field work during 2018 and 2019. The observations made play a critical role in understanding the genesis, evolutionary history, types of landforms, and classification of topography. The observations made at ACVF are compared to several volcanic fields elsewhere in the world in terms of type and topography (**Table 3**).


**241**

*Basic Volcanic Elements of the Arxan-Chaihe Volcanic Field, Inner Mongolia, NE China*

**Settings**

Rift zone, Continental crust (> 25 km)

Oceanic crust (< 15 km)

Intraplate, Continental crust (> 25 km)

Subduction zone, Continental crust (> 25 km)

Subduction zone, Continental crust (> 25 km)

Intracontinental, rifting system **Vent numbers Surface area**

47+ 2000+ km2

25 1600 km2

130 600 km2

500 20,000 km2

220 6000 km2

53 360 km2 **Volcano types**

Tuff rings, Scoria cones, Fissures vents, Caldera, Complex cones

Cinder cones, Fissure vents, Tuff rings

Calderas, Craters, Fissure vents

Tuff cones, Tuff rings, Scoria cones, Lava domes

Tuff cones, Scoria cones, Lava shields, tuff rings

Maars, Tuff rings, Lava shields, Scoria cones

**Rock Types Tectonic** 

Basalt / Picro-Basalt Rift zone,

**Majority:** Basalt/Trachybasalt **Minority:** Basaltic Andesite

**Majority:** Basalt/Picro-Basalt, Trachybasalt/Tephrite Basanite, Trachyandesite/ Basaltic Trachyandesite **Minority:** Trachyte/ Trachydacite

**Majority:** Andesite/Basaltic Andesite, Trachyandesite/ Basaltic Trachyandesite, Dacite, Basalt/Picro-Basalt **Minority:** Trachybasalt/ Tephrite Basanite

Trachybasalt/Tephrite Basanite, Basalt

*Comparisons of ACVF to other volcanic fields [data from https://volcano.si.ed].*

Basalt/Picro-Basalt, Trachybasalt/Tephrite Basanite, Trachyandesite/ Basaltic Trachyandesite

4.The Chichinautzin Monogenetic Volcanic Field is located on the central part of Mexico and belonged to Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt. There are more than 220

andesite or basaltic trachyandesite [39–41]. Chichinautzin shares similarities to ACVF in respect to the similar individual volcano sizes, geochemistry, surface area and some aspects of forming nested vents and complex vent systems. However, Chichinautzin is a far more evolved complex and it is likely volcanoes were longer lived compared to those in ACVF where other than nested vent complex formation, the majority of its volcanoes are more typical of

Volcanism always cause a range of significant hazards to human societies. Not only to the life expectancy but they can also harm the foundations of infrastructures, exposed communities, disrupt the business, and put additional risks on the surrounding environments [42]. The hazards and threats from volcanic eruptions

area. Most volcanoes in this field are basaltic

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94134*

**Volcanic fields Ages**

Arxan-Chaihe Volcanic Field (ACVF) Late-Pleistocene to Holocene

Craters of Moon Idaho, USA Holocene

Laki Fissure, Iceland Holocene

Harrat Rahat Saudi Arabia Pliocene to Holocene

Chichinautzin Mexico Pleistocene to Holocene

Auckland Volcanic Field (AVF) New Zealand Late-Pleistocene to Holocene

**Table 3.**

vents located within c. 6000 km2

**11. Conclusion and volcanic eruption scenarios**

monogenetic volcanism.


*Basic Volcanic Elements of the Arxan-Chaihe Volcanic Field, Inner Mongolia, NE China DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94134*

### **Table 3.**

*Updates in Volcanology – Transdisciplinary Nature of Volcano Science*

and densely welded scoria beds (**Figure 16D**).

in the world in terms of type and topography (**Table 3**).

and closer spaced than those at ACVF.

**elsewhere**

a c. 50 cm thick soil. On vent 3, a clear crater wall collapse, and rafting from where the main lava flow escaped the crater are recorded (**Figure 16C**). The lava ponded in the crater and flowed out of the ring structures forming an outlet. The width of the breakage is narrow (**Figure 16C**), not more than about 250 m, which means the flux of the lava flows may reach a threshold value triggering the collapse of the edifice sector. The crater rim of the main crater composed of agglutinate, clastogenic lava

**10. Discussion and comparison of ACVF to other similar volcanic fields** 

The volcanism and volcanoes of ACVF were the subject of field work during 2018 and 2019. The observations made play a critical role in understanding the genesis, evolutionary history, types of landforms, and classification of topography. The observations made at ACVF are compared to several volcanic fields elsewhere

1.The Crater of Moon, Idaho, USA, is an extensive volcanic field alongside the eastern bank of Snake River in the NE USA. It has about 25 cinder cones and large areas covered with the lava flows over an area of about 1600 km2 [31–33]. In early research, this volcanic field was interpreted as a continental rift system, with c. 45 km long segment of the Great Rift. The lava flow morphotypes, the dominance of explosive magmatic eruptions over phreatomagmatic volcanism, and the type of monogenetic volcanoes made this field a good analogy with ACVF; however, the volcanoes of the Crater of Moon are smaller, less complex

2.The Laki fissure in Iceland is a fissure-driven volcanic cluster. Within it, there are two major vents, volcano Grímsvötn and volcano Thordarhyrna, which represent the genesis of polygenetic volcanism. Significantly, the eruptions in 1783–1785 led to huge mortalities, famine, as well as the global temperature drop [34–36]. The Iceland volcanic fields belong to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Greenland–Iceland–Faeroe Ridge, which are triggered by mantle plumes and formed North Atlantic Igneous Province. The fissure-controlled nature of the Laki eruption can be adopted as an analogy for the fissure-controlled volcano distribution in small and large scale at ACVF. The lava flow morphotypes, however, are more pahoehoe types, e.g. low viscosity melt, and make the lava

flow fields of Laki appear different from those at ACVF.

3.Harrats of Saudi Arabia are clusters of the basaltic volcanic fields on the western coastal territories and part of the Red Sea Rift between the African and Arabian continental slabs. Harrat Rahat is one of the large Harrats among them. It is about 20,000 km2, and within it, there are approximately 500 individual vents radiating in every direction. The lava flows extend about 100 km to the west along the axis of the field [37, 38]. Harrat Rahat is a good analogy for ACVF in respect of the common large size of the volcanoes, complex volcano architecture, common features of ponding, inflation, deflation and occurrences of ponded lava within large craters and outside in flat-lying areas. Phreatomagmatism in Harrat Rahat has been recognized associated with the smallest volcanoes of the field [37]. The size of the field and the number of

vents are also significantly larger to those recorded at ACVF [38].

**240**

*Comparisons of ACVF to other volcanic fields [data from https://volcano.si.ed].*

4.The Chichinautzin Monogenetic Volcanic Field is located on the central part of Mexico and belonged to Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt. There are more than 220 vents located within c. 6000 km2 area. Most volcanoes in this field are basaltic andesite or basaltic trachyandesite [39–41]. Chichinautzin shares similarities to ACVF in respect to the similar individual volcano sizes, geochemistry, surface area and some aspects of forming nested vents and complex vent systems. However, Chichinautzin is a far more evolved complex and it is likely volcanoes were longer lived compared to those in ACVF where other than nested vent complex formation, the majority of its volcanoes are more typical of monogenetic volcanism.
