**4.1 Examples**

A well-known place on Earth where effusive monogenetic volcanoes are located is the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex [58] in the Central Volcanic Zone in South America [59]. In this place, several of these volcanoes have been identified, usually

### **Figure 5.**

*Schematic framework of magmatic plumbing systems for monogenetic volcanic fields. LAB: Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary. Not to scale.*

with intermediate compositions (e.g. SC2 shield-like volcano; [8]), and occasionally related to post-caldera activity (e.g. El Viejo Couleé, [60]). After several studies, it has been proposed partial melting zones linked to magma stagnation either around the Moho boundary or within the continental crust (e.g. [8, 10]).

The French Massif Central is another widely known example where effusive monogenetic volcanoes exist. The iconic Puy de Dóme [61] along with other effusive and explosive volcanoes (e.g. [62, 63], form the Chaine des Puys volcanic field [64]. Volcanoes from this field have been interpreted as formed by magma detached from a melt storage or reservoir in the upper crust, where crystal fractionation plus self-mixing and minor crustal contamination occur (e.g. [13]).

In the west part of the Arabian shield [42, 52, 65], where mostly lava flows as effusive monogenetic emissions have occurred through time [66, 67], recent investigations have proposed a plumbing system composed of a melting region in the asthenosphere with magma stagnation zones in the upper part of the lower crust (e.g. [14]). Similarly, in the Colombian Andes, recently identified intermediate to acidic effusive monogenetic volcanoes forming volcanic fields have been linked to a plumbing system that include a magmatic reservoir located in the upper part of the lower crust [12]. This melt storage zone gives rise to the monogenetic volcanoes, but also to at least 10 composite volcanoes that exist in a 140 km-long volcanic chain.

Finally, it is important to mention the widely known Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field in México [68–71], where more than 1000 monogenetic volcanoes have been identified [72]. Lava domes, small-shields and lava flows are characteristic of there (e.g. [15, 16, 73]. Although most of the volcanoes seems to be mafic to intermediate (between 50 and 62 wt.% in SiO2; [72]) some reach up to 69 wt.% (e.g. [11]), thus invoking crustal stagnation linked to evolution. Some others, however, seems to be the result of magmas detachment directly from the asthenosphere (e.g. [74]), as it also seems to occur in the Acigöl rhyolite field in Anatolia, Turkey [48], where interesting effusive volcano geoforms exist.
