**Funding**

*Updates in Volcanology – Transdisciplinary Nature of Volcano Science*

the arid climate in northern Chile from the Miocene.

or shallow) to the surface.

**7. Supplementary data**

**Acknowledgements**

Although the numbers of monogenetic volcanoes represented in this contribution are limited by the exposure, and more features could be hidden by Neogene sedimentary and volcanic cover. Monogenetic volcanoes were mainly emplaced during Pleistocene and Miocene, generating scoria cones, domes, lava flows, maars, and tuff cones, in order to decrease. The relative abundance of volcanic features is, in part, limited by the amount of time for eruptions, where the spike in the Pleistocene is prominent, for being a short time period (~2 Ma). While the preservation of Miocene features is also notable in that they are still accessible favored by

Spatially, monogenetic volcanoes are mainly associated with NW-striking lineaments or with the intersections of NW-striking lineaments, NNW-to-NNE-striking faults, and WNW-striking lineaments, in decreasing order. Although the main tectonic setting in northern Chile corresponds to the compressional environment, tectonic phases of Quaternary crustal relaxation (neutral to extensional stresses) could have favored the rising of magmas in small batches up from the source (deep

A general eruptive model for monogenetic volcanoes in northern Chile is proposed in this work, where the external (e.g., magma reservoirs or groundwater availability) and internal (e.g., magma ascent rate or interaction *en-route* to the surface) conditions determine the changes in eruptive style, lithofacies, and magmatic processes involved in the formation of monogenetic volcanoes. Especially during explosive volcanic eruptions, which involve interaction with water, the resulting volcanic lithofacies and architecture will be diverse, reflecting the potential hazards that future eruptions could generate. The understanding of the tectonic and hydrologic setting of the region using traditional geophysics and volcanology surveys should play an essential role in volcanic monitoring, particularly in localities of the Altiplano (e.g., Ollagüe and Talabre village) located nearby active stratovolcanoes presenting permanent fumarolic activity (e.g., Guallatiri, Ollagüe or Lascar stratovolcanoes). This is especially important if such monogenetic volcanoes are surrounded by water-saturated high altitude sedimentary basins, such as salt flats (e.g., Salar de Carcote, Lejía, or Chungara lakes), where even a small-volume of any type of magma ascent could erupt in complex volcanic eruptions in northern Chile.

Methods and databases (Table A.1. Monogenetic volcanoes location database; Table A.2. Geochronological database; Table A.3. Geochemical database; Figure A.1. Structural styles of monogenetic volcanoes in northern Chile; Figure A.2. Tectonic structures and lineaments database). https://drive.google.com/drive/u/1/

The authors wish to thank the Collaborative Research Center 1211–Earth Evolution at the Dry Limit and Dr. Eduardo Campos for providing the vehicle used during fieldwork. The authors would also like to thank all members of the Núcleo de Investigación en Riesgo Volcánico - Ckelar Volcanes team for fruitful discussions and support during fieldwork. The authors highly appreciate the time and effort of Dr. Alison Graettinger for her comments to improve this

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contribution.

This research is part of G.U. Ph.D. thesis, which is funded by CONICYT-PCHA Doctorado Nacional 2016–21161286 fellowship and supported by the Universidad Católica del Norte. This study is emerged and funded by CONICYT-PAI MEC 2017–80170048 (titled "Fortalecimiento del área de volcanismo en el Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas"), and the Antofagasta Regional Government, FIC-R project, code BIP Nº30488832-0 (titled "Mitigación del riesgo asociado a procesos volcánicos en la Región de Antofagasta"); based on the Memorandum of Understanding of Research Cooperation between Universidad Católica del Norte and Massey University.
