**1. Introduction**

In 2017 1.63 billion tons of steel was produced in the world as given in **Table 1** and first share of that was China with 631 million ton first and even highest consumption with 736,8 million tons of pig iron and the other share countries were sequentially classified as Japan, USA, India and Russia. Iron ore production in the same years was also reached 2162 billion tons as given in **Table 2**. In the first ranks in iron ore production was first state Australia, Brazil, China, India and Russia was competed


#### **Table 1.**

*Crude steel production [world steel association, 2019].*


#### **Table 2.**

*Iron ore production [world steel association, 2019].*

by even scrap trade. In these years in the world 88,664 million tons of reduced iron (**Table 3**), about 101 million tons scrap and sponge iron was imported [1, 2].

Iron ore reserves in our country distrıbuted in Divriği, Bingöl, Kayseri regions. Besides these ores Kesikköprü, Balikesir and Adapazari different types of iron ore reserves are available. The low quality iron ore was extracted and mixed a certain weight rate amount with high quality ores evaluated in sinter making [3].

Iron ore is used in iron and steel plants. Turkish iron ore reserves can be absolute ore deposits 115 mill tons, apparant iron ore deposits 950 mill tons, potential iron ore deposits 432 millions determined in three groups as tons. Substantially expressing our country's iron ores as low quality, high titaniferrous iron ore is a serious mistake. Low grade iron ore deposits occurred in mainly Sivas, Malatya and Erzincan [4, 5].

In 2019, the recent years by Erdemir Plant of OYAK, in Turkey, produced pig iron in 4 iron blast furnaces used high grade (63% Fe total) imported iron ores mixed with at high rate over 5/1 local iron ores evaluated [4, 5]. Hence, this

**109**

*Concentration and Microwave Radiated Reduction of Southeastern Anatolian Hematite...*

**Thousand tons 2015 2016 2017 Europian Union (28)** 659 702 703 **CIS** 5436 5820 7200 **North America** 10,621 8644 9618 **South America** 2680 1691 1722 **Africa** 4025 4019 6152 **Middle East** 28,906 29,816 33,194 **Asia** 23,654 27,638 30,075 **Oceania** 5717 5837 5985 **World** 75,982 78,331 88,664

evaluation of low grade explored iron ore deposits prompted. The limonite ore deposites contained low grade Fe such as 25–42% Fe in South Eastern Anatolia needed enrichment for evaluation in blast furnaces after sizing suitable for use. Low grade hematite ore was concentrated to over 65% Fe grade by gravity and magnetic separation. The advanced methods were searched for low grade iron ore potential to evaluate. But some of the ore undesirable by integrated impurities and low iron content. It was partially operated in certain periods. An important part of these resources contains limonitic and sideritic iron ores and below 44% Fe as low grade hematite river sands. The limonite ore deposits range between 19 and 44% Fe. Low grade hematite ores 20% Fe grade could be evaluated in India and China. The

The pelleting plant projected in Divrigi contained a concentrator and pelleting facility established at a capacity of 1 million hematite ore. Regarding our iron ore qualities over undesirable contents such as Ti and Mn the resources was not projected in evaluation as long years since no study conducted on behalf of preparation

India ranked first reduced iron ore use in world steel production with integrated iron and steelmaking waste gases in established in the direct reduction facility [5]. In Turkey, imported scrap at 9 million used for 22 million tons EAF iron and steel making instead of concentration and pelleting our low grade ores. Reduced ıron ore pellet plants in India [6–9]. produced 36.9 million tons in 2019 and varied total ore production of 232 million tons. Vertical gas shaft furnaces were commonly used in evaluation of reduced low grade hematite sands followed pelleting and imported low grade ores in this country directed to horizontal grate for production reduced sinters on grate-reduction using coal gas or steel making flue gas. Although reduced pellets were high grade 85% Fe total ore produced, sponge iron production

The most effective and cost-effective technologies are needed for iron ore products in today's modern technologies. Turkish pig iron industry needs direct reduced iron ore products and related technologies and high quality at lower cost

Şırnak and Hakkari region asphaltite coal combusted and ash discarded in the boiler bottom contains 15% limonite at fine sand size below 2 mm from furnace [10]. The rivers and some local land soil contained below 22% Fe grade hematite at slime size of below 150 micron simply excavated as river sand and exported to Iran. In this study this low quality hematite and limonite ores were evaluated for steelmaking reduced iron ore [11–13]. The gravity concentration was affective in limonite

with various types of local iron resources should be investigated.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95231*

limonite ores are enriched and pelletized [4, 5].

*Direct reduced iron ore production [world steel association, 2019].*

cost and mining cost of iron ore.

**Table 3.**

was not commonjust 3 million tons.

*Concentration and Microwave Radiated Reduction of Southeastern Anatolian Hematite... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95231*


**Table 3.**

*Iron Ores*

**108**

Erzincan [4, 5].

**Table 2.**

**Table 1.**

*Iron ore production [world steel association, 2019].*

*Crude steel production [world steel association, 2019].*

by even scrap trade. In these years in the world 88,664 million tons of reduced iron (**Table 3**), about 101 million tons scrap and sponge iron was imported [1, 2].

**Million tons 2015 2016 2017 Europian Union (28)** 27,825 30,187 30,675 **Turkey** 9994 7520 6226 **Other Europian** 15,407 11,072 9526 **CIS** 195,298 189,064 177,906 **North America** 112,451 107,590 113,838 **South America** 448,122 465,811 465,590 **Africa** 93,760 90,559 85,657 **Middle East** 39,370 43,280 55,087 **Asia** 283,527 316,758 336,879 **Oceania** 814,403 861,521 887,365 **World** 2,030,164 2,115,842 2,162,524

**Thousand tons 2015 2016 2017 Europian Union (28)** 166,115 162,024 168,305 **Turkey** 31,517 33,163 37,524 **Other Europian** 35,778 37,601 42,203 **CIS** 101,552 102,108 100,933 **North America** 110,938 110,638 115,761 **South America** 43,899 40,220 43,693 **Africa** 13,701 13,099 15,053 **Middle East** 29,429 31,480 34,475 **Asia** 1,112,873 1,123,948 1,123,948 **Oceania** 5717 5837 5985 **World** 1,620,001 1,626,954 1,690,479

weight rate amount with high quality ores evaluated in sinter making [3].

Iron ore reserves in our country distrıbuted in Divriği, Bingöl, Kayseri regions. Besides these ores Kesikköprü, Balikesir and Adapazari different types of iron ore reserves are available. The low quality iron ore was extracted and mixed a certain

Iron ore is used in iron and steel plants. Turkish iron ore reserves can be absolute ore deposits 115 mill tons, apparant iron ore deposits 950 mill tons, potential iron ore deposits 432 millions determined in three groups as tons. Substantially expressing our country's iron ores as low quality, high titaniferrous iron ore is a serious mistake. Low grade iron ore deposits occurred in mainly Sivas, Malatya and

In 2019, the recent years by Erdemir Plant of OYAK, in Turkey, produced pig iron in 4 iron blast furnaces used high grade (63% Fe total) imported iron ores mixed with at high rate over 5/1 local iron ores evaluated [4, 5]. Hence, this *Direct reduced iron ore production [world steel association, 2019].*

evaluation of low grade explored iron ore deposits prompted. The limonite ore deposites contained low grade Fe such as 25–42% Fe in South Eastern Anatolia needed enrichment for evaluation in blast furnaces after sizing suitable for use. Low grade hematite ore was concentrated to over 65% Fe grade by gravity and magnetic separation. The advanced methods were searched for low grade iron ore potential to evaluate. But some of the ore undesirable by integrated impurities and low iron content. It was partially operated in certain periods. An important part of these resources contains limonitic and sideritic iron ores and below 44% Fe as low grade hematite river sands. The limonite ore deposits range between 19 and 44% Fe. Low grade hematite ores 20% Fe grade could be evaluated in India and China. The limonite ores are enriched and pelletized [4, 5].

The pelleting plant projected in Divrigi contained a concentrator and pelleting facility established at a capacity of 1 million hematite ore. Regarding our iron ore qualities over undesirable contents such as Ti and Mn the resources was not projected in evaluation as long years since no study conducted on behalf of preparation cost and mining cost of iron ore.

India ranked first reduced iron ore use in world steel production with integrated iron and steelmaking waste gases in established in the direct reduction facility [5].

In Turkey, imported scrap at 9 million used for 22 million tons EAF iron and steel making instead of concentration and pelleting our low grade ores. Reduced ıron ore pellet plants in India [6–9]. produced 36.9 million tons in 2019 and varied total ore production of 232 million tons. Vertical gas shaft furnaces were commonly used in evaluation of reduced low grade hematite sands followed pelleting and imported low grade ores in this country directed to horizontal grate for production reduced sinters on grate-reduction using coal gas or steel making flue gas. Although reduced pellets were high grade 85% Fe total ore produced, sponge iron production was not commonjust 3 million tons.

The most effective and cost-effective technologies are needed for iron ore products in today's modern technologies. Turkish pig iron industry needs direct reduced iron ore products and related technologies and high quality at lower cost with various types of local iron resources should be investigated.

Şırnak and Hakkari region asphaltite coal combusted and ash discarded in the boiler bottom contains 15% limonite at fine sand size below 2 mm from furnace [10]. The rivers and some local land soil contained below 22% Fe grade hematite at slime size of below 150 micron simply excavated as river sand and exported to Iran. In this study this low quality hematite and limonite ores were evaluated for steelmaking reduced iron ore [11–13]. The gravity concentration was affective in limonite and hematite sands. The Humphrey spirals were also used in the washing of Şırnak asphaltite coal bottom ash. The limonite sands gave high Fe yields in the low intensity magnetic separation and especially in the washing of the hematite sands in the coal ash widely [12]. In the high load density and high ash coals Humphrey spirals and magnetic separation was specific performances of concentration sellectively at 82% during the washing was observed to increase the amount of high grade iron ore concentrates.
