**2. Flotation-magnetic separation of low grade limonite ores**

In this investigation, a comparison was done between the use of poor limonite and hematite ores containing 15% limonite of the regional coal boiler bottom ash discarded as municipal waste 120 thousand tons per annum. The column flotation tests of 44% hematite using collector making hydrophobic by oleic acid and frothing agent of pine oil for long height stable frother to float limonite and hematite slimes at there stages scavangening flotation. The scavangering column flotation was nedded for long period of flotation of hematite slimes and losing high slime content at high grade froth performances [12–16]. The amount of collector and pH changed from 2 to 5 kg/t and from 8 to 11, respectively. The test results showed reduced limonite and hematite recoveries of 63% and 45%. The less amount scavangener yield resulted better (70–85%) limonite recoveries.

In the tests of reduced iron ore production reductive roasting at 1000°C with coal fine for different times, ranging 40 min, and 80 min for the limonite pellets [17–23] were converted to reduced iron ore and the properties of the reduced iron ore showed the optimum conditions of concentration. The burned asphaltite coal in reductive roasting showed that high volatile gases amount and flue gas quantity and temperature provided by microwave affected on reductive roasting of limonite slimes to direct reduced iron ore.

The flotation routes of iron ore can be classified into five major groups, i.e. cationic flotation of iron oxide, cationic flotation of quartz, anionic flotation of iron oxide, anionic flotation of quartz [24–31]. Despite the variety of flotation route for iron ores, currently, the reverse cationic flotation route widely used in the iron ore industry. The two anionic flotation methods developed by Hanna Mining and Cyanamid, i.e. direct anionic flotation and reverse anionic flotation routes, are also being used in the iron ore industry.

Tosun discussed that at the three stages of scavangering hematite slime flotation, the flotation rate of the slime suspension at 10% solid weight rate shows very low viscosity. The wash water has little effect on the froth flow. Consequently, the only froth length at 30 cm scale in the column of 1.5 m will be sufficient to 4 cm diameter column scale. Following Floatex density separation, this Outec air sparged column flotation as shown in **Figure 1** is similar to froth happens in the free fall of an 100 micron slime hematite in a positive base flow [12]. The scavangering froth time increases approximately by growing particles load of froth heavily with time at the early stages of the scavengering process. After the theree stage scavangering, The Outotec flotation column [32] use need some relatively long time, the maximum concentration of the air sparging decreases and the positive base flow effects high grade froth making. The collector cations are either stuck onto the bubble. The suspension of limonite particles caused hard water [33, 34].

Although the reverse cationic flotation route has become the most popular flotation route in iron ore industry, the direct flotation of iron oxides still appears desirable for some low grade iron ores that contain a vast amount of quartz. Oleic acids

**111**

*Concentration and Microwave Radiated Reduction of Southeastern Anatolian Hematite...*

as fatty acids provided high froth limonte loadseven at low dosage in the range of 0.45–0.67 kg/t [34, 35]. Reagent conditioning was affected significantly the direct froth load. The longer conditioning time can reduce reagent consumption below 50%. High conditioning time periods over 20 minutes was also found beneficial to

The adsorption of fatty acids on limonite plays a key role in the direct flotation route. In the literature, it is generally accepted that fatty acids adsorb on the surfaces of limonite through chemical bonding. Based on infrared studies, established that oleic acid/sodium oleate chemisorbs on limonite [39, 40]. Using the technique of micro electrophoresis, demonstrated the chemisorptions of oleic acid and lauric acid on hematite [40]. It is also confirmed chemisorption of lauric acid on hematite surfaces [44]. In addition to chemisorption, fatty acids can also adsorb on mineral

The collector as hydroxamates that shows similar effect to fatty acids in solution [39] is used successfully in the laboratory as collectors for hematite, limonite and goethite flotation, with better performance than fatty acids [40, 41]. The adsorption mechanism of hydroxamates on limonite was classified as classical

In the reverse cationic flotation, the depressant of iron oxides that is widely used is typically corn starch. Corn starch is not soluble in cold water and must be put into

Column flotation of iron ore is prefered as well yield preparation sellective floated in the microbubbles [34, 43]. Microbubble froth washing in the form of foam zones may be possible to obtain cleaner product [24, 25]. Particularly, for difficult washable vertical column is a method used successfully in flotation at high rates [40]. Particle size and type of coal as the flotation column can easily affect efficiency. However, operating parameters, especially the foam height of the column unit, the wash water is added, and the bias ratio is flammable operating

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95231*

the direct hematite flotation [36–44].

*Outec column flotation equipment.*

**Figure 1.**

chemisorptions [35, 36].

surfaces through surface precipitation [37, 38].

solution in a process known as gelatinization.

**2.1 Washing with the column flotation**

parameters affect efficiency [34–39].

*Concentration and Microwave Radiated Reduction of Southeastern Anatolian Hematite... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95231*

**Figure 1.** *Outec column flotation equipment.*

*Iron Ores*

concentrates.

and hematite sands. The Humphrey spirals were also used in the washing of Şırnak asphaltite coal bottom ash. The limonite sands gave high Fe yields in the low intensity magnetic separation and especially in the washing of the hematite sands in the coal ash widely [12]. In the high load density and high ash coals Humphrey spirals and magnetic separation was specific performances of concentration sellectively at 82% during the washing was observed to increase the amount of high grade iron ore

In this investigation, a comparison was done between the use of poor limonite and hematite ores containing 15% limonite of the regional coal boiler bottom ash discarded as municipal waste 120 thousand tons per annum. The column flotation tests of 44% hematite using collector making hydrophobic by oleic acid and frothing agent of pine oil for long height stable frother to float limonite and hematite slimes at there stages scavangening flotation. The scavangering column flotation was nedded for long period of flotation of hematite slimes and losing high slime content at high grade froth performances [12–16]. The amount of collector and pH changed from 2 to 5 kg/t and from 8 to 11, respectively. The test results showed reduced limonite and hematite recoveries of 63% and 45%. The less amount scavan-

In the tests of reduced iron ore production reductive roasting at 1000°C with coal fine for different times, ranging 40 min, and 80 min for the limonite pellets [17–23] were converted to reduced iron ore and the properties of the reduced iron ore showed the optimum conditions of concentration. The burned asphaltite coal in reductive roasting showed that high volatile gases amount and flue gas quantity and temperature provided by microwave affected on reductive roasting of limonite

The flotation routes of iron ore can be classified into five major groups, i.e. cationic flotation of iron oxide, cationic flotation of quartz, anionic flotation of iron oxide, anionic flotation of quartz [24–31]. Despite the variety of flotation route for iron ores, currently, the reverse cationic flotation route widely used in the iron ore industry. The two anionic flotation methods developed by Hanna Mining and Cyanamid, i.e. direct anionic flotation and reverse anionic flotation routes, are also

Tosun discussed that at the three stages of scavangering hematite slime flotation, the flotation rate of the slime suspension at 10% solid weight rate shows very low viscosity. The wash water has little effect on the froth flow. Consequently, the only froth length at 30 cm scale in the column of 1.5 m will be sufficient to 4 cm diameter column scale. Following Floatex density separation, this Outec air sparged column flotation as shown in **Figure 1** is similar to froth happens in the free fall of an 100 micron slime hematite in a positive base flow [12]. The scavangering froth time increases approximately by growing particles load of froth heavily with time at the early stages of the scavengering process. After the theree stage scavangering, The Outotec flotation column [32] use need some relatively long time, the maximum concentration of the air sparging decreases and the positive base flow effects high grade froth making. The collector cations are either stuck onto the bubble. The

Although the reverse cationic flotation route has become the most popular flotation route in iron ore industry, the direct flotation of iron oxides still appears desirable for some low grade iron ores that contain a vast amount of quartz. Oleic acids

**2. Flotation-magnetic separation of low grade limonite ores**

gener yield resulted better (70–85%) limonite recoveries.

suspension of limonite particles caused hard water [33, 34].

slimes to direct reduced iron ore.

being used in the iron ore industry.

**110**

as fatty acids provided high froth limonte loadseven at low dosage in the range of 0.45–0.67 kg/t [34, 35]. Reagent conditioning was affected significantly the direct froth load. The longer conditioning time can reduce reagent consumption below 50%. High conditioning time periods over 20 minutes was also found beneficial to the direct hematite flotation [36–44].

The adsorption of fatty acids on limonite plays a key role in the direct flotation route. In the literature, it is generally accepted that fatty acids adsorb on the surfaces of limonite through chemical bonding. Based on infrared studies, established that oleic acid/sodium oleate chemisorbs on limonite [39, 40]. Using the technique of micro electrophoresis, demonstrated the chemisorptions of oleic acid and lauric acid on hematite [40]. It is also confirmed chemisorption of lauric acid on hematite surfaces [44]. In addition to chemisorption, fatty acids can also adsorb on mineral surfaces through surface precipitation [37, 38].

The collector as hydroxamates that shows similar effect to fatty acids in solution [39] is used successfully in the laboratory as collectors for hematite, limonite and goethite flotation, with better performance than fatty acids [40, 41]. The adsorption mechanism of hydroxamates on limonite was classified as classical chemisorptions [35, 36].

In the reverse cationic flotation, the depressant of iron oxides that is widely used is typically corn starch. Corn starch is not soluble in cold water and must be put into solution in a process known as gelatinization.

#### **2.1 Washing with the column flotation**

Column flotation of iron ore is prefered as well yield preparation sellective floated in the microbubbles [34, 43]. Microbubble froth washing in the form of foam zones may be possible to obtain cleaner product [24, 25]. Particularly, for difficult washable vertical column is a method used successfully in flotation at high rates [40]. Particle size and type of coal as the flotation column can easily affect efficiency. However, operating parameters, especially the foam height of the column unit, the wash water is added, and the bias ratio is flammable operating parameters affect efficiency [34–39].

Other froth principles laid cyclonic column flotation cell (S-FCMC) provided a foam zone comprising inclined channels (FCMC) it proved to be effective in column frothing used. The froth product in the column has a third zone of the less froth sediment removed [37].

The application of column cells in the mineral processing industry has gone from virtually zero in 1983 to wide acceptance in 1990 [35–37]. The major operating difference between column flotation cells and mechanical flotation cells is the lack of agitation in column flotation which reduces energy and maintenance costs [34]. The practice of froth washing in direct flotation increases concentrate grades without significant recovery losses [34]. In the reverse flotation of iron ores, froth washing was found effective in reducing the loss of fine iron oxide particles to froth. It was reported that the cost of installing a column flotation circuit is approximately 25% - 40% less than an equivalent flotation circuit of mechanical flotation cells [36].

### **2.2 Magnetic separation Folowing reduction**

Reduction in retort furnace and Shaft furnaces were commonly used in iron ore reduction processes depend on numerous factors including coal rank in carbonization, the volatile gaseous matter of coal such as presence of hydrogen, carbonyl gas and reduction rate [45–53]. Hydrate and carbon dioxide removal was stabilizing the mass desorbance, the settings of optimal diffusion conditions including structure defects (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, ete.). The temperature, oxygen content of coal, optimization of carbonmonoxide concentration ratios acted the adsorption– desorption balance, the residence time and the spatial distribution of molecules in iron ore pores among other factors determining the effıciency of reduction. as factors affecting the rate and extent of char to CO motion much dependent on the site activation, its desorption properties and ore porosity.

The limonite reducing capacity of the microwave heated [54–62] column samples according to output reduced iron sand, char shale fine washed away and time sequential experiments and reduction limits were high, but high clay contents in limonite sand provided low performans washing and clay have efficiently reduced Fe yield. Samples for this microwave heat treatment at low temperatures at 900°C provided certain properties of the hematite material of high reducibility capacity and not dispersed in the wet state [63–83].

## **3. Material and methods**

#### **3.1 Gravity washing and floatation**

The bottom ash of Avgamasya vein asphaltites represent approximately 67% of the production is carried out from the coal mines has been reduced to 120 kg sample cone reduced by up to 18 mm-fours under the hammer. Nuts are widely washed coal ash and high sulfur coal to be sold as industrial fuel asphaltites is intended to be sold. Optimum bottom ash flotation plant is determined by standard testing results performed. In the experiments, the bottom ash of Avgamasya vein asphaltites was crushed and screened prior to represent flotation samples and distribution of fractional ash is given in **Table 4**. **Figure 2** describes **Table 1** hematite distrubition versus ash size distribution. Higher sized ash contained more hematite. The sand size had lower content of hematite. Especially the range below 10 mm contained remnant about 21,3% hematite of total ash feed. The limonite percentage was 21,3% in the total bottom ash distribution. It showed uniform distribution of the hematite content in all fractions.

**113**

be conditioned.

in **Figure 3**.

*Concentration and Microwave Radiated Reduction of Southeastern Anatolian Hematite...*

*The distribution of hematite at bottom ash regarding particle size and hematite yield content in ash.*

**Hematite,% Hematite** 

+ 10 10,44 13,44 1,40 38 26 + 5 4,8 14,6 0,70 16 22 + 3 1,23 11,23 0,13 3 23 + 1.8 5,54 15,54 0,86 2 24 + 1 7,75 17,75 1,37 1 26 +0,6 13,82 13,82 1,90 2 30 +0,3 15,55 15,55 2,41 4 28 +0,1 13,74 16,74 2,30 9 32 −0,1 27,13 17,13 4,64 25 31 Total 100 15,75 27,16

**Yield,%**

**Limonite,% Limonite** 

**Yield,%**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95231*

**Ash Weight,%**

**Screen Size**

**Table 4.**

**Figure 2.**

**3.2 Flotation of hematite/limonite in oleate**

30 kg samples were ground to −0,1 mm in ball mill and 1 kg representative samples were used in the study represent −0,3 mm size of −0,1 mm separated flotation tests for grain size fractions were subjecte direct flotation made by oleic acid. In the direct flotation test; oleic acid at neutral pH solution were used as collector.

1 liter Denver laboratory flotation cell for clean conventional flotation tests were used to produce concentrated hematite and limonite concentrates. The conditioning 5 min and frothing 10 min in conventional flotation carried for 2 min extra at 20% weight solids. The flotation cell was agitated in a mixing speed 1500 rpm. Limonite flotation tests used oleic acid 1000 g /ton and frother pine oil 400 g /t to

According to the results of the flotation made on pH effect on Limonite at size classed; −0,1 mm grain obtained by gravity concentrated classes test results as given

– 0,1 mm fraction used in this study were studied in similar way.

*Content distributiobn values in hematite yields in different size grain fraction against size.*


*Concentration and Microwave Radiated Reduction of Southeastern Anatolian Hematite... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95231*

#### **Table 4.**

*Iron Ores*

froth sediment removed [37].

**2.2 Magnetic separation Folowing reduction**

site activation, its desorption properties and ore porosity.

capacity and not dispersed in the wet state [63–83].

**3. Material and methods**

content in all fractions.

**3.1 Gravity washing and floatation**

Other froth principles laid cyclonic column flotation cell (S-FCMC) provided a foam zone comprising inclined channels (FCMC) it proved to be effective in column frothing used. The froth product in the column has a third zone of the less

The application of column cells in the mineral processing industry has gone from virtually zero in 1983 to wide acceptance in 1990 [35–37]. The major operating difference between column flotation cells and mechanical flotation cells is the lack of agitation in column flotation which reduces energy and maintenance costs [34]. The practice of froth washing in direct flotation increases concentrate grades without significant recovery losses [34]. In the reverse flotation of iron ores, froth washing was found effective in reducing the loss of fine iron oxide particles to froth. It was reported that the cost of installing a column flotation circuit is approximately 25% - 40% less than an equivalent flotation circuit of mechanical flotation cells [36].

Reduction in retort furnace and Shaft furnaces were commonly used in iron ore reduction processes depend on numerous factors including coal rank in carbonization, the volatile gaseous matter of coal such as presence of hydrogen, carbonyl gas and reduction rate [45–53]. Hydrate and carbon dioxide removal was stabilizing the mass desorbance, the settings of optimal diffusion conditions including structure defects (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, ete.). The temperature, oxygen content of coal, optimization of carbonmonoxide concentration ratios acted the adsorption– desorption balance, the residence time and the spatial distribution of molecules in iron ore pores among other factors determining the effıciency of reduction. as factors affecting the rate and extent of char to CO motion much dependent on the

The limonite reducing capacity of the microwave heated [54–62] column samples according to output reduced iron sand, char shale fine washed away and time sequential experiments and reduction limits were high, but high clay contents in limonite sand provided low performans washing and clay have efficiently reduced Fe yield. Samples for this microwave heat treatment at low temperatures at 900°C provided certain properties of the hematite material of high reducibility

The bottom ash of Avgamasya vein asphaltites represent approximately 67% of the production is carried out from the coal mines has been reduced to 120 kg sample cone reduced by up to 18 mm-fours under the hammer. Nuts are widely washed coal ash and high sulfur coal to be sold as industrial fuel asphaltites is intended to be sold. Optimum bottom ash flotation plant is determined by standard testing results performed. In the experiments, the bottom ash of Avgamasya vein asphaltites was crushed and screened prior to represent flotation samples and distribution of fractional ash is given in **Table 4**. **Figure 2** describes **Table 1** hematite distrubition versus ash size distribution. Higher sized ash contained more hematite. The sand size had lower content of hematite. Especially the range below 10 mm contained remnant about 21,3% hematite of total ash feed. The limonite percentage was 21,3% in the total bottom ash distribution. It showed uniform distribution of the hematite

**112**

*The distribution of hematite at bottom ash regarding particle size and hematite yield content in ash.*

**Figure 2.**

*Content distributiobn values in hematite yields in different size grain fraction against size.*

#### **3.2 Flotation of hematite/limonite in oleate**

30 kg samples were ground to −0,1 mm in ball mill and 1 kg representative samples were used in the study represent −0,3 mm size of −0,1 mm separated flotation tests for grain size fractions were subjecte direct flotation made by oleic acid. In the direct flotation test; oleic acid at neutral pH solution were used as collector. – 0,1 mm fraction used in this study were studied in similar way.

1 liter Denver laboratory flotation cell for clean conventional flotation tests were used to produce concentrated hematite and limonite concentrates. The conditioning 5 min and frothing 10 min in conventional flotation carried for 2 min extra at 20% weight solids. The flotation cell was agitated in a mixing speed 1500 rpm. Limonite flotation tests used oleic acid 1000 g /ton and frother pine oil 400 g /t to be conditioned.

According to the results of the flotation made on pH effect on Limonite at size classed; −0,1 mm grain obtained by gravity concentrated classes test results as given in **Figure 3**.

**Figure 3.** *Test values in limonite yields in- 0.3 mm grain fraction against pH.*

Limonite yields were illustrated in **Figure 1** with the curve.

Limonite concentrate can be floated in a weight ratio of 58.2%. 59.7% iron grade limonite can be floated in a weight ratio of 68.2% concentrations at pH 8 (**Figure 3**). 26.3% by weight of the limonite sand floated with the 57.5% yield of limonite.

The sand could be recovered as given 28.4% as given in **Figure 5**

Crusher-run coal can be washed with some weighing as high as 17.9% when the limonite and ash slimes on limonite flotation for 42.3% constituting 0.02 mm grain size flotation yields were obtained. This is thought to be caused by iron ore slime Fe content. However, limonite sand and slime have also been coupled in parallel as limonite product. The cumulative result of the mixed obtained from the test; 76.5% side with an efficiency of 28.4% can be recovered as slime product is seen from **Figure 4**.

### **3.3 Washing with the column flotation followed FDS**

The Floatex Density Separator (FDS) is a water sparged-bed gravity separator which is used to separate different density of hematite ores at heavier specific gravity. Both the size below 0,5 mm and density have substantial effective on the concentration of limonite and hematite. The FDS was attracted considerable interest in iron ore concentration. The macropictures of samples are shown in **Figures 5** and **6**.

**115**

slime flotation.

**Figure 6.**

**Figure 5.**

*The macropictures of Şırnak limonite.*

*The macropictures of Şırnak hematite.*

4% iron as waste (**Figure 7**).

*Concentration and Microwave Radiated Reduction of Southeastern Anatolian Hematite...*

The separator consists of an upper tank with a square cross-section and a lower conical section [30]. Representative of −0.5 mm samples are concentrated and then concentrate hematite of FDS reduced to grinding −100 mikro at controlled size grinding. The representative model, 1,6 m glass column 3 cm in diameter laboratory column cell flotation cell (**Figure 1**) used in the column flotation unit of limonite

The reagents used in conventional flotation column flotation tests were also performed in the column tests. In the column flotation tests oleic acid 1000 g / ton pine oil 400 g / t were conditioned foam height is kept constant at 30 cm. Zero Bias ratio is used to concentrate hematite ore and limonite sands. The flotation time was used for 3 min and 35 min time condition coal in tests. 10% solid/liquid ratios of

Column flotation tests results from limonite concentrate, shale waste can be taken as sink bottom product and limonite yield equilibrium distribution is given in **Table 5**. Accordingly (−100microns) mm grain size in bottom ash is mixed with slime limonite can be as 60.60% in cumulative yield will be thrown when recovered limonite is contained, 54.3% iron content of the ash and bottom tailings contained

Column Flotation efficiency of limonite products produced from the results of tests of the direct flotation to 77% of limonite yield has fallen 64% value.

200 ml/min the wash water rate were used in the experimentation.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95231*

**Figure 4.** *Test values in limonite yields in- 0.3 mm grain fraction against flotation time.*

*Concentration and Microwave Radiated Reduction of Southeastern Anatolian Hematite... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95231*

**Figure 5.** *The macropictures of Şırnak limonite.*

*Iron Ores*

**Figure 4**.

**Figure 3.**

Limonite yields were illustrated in **Figure 1** with the curve.

*Test values in limonite yields in- 0.3 mm grain fraction against pH.*

The sand could be recovered as given 28.4% as given in **Figure 5**

**3.3 Washing with the column flotation followed FDS**

*Test values in limonite yields in- 0.3 mm grain fraction against flotation time.*

Limonite concentrate can be floated in a weight ratio of 58.2%. 59.7% iron grade limonite can be floated in a weight ratio of 68.2% concentrations at pH 8 (**Figure 3**). 26.3% by weight of the limonite sand floated with the 57.5% yield of limonite.

Crusher-run coal can be washed with some weighing as high as 17.9% when the limonite and ash slimes on limonite flotation for 42.3% constituting 0.02 mm grain size flotation yields were obtained. This is thought to be caused by iron ore slime Fe content. However, limonite sand and slime have also been coupled in parallel as limonite product. The cumulative result of the mixed obtained from the test; 76.5% side with an efficiency of 28.4% can be recovered as slime product is seen from

The Floatex Density Separator (FDS) is a water sparged-bed gravity separator which is used to separate different density of hematite ores at heavier specific gravity. Both the size below 0,5 mm and density have substantial effective on the concentration of limonite and hematite. The FDS was attracted considerable interest in iron ore concentration. The macropictures of samples are shown in **Figures 5** and **6**.

**114**

**Figure 4.**

**Figure 6.** *The macropictures of Şırnak hematite.*

The separator consists of an upper tank with a square cross-section and a lower conical section [30]. Representative of −0.5 mm samples are concentrated and then concentrate hematite of FDS reduced to grinding −100 mikro at controlled size grinding. The representative model, 1,6 m glass column 3 cm in diameter laboratory column cell flotation cell (**Figure 1**) used in the column flotation unit of limonite slime flotation.

The reagents used in conventional flotation column flotation tests were also performed in the column tests. In the column flotation tests oleic acid 1000 g / ton pine oil 400 g / t were conditioned foam height is kept constant at 30 cm. Zero Bias ratio is used to concentrate hematite ore and limonite sands. The flotation time was used for 3 min and 35 min time condition coal in tests. 10% solid/liquid ratios of 200 ml/min the wash water rate were used in the experimentation.

Column flotation tests results from limonite concentrate, shale waste can be taken as sink bottom product and limonite yield equilibrium distribution is given in **Table 5**. Accordingly (−100microns) mm grain size in bottom ash is mixed with slime limonite can be as 60.60% in cumulative yield will be thrown when recovered limonite is contained, 54.3% iron content of the ash and bottom tailings contained 4% iron as waste (**Figure 7**).

Column Flotation efficiency of limonite products produced from the results of tests of the direct flotation to 77% of limonite yield has fallen 64% value.


#### **Table 5.**

*The chemical analvsis values of various limonite ores, in calcareous formations of Şırnak province.*

**Figure 7.** *Hematite yields in- 0.1mm grain fraction column flotation tests of Şırnak Hematite Sand and Ore at pH 8.*

#### **Figure 8.** *Proposed Limonite concentration plant.*

Flotation test results produced for the limonite product yields from 77–64% of the iron content has fallen 45% value (**Figure 8**). As shown in **Figure 5** The iron contents produced from test results of 42% decreased to value of 37% for the column flotation of bottom ash. The product yield is lower compared to other methods.

**117**

**Figure 10.**

*Concentration and Microwave Radiated Reduction of Southeastern Anatolian Hematite...*

Reduction was carried out in 5000 ml tubes by adding 75 gr limonite to 1900 ml of bubling bath. For a homogeneous bubling suspension limonite coal asphaltite mixture was first subjected to cold start treatment in a 5 minutes microwave radia-

After the hot temperature gas limonite suspension was allowed to stand for 30 minutes after being bubleded so that the reduced particles and ashes were collected and settled cyclone output. At the end of the period, suspended limonite concentrate was reduced by cycled method and was magnetically separated from

*TGA analyzes of the samples were carried out in Bubling bed in microwave radiated tube.*

*Schematic view of vertical shaft bubling reduction with recycled by microwave heating technique.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95231*

**3.4 Reducing bubbling Teatment**

tion (**Figure 9**).

**Figure 9.**

ashed matter fine.

*Concentration and Microwave Radiated Reduction of Southeastern Anatolian Hematite... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95231*

**Figure 9.** *Schematic view of vertical shaft bubling reduction with recycled by microwave heating technique.*

## **3.4 Reducing bubbling Teatment**

*Iron Ores*

**Table 5.**

**% Component Şırnak K**ı**z**ı**lsu Hematite** 

**Sand**

SiO2 3,53 4 11,14 Al203 2,23 6,5 8,61 Fe2O3 49,1 53 54,9 CaO 23,48 5,23 9,18 MgO 2,2 2,18 4,68 K2O 0,41 0,53 3,32 Na2O 0,35 0,24 1,11 lgnition Loss 16,19 26,11 38.43 S03 0,32 0,21 0,2

*The chemical analvsis values of various limonite ores, in calcareous formations of Şırnak province.*

**Şırnak Limonite Şırnak Şenoba Limonite**

**116**

methods.

**Figure 8.**

**Figure 7.**

*Proposed Limonite concentration plant.*

Flotation test results produced for the limonite product yields from 77–64% of the iron content has fallen 45% value (**Figure 8**). As shown in **Figure 5** The iron contents produced from test results of 42% decreased to value of 37% for the column flotation of bottom ash. The product yield is lower compared to other

*Hematite yields in- 0.1mm grain fraction column flotation tests of Şırnak Hematite Sand and Ore at pH 8.*

Reduction was carried out in 5000 ml tubes by adding 75 gr limonite to 1900 ml of bubling bath. For a homogeneous bubling suspension limonite coal asphaltite mixture was first subjected to cold start treatment in a 5 minutes microwave radiation (**Figure 9**).

After the hot temperature gas limonite suspension was allowed to stand for 30 minutes after being bubleded so that the reduced particles and ashes were collected and settled cyclone output. At the end of the period, suspended limonite concentrate was reduced by cycled method and was magnetically separated from ashed matter fine.

The layout of the reducing cycle was somewhat simpler than that of the limonite slurry: there was no gas reducing column towers connected to the ashed contaminated bubbling compost, and the reducing unit contained one single microwave radiation column can be used to perform the three separation magnetized flow phases: roughing, scraping and cleaning. The variation of the third cycle washed was also limited recycled by microwave act (**Figure 10**).
