*1.3.1 Replacement of coke breeze with biomass*

The ways of using biomass for energy purposes are predominantly predetermined by its physical and chemical properties. The biomass is characterized by the relatively high and frequently variable water content, which significantly affects the energy properties of biomass fuel. The various types of biomass (primarily of wood and plant origin) have much higher content of volatile matter than coke breeze. Analyses of the various types of biomass that have been used in the production of iron-bearing sinter in Slovakia shown in **Table 12** [10–13].


## **Table 12.**

*Analysis of selected carbonaceous materials which have been used in sintering in the Slovakia [10–13].*


**1.3 The use of traditional and alternative carbonaceous fuels in the production**

predetermined by its physical and chemical properties. The biomass is characterized by the relatively high and frequently variable water content, which significantly affects the energy properties of biomass fuel. The various types of biomass (primarily of wood and plant origin) have much higher content of volatile matter than coke breeze. Analyses of the various types of biomass that have been used in the production of iron-bearing sinter in Slovakia shown in **Table 12** [10–13].

> **Volatile matter [%]**

Coke breeze 1.5 14.5 3.5 82.0 0.59 28.16 Charcoal 4.9 3.5 8.2 88.3 0.05 30.46 Walnut shells 9.6 0.7 81.3 18.0 0.05 16.90 Oak sawdust 7.1 1.5 83.4 15.1 0.05 16.56 Pine sawdust 13.6 0.9 85.6 13.5 0.05 15.94 Lignin 8.6 3.4 67.90 20.1 0.17 23.14

*Analysis of selected carbonaceous materials which have been used in sintering in the Slovakia [10–13].*

0 Standard qualitative parameters Standard

strength

qualitative parameters

qualitative parameters

Charcoal 20 Standard qualitative parameters Lower emissions

**Sintering zone**

Charcoal 44 Higher volume of melt, excellent

Charcoal 50 Higher inhomogeneity, standard

Charcoal 86 Low volume of melt, worse

**Fixed carbon [%]** **Sulfur [%]**

**Sinter characteristic Ecological**

**Calorific value [MJ/kg]**

**aspects**

parameters

of COx, NOx

Lower emissions of COx, NOx, SO2

Lower emissions of COx, NOx, SO2

Lower emissions of COx, NOx

The ways of using biomass for energy purposes are predominantly

**of sinters**

*Iron Ores*

**Carbonaceous materials**

**Table 12.**

**Type of fuel**

Coke breeze

**72**

**CS [%]**

*1.3.1 Replacement of coke breeze with biomass*

**Moisture [%]**

**Photograph of sinter**

**Ash [%]**

