Data-Driven Food-Oriented Urban Development: A Framework Approach for Greater Miami Utilizing Food Resilience Urban Infrastructural Tools (FRUIT)

*James Brazil and Shruti Khandelwal* 

### **Abstract**

 The conventional global food supply chain and current agricultural practices contribute toward food waste and associated wastage of fiscal and labor resources. Additionally, social, political, and economic pressures have led to the formation of food deserts or food-insecure neighborhoods in areas identified by the US Department of Agriculture. Food insecurity has been linked to poor accessibility to healthy food products leading to higher health-related problems. This research proposes a data-driven assessment framework for a food-oriented approach to urban developments, wherein the food supply chain is driven by local, food production opportunities, demographics, consumer diet, and nutritional requirements. This framework approach utilizes the Food Resilience Urban Infrastructure Tools (FRUIT), a set of analytical instruments developed for improving food accessibility and reducing food waste. FRUIT will model local food production across three urban neighborhoods (census tract) with varying urban densities (low-mediumhigh) in Miami-Dade County. The result demonstrates a spatial and demographic analysis to feed the target population with respect to consumer equity and food consumption trends. This framework incubates community development with urban agriculture projects utilizing a viable roadmap for the financing and return on investment that accelerates innovation and food security for populations living in food-insecure neighborhoods.

**Keywords:** food resilience, urban infrastructure, integrated design, food-orientated urban development, food-water-energy nexus

### **1. Introduction**

It is estimated globally that 31% of all food (by mass) is wasted rather than consumed, representing a massive loss in embodied land, water, labor, and energetic resources [1]. Resource inefficiencies associated with agriculture industry in the United States estimate that food waste is as high as 50% of the total production [2, 3]. These resource inefficiencies stemming from the current agriculture system are compounded throughout the entire food system, ultimately leading to a highly

inefficient, wasteful, costly, and unequal distribution of food. These growing redundancies in the conventional food supply chain influence current trends of food consumption and food waste and, thereby, associated wastage of fiscal and labor resources. There are many influencing factors when compiling and analyzing data of the food supply chain, including but not limited to logistics; cold chain; tariffs, duties, and levies applicable per country; pesticide and chemical application; and United States Department of Agriculture and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards. The research opportunity is immense as there is currently no standard assessment framework for rules and regulations, point-of-origin information, and/or farming practices employed on how products are produced, processed, and distributed. Addressing these challenges of the current food system and supply chain through the lens of promoting the local production of food in urban environments offers a new paradigm for city development that this research explores.

#### **2. Research objective**

The research proposes a food-oriented approach to urban development and discusses the literature that has been reviewed to contribute toward food-insecure neighborhoods. This approach employs a holistic assessment framework of the entire food supply chain as to identify food distribution inefficiencies and demonstrate the economic opportunity for growth, and mitigate risks, of a local food production system. The objective is to "promote the transition to economies that are low-carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive, incubating a local green economy" [4]. Food Resilience Urban Infrastructure Tools is a set of analytical instruments developed for improving food accessibility and reducing food waste a toolbox through which creative disruption of the supply chain will infiltrate malpractices and improve the economic viability of adopting urban agriculture as a sustainable local food production and distribution practice. FRUIT is an applied combination of specialized data and a set of computational algorithms that assess the technological, political, economic, real estate, and social impacts of urban agriculture. This research proposes a data-driven assessment framework for a Food-Oriented Urban Development (FOUD), wherein the food supply chain is driven by local, food production opportunities, demographics, consumer diet, and nutritional requirements. The scope of this paper extends to include the computational analysis tools of FRUIT. These are used to demonstrate spatial and demographic analysis to feed the target population with respect to consumer equity and food consumption trends. This analysis is the foundation for building out the holistic design framework that incubates community development with urban agriculture projects, utilizing a viable roadmap for the financing and return on investment that accelerates innovation and food security for populations living in food-insecure neighborhoods.

#### **3. Need of study**

In a combined study in North Carolina, Baltimore, and New York City, adults with supermarket greater than 1 mile from their homes have 25–46% low probability to have a healthy diet than those with supermarkets near their homes [5]. Supermarket presence in an urban neighborhood is associated with decreased obesity and overweightness, while neighborhoods solely with convenience stores are associated with higher rates of diet-related disease [6, 7]. Twenty-three communities in Miami-Dade County designated as food deserts by the USDA as they

#### *Data-Driven Food-Oriented Urban Development: A Framework Approach for Greater Miami… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87836*

lack supermarkets or grocery stores, and as a result, the residents only have access to processed foods at convenience stores associated with higher expenditure and poor nutritional quality [8]. There has also been research on incarceration and access to healthy food stemming from insufficient diets and symptoms of malnourishment. The hypothesis is that nutritionally deprived individuals are at a higher risk of committing a crime or being incarcerated [9]. This posits the necessity of a comprehensive strategy to assess local food demand from consumer data and requirements, followed by viable food production, distribution, and consumption patterns to inform FOUD, directly addressing existing food insecurities in urban environments with low or no access to fresh produce.

Securing food for urban populations from urban and peri-urban agriculture has its own challenges. There is a need to (1) address policy frameworks for planning authorities to support the practice of urban farming in the area [10], (2) offset high operating costs of production—primarily labor—as the market is directly in competition with our cost-competitive neighbors such as Mexico [11], (3) protect and secure crops from infestation and disease [12], and (4) incentivize farming in vacant buildings and underutilized land from stagnated development. These challenges are research opportunities that are addressed in the assessment framework, to develop creative development models between property owners and community leaders within Miami that supports economic growth. Moreover, the scaling of a viable urban farming industry to meet the exponential demand of locally sourced food as observed through the US local food sales, which is doubling every 4–5 years, is vital to support the development of Miami's green economy [13].

Computational technology combined with geographical location devices and remote sensing advancements has introduced a distributed intelligence to agricultural practice and supply chain management. An increasing amount of data is generated at every point in the supply chain, with emerging technologies starting to create interoperable digital ledgers connecting digital platforms [14]. Herein lies the need for FRUIT to merge the digital assets of the existing food system into a larger framework of geographical and infrastructural data, creating data-driven tools that promote urban development based on local food production.

#### **4. Literature review**

The food system in the United States is primarily focused on economic drivers which propel the 'corporate management of food' for maximum production efficiency and profit margin driven. The improvement in accessibility to physical infrastructure such as supermarkets and grocery stores does not indicate a complete nutrition guarantee for the residents. However, it has been widely used in identifying the existence of food deserts as defined by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) [15]. The agency defines food desert on the basis of accessibility to a supermarket or a grocery store within a 1-mile distance in urban areas and 10 miles in rural communities for populations greater than 500 people or 33% of the census tract [16]. FOUD, however, responds to "community food security," which suggests community residents have access to "safe, culturally appropriate, nutritionally sound diet through an economically and environmentally sustainable food system that promotes community self-reliance and social justice" [17].

#### **4.1 Resource management**

The Miami-Dade County agricultural industry is \$2.7 billion with direct sales value of \$661 million. Approximately 90–95% of all agricultural products grown within the county are exported to other parts of the state, nation, and internationally, depending on the season, commodity, etc. [18]. The nutritional content of our already limited supply of food has dramatically decreased due to excessive carbon dioxide leading to higher sugars in plants and decrease from 6 to 38% in essential nutrients according to USDA nutrient content data between 1950 and 1999 [19]. Conventional farming methods also contribute to the low nutritional content of crops, such as low soil fertility due to close plant spacing, excessive crop cultivation, and increasing contaminations from chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which often cause crops to absorb fewer nutrients (20% less) and have unhealthy root systems and less flavor [20, 21]. According to the county's Department of Regulatory and Economic Resources, Miami-Dade County has incurred a loss of about 45% of its croplands and about 18% of its fruit and nut groves due to foreign competition, urbanization, and pests and diseases within the last two decades [22]. Simultaneously, agricultural areas surrounding Miami-Dade County have shallow groundwater tables and with a 27-inch rise in sea level can lose up to 37,500 acres of agricultural land according to the 2100 projections [23].

The biggest indicator of inefficiency in the food system is food waste. Thirty-one percent of edible food is wasted globally and so do the resources, energy, time, and money along with it [24]. Therefore, scaling down the food supply chain is estimated to reduce these inefficiencies, indicating that local food production can be more efficient and less wasteful. The securing of existing food, water, and energy (FWE) infrastructure as a nexus in urban environments is vital to ensure a resilient food supply. FOUD promotes a distributed network of resources without stressing the existing infrastructure, utilizing and complementing existing resources that are part of the design framework. FRUIT then models a self-sufficient food ecosystem of existing and proposed resources with production for FOUD projects [25].

#### **4.2 Agriculture management**

There are many types of technology employed in agriculture, traditionally centered on nutrients, pest control, farm equipment, and biotechnology. The objective of advancements of these technologies is focused on improving yield, quality, resource reduction in the short term, physiological adaptation, and stress tolerance in the long term. Farm management techniques promoting "precision agriculture" rely on remote sensing applications to create management knowledge as a means to address site-specific production goals. Environmental modeling combined with risk management algorithms optimizes outdoor farming, while soil and climate profile can be recreated for indoor farming like the "food computer." Rapid innovation in growing mediums, nutrient delivery, and artificial illumination coupled with advancements in sensor, device, machine, and information technology characterize the latest explorations into controlled urban agriculture "containers" [26–28]. Herein lies the opportunity for FRUIT to adapt and scale advancements in resilient agricultural management to site-specific challenges growing in present urban environments.

#### **4.3 Supply chain management**

Current economic models for the food system are primarily global tools for predicting market trends and commodity prices, oriented toward maximizing profits for food service providers. An economic development model for local urban food production systems, however, does not exist, thereby isolating current urban agriculture to small-scale community gardens with no quantifiable impact to the urban development of cities. The inclusive prosperity of a green economy supports

#### *Data-Driven Food-Oriented Urban Development: A Framework Approach for Greater Miami… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87836*

the integration of local food production in urban areas. This is a major disruption to the conventional food supply chain as it geographically aligns production, processing, storage, and distribution with the consumer. This direct relationship from the grower to the consumer ensures enhanced food access, accountability, and quality control of the produce. It also fosters economic development and entrepreneurship of a more secure individual, retail, and/or commercial provisioning of nutritional produce. Food retailers agree that 79–84% consumer purchasing decision in the future will have a great or moderate influence due to the following factors: health and wellness, buying locally and sustainable produce, no chemical/pesticides or hormones/antibiotics, humane animal treatment, and clean labels [29].

 Earlier, we established that data is created, collected, and used on platforms that enable automated and robotic systems that allow not only farms but businesses at every point in the supply chain to be more profitable, more efficient, safer, and more environmentally friendly. With the introduction of blockchain technology, these platforms of data can be networked together onto a distributed shared ledger connecting growers, processors, distributor, and retailers. One of the frontrunners of supply chain technology like the IBM Food Trust proposes better accountability of foods while improving food quality, shelf life, and shared information between the farmer and consumer about the nutritional quality [14, 28]. This unprecedented visibility into the supply chain will enable safer and fresher produce while eliminating inefficiencies that lead to food waste and excessive carbon emissions. The role of technology in agriculture and the food system is ultimately creating a more sustainable environment for human settlement. Our cities realize that sustainable urban development must also adapt these Internet of Things (IoT) technologies into areas such as governance and management, creating distributed networks that can be updated in real time. FRUIT ultimately is creating business value to the food ecosystem and urban development simultaneously by combining governance, standards and interoperability, and technology.

#### **4.4 Consumer-centric approach**

In public health journals, there are five dimensions in "characterizing the food environment" in terms of "food access": availability, accessibility, affordability, accommodation, and acceptability [29]. Ethnic groups and low-income populations have not been widely investigated for many of the aforementioned factors including access to their staple or familiar diets [30, 31]. Moreover, affordable and a healthful diet is identified as an underlying issue in ethnic communities and low-income populations which require policies to incorporate healthy strategies for improving community health [30, 32]. Poor health in adults and children, poor cognitive and emotional development in children and, and adult depression are some of the public health issues related to food insecurity [33]. Moreover, there is also a direct relationship between incarcerated individuals, these public health issues, and having had lower access to healthy food [9, 34].

 C.S. Mott publication on *Good Food* identifies "consumer orientation" extremely vital to enable innovation and cater to contemporaneous food consumption patterns, their drivers, and opportunities for growth [35]. This is evident in a study to promote healthy food access for the residents of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area, Arizona, which can be improved by spatial optimization of urban gardens in vacant plots. The spatial analysis of currently 68 gardens estimates to cover a mere 8.4% of the food desert area. According to the maximal covering spatial optimization method, food access can be increased to cover more than 96% with 53 gardens located on vacant lands. The study infers that robust planning strategies can improve food access and alleviate the associated diseases with food desert such as obesity and heart diseases [35]. "Civic

agriculture" recommends communities to nurture their "social and economic development" through local resources to supply the demand of local consumers [36, 37].

#### **5. Methodology**

#### **5.1 Proposing the design framework**

 FOUD is driven by local, food production opportunities, demographics, consumer diet, and nutritional requirements. A consumer-centric approach in relation to resource, agricultural, and supply chain management establishes the premise for the design framework. The objective is to create a roadmap for decision-makers (planners, community leaders, and city officials) to vitalize a productive metabolism through food and nutritional development in their communities. Advancements in various technologies in agricultural and supply chain management will facilitate local food production and distribution in food-insecure urban neighborhoods facing accessibility and food waste challenges in response to consumer dietary and purchasing patterns [38]. FRUIT's assessment of community needs is achieved by FOUD's initial three steps, namely, data aggregation, market assessment, and engineering analysis. This is further explained in Section 5.2. FOUD's framework aims to incubate a community development with urban agriculture projects utilizing a viable roadmap for the financing and return on investment that accelerates innovation and food security for populations living in food-insecure neighborhoods. The following is an outline of the design framework:


*Data-Driven Food-Oriented Urban Development: A Framework Approach for Greater Miami… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87836* 


#### **5.2 FRUIT analysis**

The procedural steps listed in Section 5.1 are for the implementation of a FOUD. Food Resilience Urban Infrastructure Tools improves food accessibility and reduces food waste to fulfill the community's need for food security. For this study, the three neighborhoods in Miami-Dade County are focused on demonstrating a spatial and demographic analysis to feed the target population with respect to consumer equity and food consumption trends (**Figure 1**).

 FRUIT initiates the aggregation of data with site(s) selected according to a preliminary analysis of socioeconomic indicators and food accessibility variables in Miami-Dade County census tracts which are identified as food deserts, including variables included in the ERS Food Atlas: low-income population with low access to supermarkets or grocery stores in under half mile distance. The population is studied by calories required to support the population with respect to age, gender, and level of activity. This is followed by overlaying the cultural tendency of food consumption at-home assessment to estimate the number of calories needed to produce locally. The low-, medium-, and high-density census tract are chosen to

**Figure 1.**  *Food-oriented urban development framework.* 

fulfill 75% of their population locally as per diet trends observed for at-home food consumption in urban areas and analyzed for producing crops for six food groups based on averages of consumption for a normal person with moderately active lifestyle (with 2000 kcal requirement). The six groups are vegetables, fruits, grain, protein, dairy, and oils. A percentage of the total calorie requirement for the community is calculated for every food group and then paired with a modular agricultural system to meet this demand.

Both controlled indoor environments and outdoor agriculture systems are considered to fulfill a complete dietary food production by taking into consideration the total area covered by the geographic boundary of the census tract and built-up area to calculate viable areas for local food production. The local food opportunities include and prioritize the usage of vacant and underutilized plots and interstitial spaces such as rights of way, subdivisions, and rooftops to optimize production. The engineering analysis is complete when FRUIT estimates the requirements of water, energy, and nutrient systems for the food systems.

#### **6. Result and discussion**

 Following the methodology explained in Sections 5.1 and 5.2, **Table 1** shows the summary analysis result from FRUIT which gives the spatial needs to produce adequate food for the selected population assuming 50% is the demand to procure the produce locally as an example for this paper. The population count is the total number of people living in the census tracts, and the number corresponds to urban density calculated from average persons per household. It is categorized as low density (less than 50 dwelling units per acre), medium density (between 50 and 150 du/ acre), and high density (more than 150 du/acre). The total area is represented to show the total area required for food production if the full diet was required to be grown locally. However, FRUIT estimation based on practical limitation uses 50% of the demand to be grown locally for demonstration purposes of this paper. Thus, indoor food production systems, outdoor areas, and total area to accommodate auxiliary systems which include energy, water, and nutrient-generating systems are estimated for spatial needs for local food production.

From the table, the average area required to supplement 50% of their diet per person from low, medium, and high density is approximately 642, 400, and 260 sqft, respectively. According to the conventional statistics used to calculate the amount of area required to feed one person (e.g., American), the area required is 1.2 acres per person which is more than 52,000 sqft [37]. This demonstrates the


#### **Table 1.**  *FRUIT analysis for three census tracts in Miami-Dade County.*

#### *Data-Driven Food-Oriented Urban Development: A Framework Approach for Greater Miami… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87836*

FRUIT's capacity to assess a high-yielding potential and optimization of land for feeding communities with locally better and nutritious food.

 FRUIT simulates a Food-Oriented Urban Development model that can incubate community development with urban agriculture projects utilizing a viable roadmap for the financing and return on investment that accelerates innovation and food security for the Greater Miami. The research contextually develops these urban infrastructural tools to guide city development by strengthening its urban resilience and empowering decision-makers to cogently work with community leaders and local stakeholders to drive inclusive prosperity. Most common recommendations focus on improving the food accessibility and affordability by framing better policies to address their respective challenges of food deserts in ethnic groups and low-income populations [31] and food justice issues [32, 34, 35]. However, the correlation to social equity and cultural identity will provide a deeper insight into consumer needs and improvement of the quality of life and economic opportunities for them. Hence, it is important to comprehend how we can successfully advocate for local foods from social, cultural, and economic standpoints which are in support of the (vulnerable) consumer. Additionally, it is important to address the role of technology when discussing about modern farming practices. It is becoming increasingly evident from novel experimentations and practices that improved and high efficiency yields may bridge the gap of food production and increasing populations. Technology is, therefore, the dependable instrument to provide for food security for future generations. Therefore, the data-driven Food-Oriented Urban Development is necessary as a framework approach for urban cities utilizing Food Resilience Urban Infrastructural Tools (FRUIT).

#### **7. Conclusion and recommendations**

This research develops upon the urban infrastructural tools for the region to think about their role in city development and drive inclusive prosperity. The role of technology in agriculture and the food system is ultimately creating a more sustainable environment for human settlement. Our cities realize that sustainable urban development must also adapt these IoT technologies outside commerce into areas such as governance and management, creating distributed networks that can be updated in real time. FRUIT proposes to merge the digital assets of the existing food system into a larger framework of geographical and infrastructural data, creating tools that promote urban development based on local food production. There is a necessity to create business value to the food ecosystem and urban development simultaneously by combining governance, standards and interoperability, and technology. Moreover, this and future research will raise awareness of a fair and equal food culture, especially in food deserts, providing access to nutritional information and awareness of public health within their communities.

#### **Author details**

James Brazil1 \* and Shruti Khandelwal<sup>2</sup>

1 Studio James Brazil, Miami Beach, FL, USA

2 School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA

\*Address all correspondence to: jamesbrazil.jb@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Data-Driven Food-Oriented Urban Development: A Framework Approach for Greater Miami… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87836* 

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**763**

**Chapter 62**

**Abstract**

wastes.

sustainability

**1. Introduction**

generations by preserving them [2].

Sustainability

Utilization of Construction and

Demolition Wastes from Urban

*Hüseyin Yılmaz Aruntaş, Melih Şahinöz and Mustafa Dayi*

In recent years, environmental problems have been increasing due to the decrease in natural resources and rapid population growth. As a component of population growth and relevant to natural resources, construction and demolition (C&D) wastes must be handled more efficiently. In this regard, governments are in an effort to increase environmental awareness and recycling. In this sense, one of the most important steps is urban transformation. However, an excessive amount of waste is generated as a result of urban transformation. Emerging C&D wastes can be reused in construction sector or other sectors, and they can contribute to economy. After the destruction of a structure, various types of wastes are generated such as concrete, brick, rubble, plaster, wood, glass, metal, tile, plastic, asphalt, etc. These C&D wastes should be separated so that the damage given to the environment is reduced. The number of urban transformation projects is increasing in the world. In this study, the types of solid wastes, areas of usage, disposal methods, and sample applications were investigated. In addition to that, environmental and economic gains of C&D wastes were explained. As a result, conservation of natural resources and reduction of greenhouse gas are supported by recycling the C&D

**Keywords:** urban transformation, construction wastes, demolition wastes, recycling,

The world population is rapidly increasing. According to the UN Report, the world population is 7.6 billion in 2017. The population has increased by almost 1 billion in the last 12 years. It is estimated that the world population will be 8.6 billion in 2030 and 9.7 billion in 2050 [1]. In contrast to population growth, natural resources are rapidly declining. In addition, the need for shelter and unplanned urbanization ratio is also increasing. The infrastructure is also inadequate in the unplanned urbanization areas. This situation has highlighted the term of sustainability especially in recent years. Sustainability is to leave today's resources to future

Transformation in Terms of

#### **Chapter 62**
