Utilization of Construction and Demolition Wastes from Urban Transformation in Terms of Sustainability

*Hüseyin Yılmaz Aruntaş, Melih Şahinöz and Mustafa Dayi* 

#### **Abstract**

In recent years, environmental problems have been increasing due to the decrease in natural resources and rapid population growth. As a component of population growth and relevant to natural resources, construction and demolition (C&D) wastes must be handled more efficiently. In this regard, governments are in an effort to increase environmental awareness and recycling. In this sense, one of the most important steps is urban transformation. However, an excessive amount of waste is generated as a result of urban transformation. Emerging C&D wastes can be reused in construction sector or other sectors, and they can contribute to economy. After the destruction of a structure, various types of wastes are generated such as concrete, brick, rubble, plaster, wood, glass, metal, tile, plastic, asphalt, etc. These C&D wastes should be separated so that the damage given to the environment is reduced. The number of urban transformation projects is increasing in the world. In this study, the types of solid wastes, areas of usage, disposal methods, and sample applications were investigated. In addition to that, environmental and economic gains of C&D wastes were explained. As a result, conservation of natural resources and reduction of greenhouse gas are supported by recycling the C&D wastes.

**Keywords:** urban transformation, construction wastes, demolition wastes, recycling, sustainability

#### **1. Introduction**

The world population is rapidly increasing. According to the UN Report, the world population is 7.6 billion in 2017. The population has increased by almost 1 billion in the last 12 years. It is estimated that the world population will be 8.6 billion in 2030 and 9.7 billion in 2050 [1]. In contrast to population growth, natural resources are rapidly declining. In addition, the need for shelter and unplanned urbanization ratio is also increasing. The infrastructure is also inadequate in the unplanned urbanization areas. This situation has highlighted the term of sustainability especially in recent years. Sustainability is to leave today's resources to future generations by preserving them [2].

There are many different research studies and projects on sustainability in the world. One of the most important of these works is urban transformation project. Urban transformation is the regulation of unplanned urbanization areas. Social, economic, and environmental plans are developed in order to increase the quality of urban life. These plannings compose an urban transformation project [3].

Urban transformation projects may differ according to the problems of countries or cities. In urban transformation projects, there are some methods such as renovation, rehabilitation, protection, redevelopment, regulation, cleaning, and revitalization. These projects are economically supported by the state, the private sector, or the public sector. For example, in Turkey, the first legal regulations on urban transformation projects were carried into effect by the government in 2005 [4]. With these legal arrangements, the government encourages urban transformation projects. According to this, financial support is provided to the region during the project period by the government. Urban transformation projects improve the construction sector in Turkey and provide additional employment opportunities as well [5, 6].

 Many buildings are being demolished or renewed in the implementation of these projects. As a result, large amounts of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes are generated. Finding storage area for these wastes is very difficult and costly. Therefore, recycling these wastes provides both economic gain and reduction of environmental pollution. In addition to that, the use of recycled materials is encouraged by many states. Research studies conducted on recycling or reuse of C&D wastes increasingly continue in the world [7, 8].

#### **2. Urban transformation projects in Turkey and in the world**

#### **2.1 Urban transformation projects in Turkey**

The term "urban renewal" was started to be used in the 1970s in Turkey, and the projects of urban renewal started to be implemented in the 1980s. As per the 2000s, the term urban transformation was started to be used widely. The first urban transformation projects led by the public sources in the 1980s were the Ankara Dikmen Valley and the Orange Blossom urban transformation projects [9].

In Turkey, there are a large number of urban transformation project implementations, because 95% of the population of Turkey is located in earthquake zones. The most significant earthquake in the recent history of the country occurred in the Marmara Region of Turkey, in 1999. This earthquake is called as the 1999 Marmara Earthquake. Many buildings were demolished or damaged. This situation proved that a large number of houses were inadequate. In addition to this, the damaged buildings pose a threat to the environment and to the people. Almost all infrastructure systems in the earthquake zones became unusable. Moreover, the quality of concrete in old buildings is quite low in Turkey. Even worse, the rate of unplanned urbanization is high due to rapid population growth and migration. Therefore, the purpose of urban transformation projects in Turkey is generally to increase the number of housing, to repair damaged structures, and to renew infrastructure systems and landscaping. Due to all of these reasons, the need for urban transformation projects is increasing each passing day [10].

The urban transformation project of the Küçükçekmece Ayazma and Tepeüstü District in Istanbul started in 2004. The aim of the project was to design the landscape of Ayazma District and Tepeüstü District. It also aimed at renewing the commercial areas and buildings in the region. In addition to this, it aimed at creating sports facilities and green areas. Lastly, this project aimed at employment *Utilization of Construction and Demolition Wastes from Urban Transformation in Terms… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87836* 

opportunities. The implementation area of the project was 127,000 m2 . 2520 people directly benefited from this project [11].

The North Ankara Entrance urban transformation project started in 2004. The aim of the project was to improve connection roads and to make physical and environmental arrangements. In addition, education and healthcare buildings and social areas were built. The implementation area of the project was 3.93 million m2 in Ankara [12].

 In Konya City, the Old Bus Terminal Area urban transformation project was implemented between 2003 and 2006. The aim of the project was to design the landscaping of the central Konya. The project also aimed at renewal of state and commercial buildings. The project implementation area was 11,000 m2 in the city center. 768 people directly benefited from this project [13].

 In Trabzon City, the Zağnoz Valley urban transformation project started in 2004. The project was planned at four stages. The aim of the project was to repair the infrastructure and prevent unplanned urbanization. In addition, this area was planned as a tourism area. The project implementation area was 104,290 m2 in the valley [14].

 In Istanbul, the Gaziosmanpaşa District urban transformation project started in 2005. The main aim of the project was to reconstruct the buildings that were considered to be risky in terms of resistance to earthquake. In addition, landscaping and social areas were designed. The project implementation area was 204,816 m2 in the district [15].

In Erzurum City, the Yakutiye Hasan-i Basri District urban transformation project started in 2006. The aim of this project was to regulate the environment, to build educational and social service building, and to increase the number of houses. The project implementation area was 272,000 m2 in the city center. 10,086 people benefited directly from this project [16].

In Istanbul, the Fatih Neslişah and Sulukule District urban transformation project started in 2006. The aim of the project was to protect the historical and architectural texture of the district. In addition, a repairment was planned for the infrastructure, and 574 buildings were planned to be rebuilt. The project implementation area was 93,000 m2 in the city center. 2735 people benefited directly from this project [17].

In Bursa city, the Osmangazi District urban transformation project started in 2006. Within the context of the project, it was planned to repair the infrastructure, to increase the number of houses, and to design the landscaping. 1220 buildings were demolished. The project implementation area was 282,000 m<sup>2</sup> in the district [18].

 In Izmir city, the Kadifekale area urban transformation project started in 2006. The aim of the project was the destruction of illegal buildings. 1958 buildings were demolished in relation to the project. The project implementation area was 42,000 m2 . It is estimated that 550,000 tons of C&D wastes were generated in the first 6 years of the project [19].

In Istanbul, the Ataşehir/Barbaros District urban transformation project started in 2013. In the project, it was planned to design the landscape, to construct official and educational buildings, to increase the number of houses, and to design green areas. The project implementation area was 127,000 m<sup>2</sup> in the district. 2520 people directly benefited from this project [20].

In Burdur City, the central district urban transformation project started in 2013. The aim of the project was to reconstruct risky buildings against earthquake disaster. In addition, a sustainable urban model was planned. The project implementation area was 280,000 m2 in the district. 1056 buildings were planned to be demolished within the context of the project [21].

In Kayseri City, the Kocasinan District urban transformation project started in 2014. The aim of the project was to reconstruct risky buildings against earthquake disaster. The project implementation area was approximately 4.2 million m2 in the district. In the first stage, all the old/new risky buildings consisting of 3–5 story buildings were planned to be demolished within the context of the project [22].

 In Gaziantep, the Şahinbey District urban transformation project started in 2015. In the project, it was planned to increase the number of houses, to reconstruct risky buildings, and to enlarge streets. 7594 buildings were demolished within the context of the project [23, 24]. In different urban transformation projects conducted in various regions of Turkey, it is generally aimed at the renewal of the risky buildings, satisfying the housing need and creating social and green zones. Therefore, some examples of urban transformation projects conducted in various regions of Turkey for different purposes are given in **Table 1**.

#### **2.2 Urban transformation projects in the world**

In Hiroshima Danbara, the urban transformation project was carried out in 1995. The aim of the project was to erase the traces of the Second World War. This project was materialized with the economic contributions of the state, the private sector, and the public. Within the scope of the project, approximately 461 buildings were rebuilt. The project cost was 284 million dollars. In the architecture of the project, the concept of traditional culture was prioritized. In addition, 5 parks, 2 green areas, 13 playgrounds, and roads were built in the city [25].

 Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil. In this city, a great majority of the people were living in slum areas. People who live in these slum areas could not benefit from basic needs such as electricity and water. In addition, there was a problem of garbage collection and environmental pollution in this area. For this reason, the urban transformation project of Rio de Janeiro was carried out between 1994 and 2005. Thanks to this project, 168 building areas were rebuilt, and new workplaces and educational buildings were built. In addition, electricity, water, and sewage systems were repaired. The project cost was 600 million dollars. Thanks to this project, the life quality of nearly 1 million people increased [26].

In China, the Guangzhou Pearl River urban transformation project started in 2000. The surroundings of the Pearl River were an industrial zone. With the development in the economy, the industrial zone of the Pearl River was expanded. This situation caused land shortage in the city. The aim of this project was to ensure the sustainability of the city despite the increasing industry of Guangzhou city. In addition, this project aimed at protecting the ecosystem and agriculture of the city. This project was carried out along the Pearl River (65 km long) and on an area of 370 km2 . In the project, agricultural areas, historical villages, and island structures were constructed by the state [26, 27].

In France, the city of Triangle de Gonesse in the north of Paris, the Europa City urban transformation project began in 2016. The aim of this project is to turn the Triangle de Gonesse region into an economic center. In addition, traffic in Paris will be reduced through new connection roads. The project will be implemented on an area of 8.6 million square meters. The cost of this project is 3.4 billion dollars. The project is planned to be completed by 2024 [28].

The Egyptian government plans to create a new settlement in the northern part of the capital, with the New Cairo project in Cairo. The aim of the project is to increase the number of buildings and to create a new trade and tourism center. The project started in 2015 and will be completed by 2022. The project will be implemented on 82 million square meters. The project cost is estimated to be approximately 45 billion dollars [29].


#### *Utilization of Construction and Demolition Wastes from Urban Transformation in Terms… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87836*


**Table 1.**  *Examples of urban transformation projects in Turkey.* 

*Utilization of Construction and Demolition Wastes from Urban Transformation in Terms… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87836* 

#### **3. Recycle and reuse opportunities**

Generally, large amounts of C&D wastes are generated in the demolition or reconstruction of a structure. There are many different studies on the reuse and destruction of C&D wastes in the world.

Martinez et al. examined the usability of fine aggregates obtained from C&D wastes in cement-based masonry mortar production. Three types of recycled aggregates (concrete, mixed, and ceramic wastes) were used as aggregate in the production of masonry mortar. The physical and mechanical properties of these mortar mixtures were compared with the mortar samples prepared with 100% natural sand. It was determined that the physical and mechanical properties of the mortars prepared with recycled aggregates were lower than those of mortar samples prepared with 100% natural sand [30].

Perez et al. investigated the reuse of C&D wastes as coarse aggregates in hot asphalt production. C&D wastes were added to the bitumen mixtures by 0, 20, 40, and 60%. As a result, they emphasized that the reuse of these wastes in asphalt production reduces the durability of the asphalt mixtures [31].

Restuccia et al. used recycled sand in mortar mixtures. Recycled sand was obtained by crushing C&D wastes. This recycled sand was then washed and sieved. After these processes, the recycled sand was added to the mortar mixtures by 0, 25, and 75%. The physical and mechanical test results of mortar mixtures prepared with recycled sand were compared with the mortar mixtures prepared with natural sand. As a result, the use of recycled sand reduced the mechanical properties of mortars. Additionally, recycled sand increased the water absorption property of the mortar [8].

 Başar investigated the reuse of C&D wastes. He expressed that wastes such as glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, ceramic, wood, rubble, asphalt, brick, and gypsum are generated especially during the demolition of a building. In the research, solution suggestions were expressed regarding the utilization of these wastes. As a result, it was stated that most of these wastes could be recycled and reused in secondhand or new material production [32].

**Figure 1** shows a company where secondhand building materials are sold. These C&D waste materials have been generated in demolition or repairment of a building, and they have been stored. Waste materials such as doors, windows, glass, and washbasins can be reused in the buildings. Additionally, these C&D wastes can be reused for economic gain.

Akarsu investigated the reuse of C&D wastes [33]. According to this study, wood waste can be used as fuel, decoration, and mold material. In addition, rubble wastes can be reused as filling material in foundation and road constructions. Brick wastes can be reused as decoration materials on the exterior facades of the building.

**Figure 1.**  *Secondhand construction materials [34].* 

In addition, it was stated that metal and plastic materials could be recycled. Besides, it was explained that tile waste could be reused as well.

 Ağaoğlu stated that a large part of the C&D wastes are comprised of concrete wastes. Thus, concrete waste recycling aims to protect both the environment and reduce the use of resources. Therefore, in the research, concrete wastes were converted into aggregates. These aggregates were used in concrete production. As a result of the research, it was explained that recyclable aggregate could be used in construction materials [35].

 Karademir investigated the recycling of C&D wastes generated from urban transformation. Additionally, the relationship between urban transformation and environmental pollution was investigated in the study. For this purpose, Istanbul-Kadıköy District urban transformation project was taken as a model. As a result, the amounts of structural wastes generated in Kadıköy District between 2013 and 2017 were determined. In Kadıköy, it was determined that the amount of C&D waste was 1.3 million m3 in 2017 [36].

Kılıç stated that the rubble wastes generated during the construction demolition process can be used as raw materials. C&D wastes must be separated from other wastes by applications such as crushing process. Thus, a recycled aggregate is obtained for the concrete. It was shown that these recycled concrete aggregates can be used in production of filling material, plain concrete, paving stone, mortar, and landscaping [37].

Kadiroğlu et al. stated that brick and glass fractures obtained from C&D wastes can be used in concrete production after grinding. According to the test results, 5% recycled aggregates obtained through different recycling procedures can be used in the concrete mixtures [38].

Ölmez and Yıldız reported that waste materials such as insulation material, metal, glass, plastic, carpet, pipe, roofing material, timber, wood, plywood, brick, stone, rubble, brick, and soil are produced during the construction/dismantling processes. In addition, concrete wastes can be used in pavement construction and as recycled aggregate and filling material in sewer and drain systems [39].

Aruntaş et al. [40] determined that waste marble powder can be used as a replacement material in self compacting concrete production. Similarly, Dayı et al. [41] stated that waste glass powder and fly ash can be used in composite cement manufacturing. Thus, thanks to the use of waste marble powder and waste glass powder, more economical concrete can be produced, and environmental pollution can be reduced. In addition, by utilizing these wastes in cement and concrete production, the ecological balance can be maintained, and greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced [40, 41]. **Table 2** shows methods of disposal of construction and demolition wastes and usage areas.

 Yaprak et al. investigated the reuse of waste concrete in fresh concrete production. They used the waste concrete as fine recycled aggregate in the production of fresh concrete in the laboratory. Thus, by using concrete wastes as aggregate, it was aimed to reduce both the cost of concrete and environmental pollution. As a result, it was emphasized that up to 50% fine recycled aggregate is suitable for producing concrete [43].

 **Figure 2** shows a few buildings demolished within the scope of an urban transformation project. Before the demolition of these buildings, recyclable materials are dismantled by workers in the constructional site. In the separation process, firstly PVC windows, glass, wood and iron gates, tiles, sanitary ware, water, and electrical installation elements (such as pipes) were dismantled. The rebars were decomposed by using demolition equipment. The rubble wastes were poured into municipality waste area via the excavation trucks.

*Utilization of Construction and Demolition Wastes from Urban Transformation in Terms… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87836* 


#### **Table 2.**

*Methods of disposal of construction and demolition wastes and usage areas [42].* 

#### **Figure 2.**

*View of demolished buildings within the scope of an urban transformation project [34].* 

**Figure 3.**  *Storage and crushing of C&D wastes in Istanbul (a) and Eskişehir (b) municipality waste areas, Turkey [39].* 

Pamuk reported that waste roof materials could be used again. In addition, the bitumen-based waste materials such as membrane and shingle generated from the roof disassembly process can be recycled by melting; thus, economic gain can be provided [44].

**Figure 3** shows the stored C&D wastes can be produced in different sizes of filling materials obtained by using a crushing machine. The produced filling materials are transported to the construction areas by dumper trucks.

#### **4. Construction and demolition wastes and sustainability**

As it is known, cement plants and ready mixed concrete plants provide aggregate and raw material from nature. This situation causes the reduction of natural resources and the increase of environmental pollution. In this respect, it is aimed to reduce the environmental pollution by the use of construction and demolition wastes and to protect the natural resources in the world.

 In Belgium, the amount of solid waste collected was approximately 48 million tons in 2008. 87% of C&D wastes generated throughout the country was recycled. 6 million tons of these wastes were destroyed by burning. Approximately 270,000 tons of wastes were used in the filling works [45, 46].

 One of the most successful countries in waste management is the Netherlands. According to the European Environment Agency in the Netherlands, the total amount of waste was approximately 120 million tons in 2008. 65% of these wastes were C&D wastes resulting from construction, demolition, infrastructure works,

#### *Utilization of Construction and Demolition Wastes from Urban Transformation in Terms… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87836*

and repairment. The Netherlands government recycled 94% of these C&D wastes. The remaining 477,000 tons were used in filling works [45, 46].

Denmark is one of the countries, where recycling is the most common, in Europe. In Denmark, municipalities are collecting construction wastes separately. 85–90% of the collected C&D wastes are composed of wall and concrete wastes. Denmark recycled 86% of all these wastes in 2012 [45, 47].

 In Germany, 49.7 million tons of C&D wastes were generated in 2000. 32.7 million tons of these wastes were recycled as construction materials. The remaining 17 million tons of waste were used as filling material [48].

 **Figure 4** shows a recycling plant facility, where C&D wastes are stored. This recycling plant facility area is 120,000 m2 and 25 km away from Eskişehir city in Turkey. There are 10 personnel at the facility and only C&D wastes are stored in this facility. The wastepaper, cardboard, plastic, wood, or metal wastes within the demolition wastes brought to the facility are being separated and stored in a different place. These classified wastes are being sent to the recycling facilities and being transformed into raw materials.

 In Turkey, 25.84 million tons of solid wastes were collected by the municipalities in 2012. C&D wastes were estimated to be 4–5 million tons in the same year. In Turkey, 125,000 tons of excavated soil were destroyed every year. Especially, with the increase of urban transformation projects, it is predicted that both the amount of excavation soil and the amount of C&D wastes will increase in the country. Depending on the increase in urban transformation and infrastructure projects, approximately 0.6 m3 of 1 m3 of structural waste can be recycled. Turkey has made regulations particularly regarding the environment for the EU accession process. For this reason, it is aimed to recycle 70% of the C&D wastes produced by the year 2020. It is also aimed to recycle approximately 16 million tons of C&D wastes generated in urban transformation projects [42, 49].

 In Hong Kong, 25% of all wastes are composed of C&D wastes. In 2000, an average of 37,000 tons of construction wastes per day were generated in Hong Kong. 80% of these wastes were destroyed by using in the filling works. The remaining 20% were stored in waste areas. Furthermore, the Hong Kong government aims to reduce its waste management costs by \$750 million by the end of 2019 [50, 51].

 The United States produces 260 million tons of nonindustrial wastes per year. Approximately 136 million tons of these wastes are construction waste. In the United States, approximately 300,000 buildings are demolished each year. It is known that 100,000 buildings throughout the country are made of wood. 20–30 kg/m2 C&D wastes are generated during the construction time. C&D wastes are generally reused in restoration and fillings works [52, 53].

**Figure 4.**  *The view of the storage area for construction and demolition wastes in Turkey.* 

### **5. Conclusion**

 Rapid population and migration growth cause unplanned urbanization all over the world. This situation decreases the quality of life. In addition, people's access to basic needs such as education, health, social service, trade area, and transportation becomes difficult. Moreover, the number of houses and infrastructure remains inadequate. In order to solve these problems, urban transformation projects are carried out in different cities in Turkey. In this way, sustainable cities are being created. Thus, both quality of life is increased and natural resources are protected. In this study, utilization of C&D wastes generated from urban transformation in terms of sustainability was investigated. It was found that C&D wastes have a high recycling potential. Thanks to this high recycling potential, it is aimed to reduce environmental pollution and to protect natural resources. Different urban transformation projects are being implemented according to the type of problems of cities or regions. The number of urban transformation projects is gradually increasing both in Turkey and in the world. Also, many types of C&D wastes occur in urban transformation project applications. Various literature studies on the evaluation methods of these C&D wastes are presented. Additionally, based on previous studies, it is observed that various recycling transactions are being implemented for recycling various demolition wastes. It is determined that the recycled materials obtained from the demolition wastes are rather being used as filling materials for the groundwork and road constructions. Moreover, it is also determined that the construction wastes are also used as the aggregate for concrete production, paving stones, and concrete pipes and as raw material sources in the construction sector. Thus, the demolition wastes are being recycled as a contribution to the national economy. It is an inevitable reality, all across the world and Turkey, to embrace the life cycle models prioritizing the reuse of construction materials after recycling at the end of their raw material, production, correct usage, and service life. It is observed that the studies conducted on reuse, recycling, and disposal of wastes are insufficient today. As a result, in terms of sustainability, C&D wastes must be used in construction sector. On the other hand, considering the sustainability, it is necessary, at the beginning, in other words in the design and production phase, to produce the construction materials to be used in the construction sector with raw materials that are appropriate for recycling.

### **Author details**

Hüseyin Yilmaz Aruntaş 1 , Melih Şahinöz1 \* and Mustafa Dayi<sup>2</sup>

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey

\*Address all correspondence to: melihsahinoz@hotmail.com.tr

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Utilization of Construction and Demolition Wastes from Urban Transformation in Terms… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87836* 

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