**5. Conclusions**

In the present chapter a WCSPH method has been developed using the RANS equations and a two-equation *k–ε* model has been formulated using the particle approach. Then the numerical model has been employed to reproduce breaking in spilling and plunging waves in a sloped wave channel. The experimental data by [14] have been used to check the model results. Finally, we have fully exploited the advantages of numerical modeling to disclose fundamental differences between the different types of breakers by investigating the temporal and spatial evolutions of turbulence quantities and vorticity field.

For the spilling wave (T1), during the pre-breaking and breaking stages, the maximum turbulence intensity has been generated near the free surface and decreases as the vortex moves downstream. Instead, the turbulence levels increased rapidly after the wave breaking for the plunging case (T2). In fact, the maximum turbulence level was generated as the plunging jet touches down on the wave trough and after the breaking, the roller continued to spread downwards and therefore high turbulence levels were generated beneath the free surface after breaking.

For both breakers (T1 and T2), analyzing the instantaneous vorticity distributions, when the breaking begins, positive vorticity has occupied the whole region of
