Preface

Geophysics is the study of the Earth, oceans, atmosphere, and near-space through applying the physics properties and increasing our knowledge about their properties. Geophysics has been useful in many economic applications such as hydrocarbon, ores, and minerals exploration. Also, it is applied in engineering, environmental, archaeological, and deep-Earth investigations.

This book is divided into nine chapters organized into two sections named "Geophysics" and "Ocean Waves Studies".

The first section, "Geophysics", consists of four chapters by scientists and researchers from different countries. It demonstrates the importance of using different geophysics methods in exploration. The first chapter (Essa and Elhussein, 2020) presents a combined formula for gravity and self-potential methods to interpret the buried geologic structures represented by simple models. The second chapter (Lile, 2020) used EM Turam measurements in mining exploration. The third chapter (Dvorkin, 2020) presents the history and basics of rock physics, the effect of pore fluid on rock properties, and the multiple variables affecting rock properties. The fourth chapter (Ragab and Mansour, 2020) demonstrates the enhanced oil recovery phase during oil reservoir production after the water/gas injection and discusses the chemical enhanced oil recovery that reduces the residual oil saturation.

The second section, "Ocean Waves Studies", describes that open seas, enclosed basins, and coastal areas are of utmost importance for human activities. Hence, since the last world war, scientists and engineers have spent much effort in gaining insight on the main (and actually quite fascinating) physical phenomena that occurs in such a water body: surface waves. Long waves, wind waves, infragravity waves, earthquake-induced tsunamis, landslide-induced impulse waves are only a few examples of the wide range of water oscillations that engineers, with the help of scientists, need to face to guide the sustainable use of natural resources. The new sensitivity to climate change and integrated management are only two examples of new challenges to be faced. Mathematical modeling, either analytical or numerical, and experimental investigations are valuable tools that can be used to gain insight into wave generation, propagation, and interaction with the boundaries of water bodies and that are continuously and rapidly improving thanks to technological advances.

The "Ocean Waves Studies" section of this book presents five chapters covering the modeling of wind and surface gravity waves, the storm surge forecast and hindcast, the modeling of the landslide-generated tsunami, and the hydrodynamics of breaking waves.

**II**

**Chapter 8 133**

**Chapter 9 151**

Physical and Numerical Modeling of Landslide-Generated Tsunamis:

A Review

*by Alessandro Romano*

Hydrodynamics of Regular Breaking Wave *by Diana De Padova and Michele Mossa*

The section is intended to provide the reader with a detailed description of the latest developments on physical and numerical descriptions of wind-generated and long waves, including some new features discovered in the last few years. The section is organized with the aim to accompany the reader from offshore to nearshore phenomena including a description of wave dissipation including large-scale phenomena (i.e., storm surge and landslide-induced tsunamis).

The first chapter (Chalikov, 2020) in this section describes a set of numerical experiments with a three-dimensional phase-resolving model, aimed to investigate the correct reproduction of surface waves under wind action. Particular attention has been paid by the author to the investigation of the correct reproduction of the energy input and dissipation.

On the theme of numerical simulation of ocean surface waves, and in particular, on the description of input and dissipation source function, the second chapter (Fan et al., 2020) proposes a review on the use of third-generation wave models used in the prediction of tropical cyclone generated surface waves. They also focused on the latest developments in the growing field of coupled atmospherewave-ocean modeling with a particular focus on tropical cyclone predictions.

Moving from short to long wave fields, the third chapter (Pasquali, 2020) proposes a review of the storm surge forecast and hindcast in semi-enclosed basins. The main aim of the work is to present a simplified strategy in storm surge modeling using a mixed approach in which results provided by numerical models have been corrected through statistical techniques (i.e., neural network) or by physical parameters (i.e., the inverse barometric effect) to give fast prediction/hindcast with a low computational cost, thus maintaining acceptable reliability.

In the context of long waves, the fourth chapter (Romano, 2020) illustrates a review of physical and numerical modeling of landslide-generated tsunamis with particular attention paid to the most important results achieved in the last ten years. A particular focus is dedicated to the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques and approaches in the landslide-generated tsunami modeling highlighting the more recent improvements in the field.

Shifting the attention from the wave description and propagation to the breaking phenomena, the fifth chapter (De Padova and Mossa, 2020) closes the section of the book proposing a Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics (WCSPH) model. They highlight the ability of meshless methods with a k–ε turbulence closure model in describing different breaker types. Moreover, the performances of the proposed model have been validated against a set of dedicated physical experiments.

**V**

Finally, this edited book will encourage readers, scientists, researchers, geologists, and geophysicists to look further into the frontier topics of Geophysics and Ocean

**Khalid S. Essa, Ph.D.**

Geophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University,

**and Dr. Daniele Celli, Ph.D.**

University of L'Aquila,

**Prof. Marcello Di Risio, Ph.D., Dr. Davide Pasquali, Ph.D.** 

Environmental and Maritime Hydraulic Laboratory (LIam),

Civil, Construction-Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department,

Professor,

Egypt

Italy

Waves and inspire new research ways for further novel development.

Finally, this edited book will encourage readers, scientists, researchers, geologists, and geophysicists to look further into the frontier topics of Geophysics and Ocean Waves and inspire new research ways for further novel development.

> **Khalid S. Essa, Ph.D.** Professor, Geophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
