**6. The crisis of governance and governability**

Governance refers to the management of collective affairs and involves the articulation of rules of conduct and the agreement of principles for the allocation of resources within the framework of a political community [16]. Likewise, governability has to do with the choice of goals and values that should guide society [17]. In Peru, we can affirm that there is no dispersion of legal provisions, nor a profusion of laws, which if we estimate is to find both conceptual and strategy and action gaps, which are really important. In most cases, the provisions are outdated and unrelated to the regional and national reality. Likewise, we currently have important instruments such as the integrating principle in water management, which is absent in the government actions taken to face the problem of the La Yarada aquifer.

The fragmentation of the actions regarding water management in the aquifer system is a relevant problem, the institutions act in isolation and without coordinating the joint actions necessary to treat the problem. This denotes that there is a governing body of water management policies in the country such as the ANA, which is perceived to have no technical and regulatory solvency to execute current water legislation on the La Yarada aquifer. The regional and local government has no participation in the management and territoriality of the water in the aquifer system.

There are limitations to the effectiveness of governance and it lies in the relationship of groundwater with society, there is a conception of water with inexhaustible resources, a culture of non-payment for water and the lack of responsibility for environmental protection. Regarding public policies and their incorporation strategies, these are practically nil, the fragmentation of policies is notorious and most importantly, there is fragility of state institutions, related to the issue of groundwater, for the control of use and its exploitation. The lack of government planning to achieve an adequate use of water is notorious. We can also identify a lack of education on the preservation and sustainable use of groundwater in the La Yarada aquifer system.

The management of the system is a latent problem, the legislation on penalties for water use crimes without authorization or without licenses or permits is not clear. There is no reliable inventory of existing wells with and without using authorization; therefore a water balance cannot be specified by region and considering levels of vulnerability. The incorporation of municipalities, governorates, and other institutions in the management of groundwater is sought through the formation of the Caplina - Locumba Water Resources Council, created by Supreme Decree No. 019-2013-AG, as a space for agreement in which the institutions and organizations of the region, linked to the integrated management of water resources can present their needs, projects and claims, in order to plan and coordinate the sustainable use of water in the basin. In the constitution of this council, serious conformation problems have been reported, some of its members, especially the president of the council, do not meet the requirements indicated in Law No. 29338, the Water Resources Law and its regulations, this situation ends up establishing a climate of mistrust regarding non-compliance with the law from the same governing entity of the use and conservation of water in the country, that is, the ANA.

#### **7. Governance and governance models**

Improving water governance is the key to address water insecurity in developing countries. The literature does not pay attention to the study of incentive structures, interdisciplinarity and orientation with clear political implications [18]. In the Fung and Wright model [19], the governance approach is presented as a non-hierarchical form of government, characterized by cooperation with non-state actors within mixed decision-making networks between the public and the private [19].

The UNESCO model of water governance is a theoretical model that focuses on government issues. The purpose of this is the formulation of policies and their execution by the State. The model is integrated by the dimensions, social, economic, of political training, and environmental sustainability [20]. In Musetta's hydraulic leviathan model [20], emphasis is placed on a centralized State, strong in terms of state presence, a State that plans and develops, that builds large works of hydraulic infrastructure (dams, dams, irrigation systems) and in this measure the potential of your strength. It is also a State that organizes the other actors in the economy and society, and never delegates the management of this position [21].

Guhl's hard and soft line model [22] are a theoretical model, in the hard line, focuses on increasing the supply of water and making it more stable in time and space, through the construction of infrastructure works that allow us to have a greater and more stable supply of water throughout the year, or availability in areas with deficits. Its fundamental objective is the conservation of the water supply and its efficient use; it gives comprehensive consideration to the hydrological cycle based on changes in attitudes and behaviors of the users regarding the valuation of water as a finite resource and the consequent limitation of its availability and development and use of more efficient technologies [22].
