*1.1.2 IoT sensors*

In the last decades, farming implemented by several technological transformations and becoming more industrialised and driven by the latest technology. Introduction of smart agriculture gadgets which helps farmers for gaining best control on the process of crops growth and maintaining livestock as well with excellent efficiency. Internet of Things (IoT), based devices started to occupy every part of our life, from health care, automation, automotive and logistics, to smart cities and industrialisation (**Figure 2**). The Internet of Things creates up an era of precision agriculture sampling [5].

Precision agriculture is a basic term for all the services based on digital systems and inventions on technical things for the fulfilment of the modern farmer's needs for the yield optimisation, reduction of wastage, and maintaining the quality of environment [5, 6]. IoT sensors installed in the crop can support the farmers for allotting the pesticides and fertilisers in the right way along with the following support:


Many smartphone applications identified to incorporate with the Internet of Things (IoT) ideals, aggregation of data, and speed of the process, which may bring the data up to date, information can be provided to the small farmers like watering, seeding, fertilising and weeding. These applications are collecting the data from these sensors, especially from remote sensors and weather stations [6]. It helps in an in-depth analysis of data and provides valuable recommendations too.

Seeding is not guesswork after the innovation and application of IoT technologies. The programmed smart device can find the exact place for a seed to be planted and grown in a possible way. The collection of crops by the smart tractors with more exceptional efficiency and care when the harvest is ripe. Presently, the percentage of energy needed for the cultivation of crop by repairing the tractor damage itself goes around 80 to 90. By using the G.P.S. controlled steering system and route planning based on the input data, we can:


#### **Figure 2.** *IoT system.*

The applications developed for small-scaled farmers may support them in multiple ways. The diagnosis of the diseases on plants identified and forwarded to the experts to rectify. The number of nutrients needed by the fertilisers by the determination of leaf colour and soil quality [7]. Also, the pH value of the soil and other conditions can be measured. From the observations on leaves, the water needs of the plants determined. The readiness on the crop harvesting with the aid of U.V. and white light-based photos can aid in the prevention of ripeness [7].
