*4.5.1 Melting deposited material*

*4.3.2 Grinding and hardening*

*Computational Optimization Techniques and Applications*

transformation takes place [22, 23].

**4.4 Subtractive joining process**

**Figure 12.**

**Figure 13.**

**104**

*Swift process configuration.*

*Grind hardning process.*

The grind-hardening process shown in **Figure 12** used to surface harden steel parts. This process is using greater depth of cuts, up to 1 mm, and slower workpiece speeds. Rotating grinding wheel generate a heat at contact by which the surface temperature of material raised above that of authentication. Also by introducing self-quenching for heat dissipation by using coolant, martensitic phase

A configuration of schematic diagram of Solvent Welding Freeform Fabrication Technique (SWIFT) process is shown in **Figure 13**. In initial stage a standard size solvent weldable thermoplastic sheets placed loaded into a sheet feeder. The most frequently used solvent weldable thermoplastics materials are polystyrene, polycarbonate, PVC, and ABS. A pair of pinch rollers are used to fed sheets forward. Forwared sheet passes through a solvent masking which assist to prevent unwanted welding in desired areas. Solvent has been applied to the underside of the sheet at solvent masking station. Sheets are feeding continuous until it is positioned over the build platform. A platen is used to apply pressure on the sheet which is positioned over the stack of previously assembled sheets. In the process the new sheet placed on the top surface of the previously applied sheet, then the applied solvent between

Plasma laser deposition manufacturing working principle is shown in **Figure 14**. Powder is continuously feeding by control system into molten pool where powder is melted due to the focused laser beam and it result in re-solidification. The coatings thickness and 3D CAD model part must be predefined. To reduce oxidation, the whole operation is carried out under inert gas argon environment. The worktable is controlled by the control system. The material is deposited side by side with a defined amount of overlap. After deposition of an entire coating layer, the beam height of laser and plasma considerably keep away from the surface. The variables in the process such as power of combine plasma and laser beam, velocity of beam movement, feeding rate of material are controlled as per requirement of part to manufacture a final product.

This proposed PLDM process offers several advantages over conventional surface coatings techniques [26, 27]:


**Figure 14.** *Plasma laser deposition manufacturing.*

iv. The PLDM process is widely adopted metal based rapid prototyping and tooling requirements.
