**Author details**

Umesh Prasad Verma<sup>1</sup> , Madhurendra Narain Sinha<sup>2</sup> , Pushan Kumar Dutta<sup>3</sup> \* and Subhra Mullick<sup>4</sup>


\*Address all correspondence to: pkdgeoindia@gmail.com

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Stress-Strain Relationship: Postulated Concept to Understand Genetic Mechanism Associated… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97377*

## **References**

I offer my special thanks and gratitude to Wiley publications for citing the mathematical equations for principal section of paper. I must acknowledge to Dr. P. V.S. Raju, Head, Department of Centre for Ocean and atmospheric Sciences and Technology amity University Jaipur India, support to carry out the research.

NASA for providing satellite imagery and data set for 28 June 1992 California

COAST Centre for Ocean and atmospheric Sciences and Technology

, Madhurendra Narain Sinha<sup>2</sup>

4 Geological Studies Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

1 COAST Jaipur Amity University, Rajasthan, India

2 School of Engineering, Amity University, Kolkata, India

3 Geology Department, Patna University, Patna, India

\*Address all correspondence to: pkdgeoindia@gmail.com

provided the original work is properly cited.

, Pushan Kumar Dutta<sup>3</sup>

\* and

CSEP Collaborative study on earthquake Probablity

landers, event of seismicity.

**Author details**

Subhra Mullick<sup>4</sup>

**134**

Umesh Prasad Verma<sup>1</sup>

**Acronyms and abbreviations**

GSRM GlobalStrain rate Measurement GPS Global positioning Sysyem

*Computational Optimization Techniques and Applications*

SAR Satellite acquired Ranging

Last but not the least I must acknowledge to INSAR and SLR satellite agency of

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[2] Allmendinger, R. W., Reilinger, R., & Loveless, J. (2007). Strain and rotation rate from GPS in Tibet, Anatolia, and the Altiplano. Tectonics, 26(3).

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[13] Kreemer, C., Holt, W. E., & Haines, A. J. (2003). An integrated global model of present-day plate motions and plate boundary deformation. Geophysical Journal International, 154(1), 8-34.

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[15] Shen Tu,B. W.E. Holt, and A.J. Haines , deformation kinetics in the western Un determined from the Quaternary slip rate and recent geodetic data .J. Geophysics,28955,1999.

[16] Price, E. and D. T. Sand well(1998): Small scale deformations associated with the 1992 Landers California earthquake mapped by synthetic aperture radar inferometry, phase gradient, J. Geophysics,res.103, 27,001-27,016.

[17] Price, E. and D. T. Sand well(1998): Small scale deformations associated with the 1992 Landers California

**Chapter 8**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

**137**

Nature Inspired Metaheuristic

Approach for Best Tool Work

Combination for EDM Process

As the modern day, the technologies are approaching with high accuracy at the

same time with low material costing, non-traditional machining is very much essential to sustain in this modern manufacturing system. In this present research work Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is used with different types of tools like Copper, Aluminium, and Brass are used while machining High Carbon High Chromium (HCHCr), Hot Die Steel (HDS) and Oil Hardened Nitride Steel (OHNS) workpiece material. This research work is aimed to find out the most efficient tool material for different workpiece materials while satisfying the contradictory objectives of high material removal rate (MRR) and low Tool Wear Rate (TWR). The experimental data are trained and validated by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Finally, the results obtained through Genetic Algorithm are hybridized with a Fuzzy- Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique to obtain a single parametric combination of the process control parameters which satisfies these two

The progressive growth in the advanced manufacturing process is aimed to achieve a finished material with a complex shape having very high accuracy. This precise manufacturing leads the industries to modern non-traditional machining processes. Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is one such wieldy used nontraditional machining, where material removal takes place by the control erosion through spark discharge from the cathode tool on the anode workpiece. The conductive tool and the workpiece are submerged in flowing dielectric fluid and are separated by a small gap, known as a spark gap. The temperature of the spark varies from 8000°C to 12000°C which melts and vaporizes the workpiece material instantly. This electric discharge process is used to manufacturing complex part of a metal mould, tool and die, industrial instruments, aerospace's instruments, etc. The main advantage of EDM is that this process can machine hard material accurately [1]. EDM is a complex machining process which depends upon several interrelated control parameters; hence it is important to find an optimal control parameter setting so that the machining can be optimized for a better output. In the modern era, the optimization techniques are mostly nature inspired metaheuristics process. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is one such nature-inspired technique where the

*Goutam Kumar Bose and Pritam Pain*

contradictory objectives function simultaneously.

**Keywords:** EDM, ANN, Genetic Algorithm, Fuzzy, MDCM

earthquake mapped by synthetic aperture radar inferometry, phase gradient, J. Geophysics,res.103, 27,001-27,016.

[18] . Savage .J.C. and R.O. Bur ford (1973) geodetic determination of relative plate motion in central California, J, geophysics, Res. 103, 832– 845.

[19] Jaeger J.C. and N.G.W. Cook: Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics (Chapman and Hall, London,(1976)

[20] F.A. Levinzon, "Ultra-low-noise seismic piezoelectric accelerometer with integral FET amplifier," IEEE Sensor Journal, 12(6), 2012.

[21] Zechar, J. D., & Jordan, T. H. (2008). Testing alarm-based earthquake predictions. Geophysical Journal International, 172(2), 715-724.

[22] Smith, D.E.etal.(1990) ;Tectonic motion and deformation from satellite laser ranging LAGEOS, J Geophysics Res, 95,22013–22041.

[23] Pondrelli, S. A. Morelli,G. Ekstrom, S. Mazza, E .Boschi, and A.M. Dzeinweski, Eu Mediterranean regional centroid moment tensors:1997–2000, Phys, earth and planet 2002.

[24] Bieniawski, Z. T. (1967). Stability concept of brittle fracture propagation in rock. Engineering Geology, 2(3), 149-162.

[25] Kreemer, C., Haines, J., Holt, W. E., Blewitt, G., & Lavallee, D. (2000). On the determination of a global strain rate model. Earth, Planets and Space, 52(10), 765-770.

## **Chapter 8**

earthquake mapped by synthetic aperture radar inferometry, phase gradient, J. Geophysics,res.103,

*Computational Optimization Techniques and Applications*

[18] . Savage .J.C. and R.O. Bur ford (1973) geodetic determination of relative plate motion in central

[19] Jaeger J.C. and N.G.W. Cook: Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics (Chapman and Hall, London,(1976)

[20] F.A. Levinzon, "Ultra-low-noise seismic piezoelectric accelerometer with integral FET amplifier," IEEE Sensor

[21] Zechar, J. D., & Jordan, T. H. (2008). Testing alarm-based earthquake

predictions. Geophysical Journal International, 172(2), 715-724.

[22] Smith, D.E.etal.(1990) ;Tectonic motion and deformation from satellite laser ranging LAGEOS, J Geophysics

[23] Pondrelli, S. A. Morelli,G. Ekstrom,

Dzeinweski, Eu Mediterranean regional centroid moment tensors:1997–2000,

[24] Bieniawski, Z. T. (1967). Stability concept of brittle fracture propagation in rock. Engineering Geology, 2(3),

[25] Kreemer, C., Haines, J., Holt, W. E., Blewitt, G., & Lavallee, D. (2000). On the determination of a global strain rate model. Earth, Planets and Space, 52(10),

S. Mazza, E .Boschi, and A.M.

Phys, earth and planet 2002.

Journal, 12(6), 2012.

Res, 95,22013–22041.

149-162.

765-770.

**136**

California, J, geophysics, Res. 103, 832–

27,001-27,016.

845.
