**Geospatial datasets available online:**

1.NEXRAD

*Advances and Applications in Deep Learning*

Is from the name indicate loss function, it estimates the loss or the difference between the expected outcome and the actual outcome the formula for loss func-

There are many different ways to calculate the loss function; choosing a loss

There are many different activation functions; every activation function does not produce the same results; sigmoid activation function shows good results with binary classification problem. One needs to be careful about Tanh activation function because of the vanishing gradient problem. In multi-labeled classification, softmax is the best option; Relu should be used when there is much zeros in the input side because Relu is good in dead neuron generation. It is also a point to use

When the dataset is passed backwards and forward through the whole neural network, it is called one epoch, as after every epoch value of weights assigned is analyzed to make model. The weights are changed, checked, and tested in every cycle for the same dataset simulation. The main memory is keeping the record of all the training data; sometimes it is not possible to keep all the record in main memory, like for larger datasets, so the epoch is brought to memory in divided or batches form, and finally the result is represented as an epoch output. Dealing with

Research in machine learning and deep learning is started since last many decades hence significant improvement it brings to the society in terms of various application-based on deep learning and machine learning. There are many freely available datasets on the web which can be used by researchers for various purposes.

**Pascal VOC MS COCO** MNIST handwritten digits NORB CIFAR10/CIFAR100 color images data set with COIL100

Caltech 256 COIL 20 The dataset of street view LabelMe STL-10 ImageNet

Caltech101 Google's Open Images

function is also one of the essential and challenging tasks of deep learning

Floss = Expected outcome − actual outcome (2)

**6.4 Loss function**

tion is listed below.

**6.5 Activation function**

the required activation function.

epoch is also a challenging task in deep learning.

**7. Available open-source datasets**

**Image datasets (Table 1):**

**6.6 Epoch**

**16**

**Table 1.**

*Open source image datasets.*

2.OpenstreetMAP

3.Landsat8
