**Meet the editor**

Born in New York City, Dr Zaslav completed medical school at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx, and Orthopedic Surgery Residency at SUNY Stony Brook, followed by a Sports Medicine Fellowship at the New York University. He has also served as a Shoulder Surgery Fellow at Lenox Hill Hospital of New York, before moving to Richmond, Virginia in

1990 to practice as a specialist in Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery at Advanced Orthopedic Centers. Dr Zaslav founded the Sports Medicine Center at AOC and The Cartilage Restoration Center and is currently The Group's President. Among many other duties, he lectures and writes on orthopedic topics, works as a Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery at Virginia Commonwealth University, and is a Board Member of The International Cartilage Repair Society. Dr Zaslav serves on the Scientific Advisory Boards of several companies in the United States and Israel, and has held multiple sports medicine positions.

Contents

**Preface IX** 

**Part 1 Physiology of Sports Medicine 1** 

Chapter 2 **Glutamine and Glutamate Reference** 

Denise Vaz Macedo

Juliette Hussey

**Relevance of the Maximal Lipid** 

Rafael Alkmin Reis, René Brenzikofer,

Chapter 3 **Physical Activity Measures in Children – Which Method to Use? 65** 

Chapter 4 **Applicability of the Reference Interval and** 

Chapter 5 **Body Mass Bias in Exercise Physiology 99** 

Paul M. Vanderburgh

Chapter 7 **Aging in Women Athletes 131** 

Chapter 6 **Eccentric Exercise,** 

René Brenzikofer and Denise Vaz Macedo

**Muscle Damage and Oxidative Stress 113**  Athanasios Z. Jamurtas and Ioannis G. Fatouros

Monica C. Serra, Shawna L. McMillin and Alice S. Ryan

**Oxidation Rate During Exercise (LIPOXmax) 3**  Jean-Frédéric Brun, Emmanuelle Varlet-Marie, Ahmed Jérôme Romain and Jacques Mercier

**Intervals as a Clinical Tool to Detect Training Intolerance During Training and Overtraining 41**  Rodrigo Hohl, Lázaro Alessandro Soares Nunes,

Rodrigo Perroni Ferraresso, Foued Salmen Spindola and

**Reference Change Value of Hematological and Biochemical Biomarkers to Sport Science 77** 

Lázaro Alessandro Soares Nunes, Fernanda Lorenzi Lazarim,

Chapter 1 **Measurement and Physiological** 

## Contents

## **Preface XIII**


Contents VII

Chapter 18 **Prediction of Sports Injuries by** 

**Mathematical Models 333** 

Chapter 19 **Intervention Strategies in the Prevention of** 

Luis Casáis and Miguel Martínez

Chapter 20 **Pilates Based Exercise in Muscle Disbalances**

Chapter 21 **Physical Management of Pain in Sport Injuries 403**  Rufus A. Adedoyin and Esther O. Johnson

Chapter 22 **Better Association Between Q Angle and Patellar** 

Chapter 23 **Syndesmotic Injuries in Athletes 423**

Chapter 24 **Consequences of Ankle Inversion Trauma:** 

Chapter 26 **Proprioception and the Rugby Shoulder 493** 

Ian Horsley

Chapter 27 **Tibial Stress Injuries: Aetiology,** 

M. Franklyn and B. Oakes

**Sports Injuries From Physical Activity 355**

**Part 4 Orthopedic and Skeletal Aspects of Sports Medicine 379** 

**Prevention and Treatment of Sports Injuries 381** Sylwia Mętel, Agata Milert and Elżbieta Szczygieł

**Alignment Among Less Displaced Patellae in Females with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Correlation Study with Axial Computed Tomography 415**  Da-Hon Lin, Chien-Ho Janice Lin, Jiu-Jenq Lin,

Mei-Hwa Jan, Cheng-Kung Cheng and Yeong-Fwu Lin

Jeffrey R. Thormeyer, James P. Leonard and Mark Hutchinson

**Osteochondral Talar Autograft – Long Term Results 481**  Thanos Badekas, Evangelos Evangelou and Maria Takvorian

**Classification, Biomechanics and the Failure of Bone 509** 

**A Novel Recognition and Treatment Paradigm 457** Patrick O. McKeon, Tricia J. Hubbard and Erik A. Wikstrom

Chapter 25 **Treatment of Talar Osteochondral Lesions Using Local**

Juan Carlos de la Cruz-Márquez, Adrián de la Cruz-Campos, Juan Carlos de la Cruz-Campos, María Belén Cueto-Martín, María García-Jiménez and María Teresa Campos-Blasco

	- **Part 2 Medical Issues in Sports Medicine 185**
	- **Part 3 Epidemiology of Sports Medicine Injury and Disease 307**


VI Contents

Chapter 8 **Exercise and the Immune System – Focusing on** 

**Part 2 Medical Issues in Sports Medicine 185** 

Chapter 10 **Effects of Exercise on the Airways 187**

Chapter 11 **Comparison of Seminal Superoxide** 

Chapter 14 **The Application of Medical Infrared** 

Chapter 16 **Community Options for Outdoor** 

Candice Jo-Anne Christie

Judy Kruger

Chapter 17 **The Physical Demands of** 

Chapter 15 **The Involvement of Brain Monoamines in** 

**Recreation as an Alternative to** 

Hinnak Northoff

Chapter 12 **Aquatic Sports Dermatoses:** 

Baruch Wolach

Xiaolin Yang

Chapter 9 **Physical Activity,** 

**the Effect of Exercise on Neutrophil Functions 145** 

**Physical Fitness and Metabolic Syndrome 159**

Maria R. Bonsignore, Nicola Scichilone, Laura Chimenti, Roberta Santagata, Daniele Zangla and Giuseppe Morici

Asghar Abbasi, Mehdi Eghbali, Siamak Asri-Rezaei and

**Clinical Presentation and Treatment Guidelines 223**

**of Activity Among Children Using Accelerometers,** 

**the Onset of Hyperthermic Central Fatigue 275** Cândido C. Coimbra, Danusa D. Soares and Laura H. R. Leite

**Part 3 Epidemiology of Sports Medicine Injury and Disease 307** 

**Maintain Population Health and Wellness 309** 

**Batting and Fast Bowling in Cricket 321** 

**Global Positioning Systems and Heart Rate Monitors 245**

**Dismutase (SOD) Activity Between Elite Athletes, Active and Non Active Men 213**  Bakhtyar Tartibian, Behzad Hajizadeh Maleki,

Jonathan S. Leventhal and Brook E. Tlougan

Francisca Galindo-Garre and Sanne I. de Vries

**Thermography in Sports Medicine 257**  Carolin Hildebrandt, Karlheinz Zeilberger, Edward Francis John Ring and Christian Raschner

Chapter 13 **Evaluation of Neural Networks to Identify Types**


Preface

For the past two decades, Sports Medicine has been a burgeoning science in the USA and Western Europe. Great strides have been made in understanding the basic physiology of exercise, energy consumption and the mechanisms of sports injury. Additionally, through advances in minimally invasive surgical treatment and physical rehabilitation, athletes have been returning to sports quicker and at higher levels after injury. More recently, increasing contributions have been made by scientists and

As this book will demonstrate, many researchers throughout the world are contributing greatly to our understanding of the kinetics of exercise, joint motion, and the epidemiology of sports-related injury. They are also providing strong evidence to

This book contains new information from basic scientists on the physiology of exercise and sports performance, updates on medical diseases treated in athletes and excellent summaries of treatment options for common sports-related injuries to the skeletal system.

Our hope is that it will become an important compendium and resource for the physicians and surgeons who treat athletes, as well as professional coaches who are helping those athletes to train and maximize their performance. Additionally, we hope these reviews will act to stimulate researchers throughout the world to continue this

I would like to thank my family, specifically my wife Erica, and children Alexandra and Jake as well as my staff and Partners at Advanced Orthopedics who have supported me throughout the editing of this book and who allow me to continue with my teaching,

Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University

President, Advanced Orthopedic Centers Richmond Virginia Company Physician, Richmond Ballet: The State Ballet of Virginia

**Kenneth R. Zaslav MD** 

USA

important work and solve persistent clinical questions posed by these authors.

writing and lecturing while maintaining an active clinical orthopedic practice.

physicians on all five continents toward this important enterprise.

support the benefits of exercise to avoid chronic disease.

## Preface

For the past two decades, Sports Medicine has been a burgeoning science in the USA and Western Europe. Great strides have been made in understanding the basic physiology of exercise, energy consumption and the mechanisms of sports injury. Additionally, through advances in minimally invasive surgical treatment and physical rehabilitation, athletes have been returning to sports quicker and at higher levels after injury. More recently, increasing contributions have been made by scientists and physicians on all five continents toward this important enterprise.

As this book will demonstrate, many researchers throughout the world are contributing greatly to our understanding of the kinetics of exercise, joint motion, and the epidemiology of sports-related injury. They are also providing strong evidence to support the benefits of exercise to avoid chronic disease.

This book contains new information from basic scientists on the physiology of exercise and sports performance, updates on medical diseases treated in athletes and excellent summaries of treatment options for common sports-related injuries to the skeletal system.

Our hope is that it will become an important compendium and resource for the physicians and surgeons who treat athletes, as well as professional coaches who are helping those athletes to train and maximize their performance. Additionally, we hope these reviews will act to stimulate researchers throughout the world to continue this important work and solve persistent clinical questions posed by these authors.

I would like to thank my family, specifically my wife Erica, and children Alexandra and Jake as well as my staff and Partners at Advanced Orthopedics who have supported me throughout the editing of this book and who allow me to continue with my teaching, writing and lecturing while maintaining an active clinical orthopedic practice.

#### **Kenneth R. Zaslav MD**

Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University President, Advanced Orthopedic Centers Richmond Virginia Company Physician, Richmond Ballet: The State Ballet of Virginia USA

**Part 1** 

**Physiology of Sports Medicine** 
