Preface

Analytical chemistry deals with the identification and structural verification of materials developed through any discipline of chemistry or material sciences. The versatile application of this branch of chemistry provides researchers with a vast field of analytical instruments and methodologies for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The suitability of chemicals and materials in different areas of technological developments can also be determined using analytical chemistry. The field of analytical chemistry is improving daily due to the refinement of instruments and related principles and theories with a practical approach. This advancement makes it easier for chemists to analyze their studies deeply for optimum utilization of materials in various areas.

This edited book is for researchers, postgraduate students, and all those associated with analytical chemistry. It presents the latest advancements and applications of analytical chemistry in a systematic manner. It is an anthology of scientific findings and views of researchers from various research centers across the globe on emerging topics of instrumentation, energy, environment, biotechnology, and synthetic enhancement analysis techniques related to analytical chemistry. The volume includes twelve chapters containing discussion, analogies, and graphics for a better understanding of the presented concepts.

I am grateful to the authorities of the institution affiliated with me for their encouragement throughout the preparation of this book. I am thankful to the faculty members of the University Department of Chemistry, B.R.A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India, for productive discussions about the content of the book. I am most grateful for the assistance of Dr. Netra Pal Singh, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India. I am also appreciative of my family members for their support and care, especially my wife Shalini Srivastava. I extend my sincere thanks to all the authors who contributed chapters and the team at IntechOpen for publishing this book with all their best efforts.

This book is dedicated to my respected grandfather Shri Vishwanath Prasad Srivastava (in loving memory) and father Shri Sunil Kumar Srivastava.

**II**

**Chapter 8 151**

**Chapter 9 171**

**Chapter 10 185**

**Chapter 11 197**

**Chapter 12 221**

Analytical, Bioanalytical, Stability-Indicating Methods:

Application of PCR Technique to Detect Polymorphism of the KRTAP1.1 Gene in Three Sheep Breeds - A Review

Cost-Effective Technical Tips for Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Considerations for Stability of Environmental Samples in Storage

*by Susan Marie Viet, Maire S.A. Heikkinen and Michael Dellarco*

Improving the Technology of Synthesis Absolutized Bioethanol

Key Part of Regulatory Submissions *by Mahesh Mukund Deshpande*

of Deoxyribonucleic Acid *by Noboru Sasagawa*

*by Theopoline Omagano Itenge*

*by Sergiy Kurta and Khatsevich Olga*

for Long-Term Studies

**Abhay Nanda Srivastva** Department of Chemistry, Nitishwar Mahavidyalaya (B.R.A. Bihar University), Muzaffarpur, India

**Chapter 1**

Mechanisms

*Myung-Hoon Kim*

cathodic peak-widths **(Wp**

**a /ΔEp c**

differences **(ΔEp**

**1. Introduction**

**1**

**Abstract**

Advances in Derivative

Voltammetry - A Search for

Electrochemical Reaction

ratios; i.e., a ratio of anodic to cathodic peak-currents **(ip**

are unity for a simple reversible electron transfer process.

**)** or a peak separation (**Ep**

can be related to kinetic parameters associated with a particular types of electrode mechanisms. Peaks are found to be symmetrical for a simple reversible electron transfer process (Er). However, peaks *become asymmetrical* when the electron transfer become slower (namely, irreversible, Eirr) or e transfer reaction is coupled with homogeneous chemical reactions such as a prior reaction (CEr) or a follower-up reaction (ECr). From measured values of such symmetry ratios above, one can gain insight to the nature of the electrochemical systems enabling us to determine various kinetic parameters associated with a system. A diagnostic criteria for assigning an electrode mechanism is devised based on the values of asymmetry parameters measured, which

**Keywords:** Derivative Voltammetry, Electrochemical Reaction Mechanism, Electrode Kinetics, Reversible, Quasi-reversible, and Irreversible Electron Transfer, Chemically Couple Electron Transfer, Diagnostic Criteria for Electrode Processes

The aim of this Chapter is several folds (1) to provide a brief background on the derivative approach in measurements and its various applications in science and

**a /wp c**

Diagnostic Criteria of Several

New methods for analysis of current-potential curves in terms of their derivatives are presented for studying various types of electrode processes – such as simple electron transfer reactions (reversible, quasi-reversible, and irreversible electron transfer) as well as chemically coupled electron transfer reactions along with a diagnostic scheme for differentiating these various types of electrochemical reaction mechanisms. Expressions for first- and higher order derivatives are derived from theoretical analytical solutions for currents for the different types of electrode mechanisms. The derivative curves are analyzed in terms of various parameters which characterize *peak shape or peak symmetry* with an emphasis on *the second derivatives* with well-defined anodic and cathodic peaks. Second derivatives can yield, in a simpler manner, the symmetry

**a /ip c**

**)** and a ratio of anodic to cathodic peak potential

**a -Ep c** **)**, and a ratio of anodic to

) are evaluated, and these ratio
