**2. Background**

UARS was initially used to describe a group of patients who were sleepy but did not meet the polysomnography diagnostic criteria of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) (Guilleminault 1993). The first mention of the term was used about children by Guilleminault (Guilleminault 1982) in 1982 and years later also in women (Guilleminault 1995). Is UARS really a disease?. Twenty-five years after first being described, there is still significant controversy among experts as to whether UARS is a specific syndrome.

Some authors consider it to be part of the spectrum of obstructive disorders affecting the upper airway (Douglas 2000; Jhonson 2008; Cracowski 2001), while others believe that OSAS and UARS are separate entities (Gold 2008; Bao & Guilleminault 2004;Lindberg & Gislason 2000).

Normally, it is up to the clinician practitioner to screen for this syndrome. Due to its diagnostic difficulty, currently UARS is significantly under diagnosed and no standard management strategy in place in sleep labs. However, great interest exists in the literature for this entity, and many revisions have been carried out (Exar & Collop 1999; Monserrat & Badia 1999; Bao & Guilleminault 2004; Velamuri 2006; Ramar & Guilleminault 2008; Giblin 2009; Guilleminault & de los Reyes 2011).
