**3. Methods**

*Real Perspective of Fourier Transforms and Current Developments in Superconductivity*

buffalo diaphragms, goat skin, and native bovine cortical bone.

**2. Materials**

**2.1 Chemicals and reagents**

indicated otherwise).

**2.2 Equipments**

**2.3 Tissue samples**

hypotonic solutions [2, 3, 8, 10, 13, 15], and chelating agents (EDTA). These reagents at higher concentrations extensively disrupt the structural proteins of ECM scaffolds and make it impossible to analyze by routine techniques [17]. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is one of the preferred technique for identification of biomolecules through the study of their characteristic vibrational movements [11, 13, 14, 18]. This technique is simple, reproducible, nondestructive to the tissue, and only small amounts of tissue (micrograms to nanograms) with a minimum preparation are required. In addition, this technique also provides molecular-level information allowing investigation of functional groups, bonding types, and molecular conformations. The characteristic peaks in FTIR spectra are molecule specific and provide direct information about biochemical composition. This chapter highlights the application of FTIR spectroscopy for characterization of native and decellularized buffalo aortae,

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Trypsin, Sodium chloride (NaCl), Phosphatebuffered saline (PBS), Ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Sodium azide (NaN3), Gentamicin, Potassium bromide (KBr) powder. All the chemicals and reagents used were of the high purity and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) unless mentioned otherwise. All solutions were prepared fresh using deionized water and analytical grade chemicals at room temperature (unless

Magnetic stirrer (C-MAG HS7, IKA, USA), Analytical digital lab balance (Citizen Enterprises, Delhi, India), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR 8400 s Shimadzu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), Bard Parker blade number 24, Autoclaved sterile dissecting scissors, Autoclaved sterile jar (Borosil, India), Sterile measuring cylinders (Borosil, India), Dishes (Borosil, India) and Protective equipment such as surgical gloves and surgical autoclaved instruments were used.

Fresh cadaver buffalo aorta (**Figure 1A**), buffalo diaphragm (**Figure 1B**) and goat skin (**Figure 1C**) collected in chilled (4°C) sterile 1X PBS (pH 7.4) containing 0.016% gentamicin (antibiotic), 0.0205% EDTA (proteolytic inhibitor) and 0.1% NaN3 (antimycotic) were our study materials. A cortical bone collected from the anterior diaphysis of the right femur of an adult cadaver Gir cow was also used.

*Gross images of buffalo aorta (a), buffalo diaphragm (B), and goat skin (C).*

**40**

**Figure 1.**
