**3. Summary**

Quality control (QC) has evolved from the Middle Ages to the present time, with the changes in manufacturing industries. As industrial revolutions transformed itself, so is the QC systems. First QC started as '*caveat emptor'*, whereby the control was entirely in the hands of Artisan, and it was the responsibility of the customer to ensure that the product is of quality. This was followed by punitive measures imposed on the Artisan who produces inferior products. From there came the '*operator quality control'* (OQC). The operator was to ensure that a product meet

certain standards of the quality. Due to the failure of the two and the emergence of industrial 1.0 revolution, another QC principle was adopted, '*foreman quality control*' (FQC) fill the void that could not be filled by the two concepts. On the onset of Industry 2.0 revolution, there emerged '*Statistical Quality Process'*, which later turned to be known as '*Statistical Quality Control'* (SQC). The discovery of electricity paved ways for complex machineries and industrial complex, hence the need to use data in the manufacturing processes. Then from middle of Industry 2.0 revolution to the end of Industry 3.0 revolution, QC transformed itself from just merely a control tool, to '*Total Quality Management'* (TQM) with emphasis on the entire manufacturing processes.

However, in contrast to the previous Industrial revolutions, Industry 4.0 revolution or Smart Manufacturing has completely revolutionised how QC in manufacturing processes is practiced. Traditional QC systems has now given birth to Smart Quality Control Systems (SQCS) or Intelligent Quality Control Systems (IQCS), where machines have taken over most of the roles performed by human in the manufacturing. Technological development has made production/manufacturing processes to be more complex and complicated, yet simple in terms of networked processes created by the application of Cyber-Physical Systems, Additive Manufacturing, Artificial Intelligent, Augmented Reality, and Virtual Reality. These networked technologies assume the tasks and roles that were manually performed in the manufacturing processes, thereby eliminating human errors that were common in the products design and development. The use of 3-D or 4-D printing now enable manufacturers to produce prototypes and proof of concept designs, which simplify and speed up the processes of new product design and manufacturing [24]. Hence, resulting in the following benefits to the organisations; lower production costs, low logistic costs, and quality management costs, and others are improved customer responsiveness, customisation of mass production without significantly increasing production costs, more efficient use of natural resources and energy, and more friendlier working environment. These are some of the benefits of IQCS as Smart Manufacturing.
