**2.3 Solar energy**

Solar Energy is radiant light and heat from the sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies, It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies.

Solar Radiation reaches the Earth's upper atmosphere at a rate of 1.37 kwatts per square meter (kW/m2) in Sudan [7].

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panel [8].

*Application of Solar Energy in Medical Instruments (Microscope)*

5.Long life. Solar panels can last up to 20 years or more.

6.Ideal for remote areas, where electricity is not reliable.

metal frame. These frames are called solar modules or panels [7]. The main parameters that characterize a PV panel are:

the terminals are not connected to any load (an open circuit).

panel is at maximum, where P max = Imax\*Vmax.

actually provide and the product ISC. VOC.

the connectors are short circuited.

Solar cells (also called photovoltaic cells or photoelectric cells) are the most basic components of solar units that convert light energy into electricity. The cells are wired in series, sealed between sheets of glass or plastic, and supported inside a

1.Short circuit current (ISC): the maximum current provided by the panel when

2.Open circuit voltage (VOC): the maximum voltage that the panel provides when

3.Maximum power point (Pmax): the point where the power supplied by the

4.Fill factor (FF): the relation between the maximum power that the panel can

5.Efficiency (h): the ratio between the maximum electrical power that the panel can give to the load and the power of the solar radiation (PL) incident on the

**2.4 Photovoltaic cells (PV)**

*Renewable energy progress [6].*

**Figure 1.**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97177*

Advantages of solar energy:

Here are the main advantages of solar energy [7]:


*Application of Solar Energy in Medical Instruments (Microscope) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97177*

**Figure 1.** *Renewable energy progress [6].*

*Solar Cells - Theory, Materials and Recent Advances*

generate an electric supply which used in health centers.

the device which is 6 hours/day and solar modules.

By two ways had been tested:

**2. Theoretical backgrounds**

**2.1 Background of the study**

**2.2 Renewable energy**

**2.3 Solar energy**

and its technologies.

different type of renewable energy.

square meter (kW/m2) in Sudan [7]. Advantages of solar energy:

2.Harmonious with nature.

3.Safe to handle.

1.One of the cleanest forms of energy.

4.Easy to install, operate and maintain.

Here are the main advantages of solar energy [7]:

process.

which remotely isolated because of poor road links with the urban centers, and remoteness from the national electrical transmission grid. So, to make the medical services available, a PV encapsulation and manufacturing solar system is used to

Operating a microscope (60 watts) using a solar energy depends on: Time of sun peak in Sudan which is about 9 hours/day generate 6.3 KW, The time of turning on

1.AC method: by converting the DC solar output into AC using an inverter at this

2.DC method: by modulating the microscope power supply from AC to DC by canceling the transformer with his protection circuit, and changing the AC 6 volt lamb into DC 12 volt lamb using a Zener diode 12 volt as a voltage regulator.

Since 1960's the use of the energy becomes as a necessary part of life. The concept of solar cells takes a place on 1970 when researchers looking for another kind of energy sources which is clean and environment friendly. Many countries use this technology until this moment, but the solar cells produce low amount of energy that makes it use as narrow as seen. The researchers made many research on this field to increase the production of energy from the solar cells, one of these researches is to enhance the silicon capability by using the material science and technologies [4].

Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources, it flows involve

natural phenomena such as sunlight, wind, tides, plant growth, and geothermal heat [4]. It provides 19% of electricity generation worldwide [5]. **Figure 1** shows the

Solar Energy is radiant light and heat from the sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies, It is an important source of renewable energy

Solar Radiation reaches the Earth's upper atmosphere at a rate of 1.37 kwatts per

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5.Long life. Solar panels can last up to 20 years or more.

6.Ideal for remote areas, where electricity is not reliable.
