*3.1.1 Series–parallel (SP)*

The SP PV module configuration is the easiest and simplest way of creating a PV module. As discussed earlier, it is created by connecting solar cells in series. The total number of PV cells connected in series is dependent on the total voltage ratings of the PV module. Later, a similar configuration of series connected PV cells is connected in parallel based on the PV module's current and power rating. A bypass diode is connected across each PV cell in the module (**Figure 5a)**. The I-V and P-V characteristics of the PV module using the SPICE based PV is shown in **Figure 5a)** and **b)**, respectively.
