**2. Incident angle distribution**

The incident angle of the light on a PV module depends on tree parameter such as the module orientation, the time of the year and the geographical location [9]. However, due to cosine losses in those operation times with higher AOI, this only corresponds to 29% of the energy share in energy share in module plane [5]. To effectively reduce angular of incidence loss mechanisms and to utilize effects which boost the performance at lower angles of incidence it is crucial to effectively separate the different mechanisms which play a role when the AOI is varied. The **Figure 1**, shows the situation in which oblique incidence plays an important role for the performance.

#### **Advances in solar glass production.**

In the past few years, glass–glass module received a significant increased in attention, triggered by number of reasons.

#### **Light trapping glass.**

A major requirement for front cover glass in solar modules is high transmission in the wavelength range of the semiconductor material. One option to boost transmission is texturing the front surface in a similar manner to crystalline silicon solar cells.

### **Reduction of reflection at oblique light incidence.**

As show in **Figure 2,** the light reflection on a mountain lake. In the front, the observer can see through the water surface: the reflection is low. With increasing angles, the reflection constantly increases and in the background only the mountains can be seen on the water surface.

Hence, the reflection is higher than the transmission at oblique light incidence. The reflection for equally (uniformly) polarized light can be described by the following equation.

**127**

**3. Methods of solar tracking**

*Light reflection as function of observed angle [10].*

**3.1 Passive trackers**

**Figure 2.**

**Figure 1.**

*performance.*

tracker. Different solar tracker are used as follows.

To track a maximum power point (MPPT) of a PV module, we always use a solar

The principle behind passive trackers is to make use of the solar heat to cause an imbalance, which leads to a movement in the tracker. They work on thermal expansion and commonly employ a low boiling point compressed gas fluid or shape memory alloys. For the high precision of the concentration of solar Power, the passive tracker are not always used. However, they can be employed for common flat PV systems. The passive trackers is more useful than the active tracker,

*Influence of the Incidence Angle Modifier and Radiation as a Function of the Module…*

*Situations in which oblique light incidence plays an important role for the performance of the PV-module. The important part of light is normal to the module surface. This enormous part of light derive under diffuse light. Thus, understanding the oblique light performance of solar modules is crucial to understand its diffuse light* 

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96160*

*Influence of the Incidence Angle Modifier and Radiation as a Function of the Module… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96160*

#### **Figure 1.**

*Solar Cells - Theory, Materials and Recent Advances*

injection dependence and mismatch corrections.

climatic conditions on the location.

**2. Incident angle distribution**

**Advances in solar glass production.**

attention, triggered by number of reasons.

tains can be seen on the water surface.

**Reduction of reflection at oblique light incidence.**

the performance.

solar cells.

following equation.

**Light trapping glass.**

the electric yield, the PV industry introduced several different concepts and materials, such as antireflective coatings or structured glass with inverted pyramids [5]. To measure the nominal power, the incidence angle at normal incidence in standard test conditions is allowed. In real conditions, modules are exposed in different environments conditions. In some location, the main losses mechanism performance of PV or a system of PV is that the angle dependence. The PV module characteristics can help the company to predict accurately the PV performance. A new standard for performance testing and energy rating is under development [6]. The angle dependence losse of a PV module or a cell can be measured in several manner such the angle dependence reflectance. While reflectance measurements do not account for absorption losses, common I – V curve measurements can suffer from incorrect

Precise characterization methods and measurement systems are needed to assess angular dependent module performance. The incidence angle is measure of deviation from the direct solar radiation to the PV panel surface. The incidence angle is directly involved in the determination of the radiation incident angle affects the amount of solar radiation transmitted through the projective cover and converted to electricity by the cell [3, 7]. Significant effects of inclination occur at incidence angles greater than 65 degree [8]. The main of this paper is to evaluate and a comparative study of two crystalline silicone technologies in reel outdoor pyramidal textured and non-textured for different incidence angles and spectral radiation. The major difference between outdoor operation in natural sunlight and the laboratory test conditions is the existence of diffuse light, which is dependent on the

The incident angle of the light on a PV module depends on tree parameter such as the module orientation, the time of the year and the geographical location [9]. However, due to cosine losses in those operation times with higher AOI, this only corresponds to 29% of the energy share in energy share in module plane [5]. To effectively reduce angular of incidence loss mechanisms and to utilize effects which boost the performance at lower angles of incidence it is crucial to effectively separate the different mechanisms which play a role when the AOI is varied. The **Figure 1**, shows the situation in which oblique incidence plays an important role for

In the past few years, glass–glass module received a significant increased in

A major requirement for front cover glass in solar modules is high transmission in the wavelength range of the semiconductor material. One option to boost transmission is texturing the front surface in a similar manner to crystalline silicon

As show in **Figure 2,** the light reflection on a mountain lake. In the front, the observer can see through the water surface: the reflection is low. With increasing angles, the reflection constantly increases and in the background only the moun-

Hence, the reflection is higher than the transmission at oblique light incidence.

The reflection for equally (uniformly) polarized light can be described by the

**126**

*Situations in which oblique light incidence plays an important role for the performance of the PV-module. The important part of light is normal to the module surface. This enormous part of light derive under diffuse light. Thus, understanding the oblique light performance of solar modules is crucial to understand its diffuse light performance.*

**Figure 2.** *Light reflection as function of observed angle [10].*
