**2. Major solar irradiation level in India region**

India has a high potential for solar power Generation on about 300 direct sunshine days per year. The regular solar incident in India varies with an annual sunlight of 4 to 7 kWh/m2 , which is about 1500 to 2000 hours above the irradiation level gross energy consumption. The renewable energy generated by India in 2020 amounted to grown up 9.46%. **Table 1** shows the major irradiation level solar hot spot evaluated in India. Total solar power capacity was installed in India 35,739 MW. **Figure 1** show the annual average insolation solar hotspot map.

Monthly global average insolation data is collected the entire topography of India with in longitudes 67° to 97°E and 9° to 39°N. The various region of global insolation like as solar power generation identified hotspot in India based on surface measurements obtained from solar radiation station. The average global insolation map is employed to produce for using global information system [28, 29]. The insolation solar direct global is given by the Eq. (1),


**53**

by the Eq. (4).

**Figure 1.**

*Annual average insolation solar hotspot map.*

*Solar Energy Assessment in Various Regions of Indian Sub-continent*

I G-D / sin = ( )

Where, G is solar direct global insolation, D is the diffuse component, and Φ is the sun elevation angle. The installation by five regional solar power generation as given in **Table 2**. There are three main strategy of maximum power generated from solar in India: 1. ground mounted system, 2. rooftop, and 3. off-grid (standalone mode). The global radiation is the sum of the total horizontal radiation at any location calculated by radiation directly (Id) and radiation diffusely (Ib) given in the Eq. (2). Most of the individual researchers have proposed numerous models for estimating the meteorological application of global radiation parameters include such as cloudiness, air temperature etc. The global radiation level is calculated by daily solar radiation level in horizontal surface [30, 31]. That is average of the hourly global radiation on the surface as given in Eq. (3). Firz et al. (2004) have suggested change of solar variation depends on the effect of sun earth distance and also the extraterrestrial global radiation on horizontal surface at a location is given

φ

(1)

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95118*

## **Table 1.**

*Major solar irradiation hot spot.*

*Solar Energy Assessment in Various Regions of Indian Sub-continent DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95118*

*Solar Cells - Theory, Materials and Recent Advances*

To implement the intermittency challenges for effective Modular Scale Battery Energy Storage System (MSBESS), and it's established as a necessary component for solar integrated micro grid system [11–13]. India has set itself an admiral target of 175 GW of Renewable energy by 2022. The target will principally comprise of 40 GW Rooftop and 60 GW through large and medium scale grid connected solar power projects in India [14–16]. In a span of 3 hrs in the evening the conventional sources need to ramp up production by almost 10 GW. A framework was improved to the utilization of localized solar irradiation, and availability of Indian subcontinent region with associating with the open source archive database [17–22]. The results and analysis are presented for detailed study for various region of solar resource potential evaluation. The measurements and demonstration of a simplified with PV software system design latest version 7.0.2 under the simulation of regional solar energy requirements of real-time basis level. Accordingly, one of the main restriction of solar energy, there is no control over when the PV system will be producing the power. In this situation can be solved by converters to interconnec-

tion in between the load, and as well as PV storage management system.

India has a high potential for solar power Generation on about 300 direct sunshine days per year. The regular solar incident in India varies with an annual

level gross energy consumption. The renewable energy generated by India in 2020 amounted to grown up 9.46%. **Table 1** shows the major irradiation level solar hot spot evaluated in India. Total solar power capacity was installed in India 35,739 MW.

Monthly global average insolation data is collected the entire topography of India with in longitudes 67° to 97°E and 9° to 39°N. The various region of global insolation like as solar power generation identified hotspot in India based on surface measurements obtained from solar radiation station. The average global insolation map is employed to produce for using global information system [28, 29]. The

Karnataka [2] 19,050 24.7 GW 3.5–4.0 kWh/m2

Rajasthan [17] 34,270 4.8 GW 5–7 kWh/m2

Maharashtra [17] 30,758 64.32 GW 3–4 kWh/m2

Himachal Pradesh [23] 4548 33.8 GW 3–4 kWh/m2

Jammu Kashmir [23] 3781 111.05 GW 3–4 kWh/m2

Andhra Pradesh [24] 27,505 38.4 GW 3–4.5 kWh/m2

Gujarat [24] 18,866 35.7 GW 4–4.7 kWh/m2

Odisha [25] 15,043 25.7 GW 4–4.7 kWh/m2

Madhya Pradesh [26] 30,756 61.6 GW 2.9–4.0 kWh/m2

Uttar Pradesh [26] 24,170 22.8 GW 2.9–3.9 kWh/m2

Haryana [27] 18,096 73.2 MW 3.5–4.5 kWh/m2

, which is about 1500 to 2000 hours above the irradiation

**Total solar potential energy**

**High irradiation insolation level**

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

**2. Major solar irradiation level in India region**

insolation solar direct global is given by the Eq. (1),

**State Total area** 

**Figure 1** show the annual average insolation solar hotspot map.

**(1500 ha)**

sunlight of 4 to 7 kWh/m2

**52**

**Table 1.**

*Major solar irradiation hot spot.*

**Figure 1.** *Annual average insolation solar hotspot map.*

$$\mathbf{I} = \left(\mathbf{G} \text{-D}\right) / \sin \phi \tag{1}$$

Where, G is solar direct global insolation, D is the diffuse component, and Φ is the sun elevation angle. The installation by five regional solar power generation as given in **Table 2**. There are three main strategy of maximum power generated from solar in India: 1. ground mounted system, 2. rooftop, and 3. off-grid (standalone mode). The global radiation is the sum of the total horizontal radiation at any location calculated by radiation directly (Id) and radiation diffusely (Ib) given in the Eq. (2). Most of the individual researchers have proposed numerous models for estimating the meteorological application of global radiation parameters include such as cloudiness, air temperature etc. The global radiation level is calculated by daily solar radiation level in horizontal surface [30, 31]. That is average of the hourly global radiation on the surface as given in Eq. (3). Firz et al. (2004) have suggested change of solar variation depends on the effect of sun earth distance and also the extraterrestrial global radiation on horizontal surface at a location is given by the Eq. (4).


**Table 2.**

*Installation of five regional solar power generation.*

$$\mathbf{I\_{H}} = \mathbf{I\_{d}} + \mathbf{I\_{b}} \tag{2}$$

$$\mathbf{H}\_{\rm H} = \mathbf{H}\_{\rm b} + \mathbf{H}\_{\rm d} \tag{3}$$

**55**

*Solar Energy Assessment in Various Regions of Indian Sub-continent*

power, the amount of power to be generated from sources other than solar or wind shows that around the sunset and peaks in the middle of the night, a chart similar to the silhouette of a duck is created. Unless energy storage is available in some way, after high solar generation companies have to rapidly increase their power production around sunset to repay the loss of solar generation, which is a major concern for grid operators, where photovoltaic expand rapidly [33]. Fly wheeled batteries were found to provide excellent frequency control [34]. Short-term usage of batteries, large enough in use, can help flatten the curve of the duck and avoid fluctuation by generators, which can help maintain the voltage profile. The issue of a duck curve is mainly in India with because of high solar integration, while there is no integration of the grid in other major solar energy producing states such as China and United states [35]. **Figure 3** shows the PV plant installations in India from 2012 to 2020. The analysis has been taken from 2012 since the duck curve came into existence from the year 2012. This article explains the promising solution of the Duck curve as to implement the battery storage systems. **Figure4** shows the duck curve analysis of Rajasthan since it has a PV power plant installed in an area of 34,270 ha (hectare), and the net output evolved from the PV station is about 4.8 GW [36]. The highest irradiation insolation level is 5–7 kWh/m2

/day.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95118*

**Figure 2.**

**Figure 3.**

*PV installation in India.*

*Evolution of the duck curve.*

$$\mathbf{H}\_{\circ} = \frac{24 \times 3.6}{\prod} \mathbf{I}\_{\omega} \mathbf{E}\_{0} \left[ \left( \frac{\prod}{180} \right) \mathbf{w}\_{s} \left( \sin \delta \sin \phi \right) + \left( \cos \delta \cos \phi \sin \mathbf{w}\_{s} \right) \right] \tag{4}$$

Where, H0 - daily extraterrestrial global radiation ( 2 1 *KJm day* · − − ), E0 - the eccentricity correction factor, Ws - Sunrise hour angle, δ - Declination angle, and φ - latitude.
