**3. Solar energy assessment in various region using duck curves**

The duck curve is a graph of power production in electricity generation on a daily basis which shows a timeline disparity between peak demand and the production of renewable energy. As an example of solar production is increasing the net load curve is taking the shape of a duck's belly. When the sun goes down, the energy demand from conventional power plants needs to quickly ramp up. **Figure 2** shows the evolution of duck curve from 2012 to 2020. In 2013, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) initially used the phrase of duck curve. NREL issued a graph containing the projected power load less, and its anticipated grid integrated solar power supply. The capacity of photovoltaic systems are highest generation of solar power during the day at 10 a.m. towards 5 p.m. it poses a danger that the grid will destabilize over generation [32]. Similarly, after 5 p.m., solar power generation falls quickly, leading to increases the electricity consumption from other sources which need to accelerate their production shortly. This raises the possibility that generation costs and blackouts will be increased if demand is not met.

The peak demand occurs after sunset in many energy markets when solar power is not available anymore. In areas where there has been a significant amount of solar

*Solar Energy Assessment in Various Regions of Indian Sub-continent DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95118*

**Figure 2.** *Evolution of the duck curve.*

*Solar Cells - Theory, Materials and Recent Advances*

*Installation of five regional solar power generation.*

Hdb I II = + (2)

H HH H bd = + (3)

 δ ϕ

o 0s ( ) ( <sup>s</sup> ) 24 3.6 H I E w sin sin cos cos sinw

Where, H0 - daily extraterrestrial global radiation ( 2 1 *KJm day* · − − ), E0 - the eccentricity correction factor, Ws - Sunrise hour angle, δ - Declination angle,

The duck curve is a graph of power production in electricity generation on a daily basis which shows a timeline disparity between peak demand and the production of renewable energy. As an example of solar production is increasing the net load curve is taking the shape of a duck's belly. When the sun goes down, the energy demand from conventional power plants needs to quickly ramp up. **Figure 2** shows the evolution of duck curve from 2012 to 2020. In 2013, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) initially used the phrase of duck curve. NREL issued a graph containing the projected power load less, and its anticipated grid integrated solar power supply. The capacity of photovoltaic systems are highest generation of solar power during the day at 10 a.m. towards 5 p.m. it poses a danger that the grid will destabilize over generation [32]. Similarly, after 5 p.m., solar power generation falls quickly, leading to increases the electricity consumption from other sources which need to accelerate their production shortly. This raises the possibility that genera-

The peak demand occurs after sunset in many energy markets when solar power is not available anymore. In areas where there has been a significant amount of solar

**3. Solar energy assessment in various region using duck curves**

tion costs and blackouts will be increased if demand is not met.

<sup>×</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>+</sup>

**Month Indian Regional solar power generation (GW) Total (GW) North West South East North-East** Jan 2020 945.6 904.8 2712.8 48.3 1.04 4612.7 Feb 2020 1151.8 979.1 2906.1 51.9 1.5 5090.6 Mar 2020 1218.1 1091.0 3253.8 68.6 1.59 5633.3 Apr 2020 839.9 903.7 2358.8 64.6 1.41 4168.6 May 2020 942.8 926.4 2402.7 53.9 1.3 4327.4 June 2020 932.4 787.4 2136.1 61.1 1.02 3918.1 July 2020 785.6 702.8 1889.8 48.4 1.2 3428.0 Aug 2020 796.6 630.7 2111.3 36.0 0.97 3575.7 Sep 2020 885.5 585.1 2054.6 38.8 0.93 3565.1 Oct 2020 988.5 763.8 2074.8 54.2 0.9 3882.41 Nov 2020 807.4 776.9 2305.0 46.2 1.07 3936.8

δϕ

∏ (4)

180 *sc*

∏

**54**

and φ - latitude.

**Table 2.**

#### **Figure 3.** *PV installation in India.*

power, the amount of power to be generated from sources other than solar or wind shows that around the sunset and peaks in the middle of the night, a chart similar to the silhouette of a duck is created. Unless energy storage is available in some way, after high solar generation companies have to rapidly increase their power production around sunset to repay the loss of solar generation, which is a major concern for grid operators, where photovoltaic expand rapidly [33]. Fly wheeled batteries were found to provide excellent frequency control [34]. Short-term usage of batteries, large enough in use, can help flatten the curve of the duck and avoid fluctuation by generators, which can help maintain the voltage profile. The issue of a duck curve is mainly in India with because of high solar integration, while there is no integration of the grid in other major solar energy producing states such as China and United states [35]. **Figure 3** shows the PV plant installations in India from 2012 to 2020. The analysis has been taken from 2012 since the duck curve came into existence from the year 2012. This article explains the promising solution of the Duck curve as to implement the battery storage systems.

**Figure4** shows the duck curve analysis of Rajasthan since it has a PV power plant installed in an area of 34,270 ha (hectare), and the net output evolved from the PV station is about 4.8 GW [36]. The highest irradiation insolation level is 5–7 kWh/m2 /day.

Since that desert is located in Rajasthan (state of Indian sub-continent) the amount of solar radiation received in that geographical area is greater than other states but If we consider the duck curve in **Figure4** shows that from 2012 to 2020 the ducks belly goes on increasing during the hours 4 am to 8 pm. A blue color line in **Figure4** indicates that the best solution to overcome the duck curve is to implement storage system (SS). If we observe the graph with SS the ducks belly has decreased whereas if SS is not used then the Ducks belly is increased which is indicated by red color. The ramp reduction without SS is only about 12% whereas the ramp reduction with SS is about 57%.

**Figure 5** shows the duck curve analysis of Haryana (state of Indian sub-continent)since it has a PV power plant installed in an area of 18,096 ha, and the net output evolved from the PV station is about 73.2 MW [37]. The highest irradiation insolation level is 3.5–4.5 kWh/m<sup>2</sup> /day. Since Haryana is located in the northern part of India and has a very cold climate the amount of solar radiation received in that geographical area is lesser than other states but If we consider the duck curve in **Figure 5** shows that from 2012 to 2020 the ducks belly goes on increasing during the hours 12 pm to 6 pm. A blue color line in **Figure 5** indicates that the best solution to overcome the duck curve is to implement storage system (SS). If we observe

**Figure 4.** *Graphical analysis of duck curve in Rajasthan.*

**57**

utilization.

**Figure 6.**

*Solar Energy Assessment in Various Regions of Indian Sub-continent*

the graph with SS the ducks belly has decreased whereas if SS is not used then the Ducks belly is increased which is indicated by red color. The ramp reduction without SS is only about 2% whereas the ramp reduction with SS is about 7%.

*Graphical analysis of duck curve in Rajasthan during winter spring and summer.*

**4. Modular scale-battery energy storage system**

[44], standalone models are fixed with residential, domestic purpose.

**Figure 6** shows the Duck curve analysis from 2014 to 2020 of the Rajasthan state with respect to the seasons. Three seasons taken into consideration such as the winter, spring and summer, the amount of solar radiation received in the geographical area of Rajasthan during winter is very less since less solar radiation. So the use of conventional energy sources like hydro or thermal power has demand. But later when seasons change the graph shows changes in the irradiation level and energy

In India, the fast moving towards a renewable energy future with solar battery system. In order to continuous growing electricity demand with minimize the fossil fuel and environmental pollution. The maximum solar energy is wasted without energy storage devices i.e., battery or capacitor bank during in daytime [38], because in India sub-continental is the largest country in square 3,287,263 kilometers, and Solar-PV (S-PV) system can contribute in most of the production region in India. Due to extensive development of renewable resources are used to interconnect with micro-grid/ smart-grid approach [39]. Modular Scale -Battery Energy Storage System (MS-BESS) is enable power system operators, and it can interconnect utility provider with stored energy for lateral uses. The purpose of MS-BESS connected to a solar system could also work with protecting storage and reducing peak demand [40]. In existing solar batteries are manufactured with some limitations. It can be used for Li-Ion and Li-Po model batteries, that is incorporate the roles of cell balance, charging, discharge, cell display and defense. These tasks are done autonomously charging and discharging with 10–15% losses, the internal battery supplies the electricity for the analysis to be carried out, and extruded batteries with active batteries should be used. However, to charge normally MS-BMSS batteries must be attached in multilevel converters [41, 42]. The battery charging line is attached in parallel to solve this problem, while charging is achieved at low voltage using by parallel charging [43], and in India maximum rooftop

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95118*

**Figure 5.**

*Graphical analysis of duck curve in Haryana.*

#### **Figure 6.**

*Solar Cells - Theory, Materials and Recent Advances*

insolation level is 3.5–4.5 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>

*Graphical analysis of duck curve in Rajasthan.*

*Graphical analysis of duck curve in Haryana.*

Since that desert is located in Rajasthan (state of Indian sub-continent) the amount of solar radiation received in that geographical area is greater than other states but If we consider the duck curve in **Figure4** shows that from 2012 to 2020 the ducks belly goes on increasing during the hours 4 am to 8 pm. A blue color line in **Figure4** indicates that the best solution to overcome the duck curve is to implement storage system (SS). If we observe the graph with SS the ducks belly has decreased whereas if SS is not used then the Ducks belly is increased which is indicated by red color. The ramp reduction without SS is only about 12% whereas the ramp reduction with SS is about 57%. **Figure 5** shows the duck curve analysis of Haryana (state of Indian sub-continent)since it has a PV power plant installed in an area of 18,096 ha, and the net output evolved from the PV station is about 73.2 MW [37]. The highest irradiation

part of India and has a very cold climate the amount of solar radiation received in that geographical area is lesser than other states but If we consider the duck curve in **Figure 5** shows that from 2012 to 2020 the ducks belly goes on increasing during the hours 12 pm to 6 pm. A blue color line in **Figure 5** indicates that the best solution to overcome the duck curve is to implement storage system (SS). If we observe

/day. Since Haryana is located in the northern

**56**

**Figure 5.**

**Figure 4.**

*Graphical analysis of duck curve in Rajasthan during winter spring and summer.*

the graph with SS the ducks belly has decreased whereas if SS is not used then the Ducks belly is increased which is indicated by red color. The ramp reduction without SS is only about 2% whereas the ramp reduction with SS is about 7%.

**Figure 6** shows the Duck curve analysis from 2014 to 2020 of the Rajasthan state with respect to the seasons. Three seasons taken into consideration such as the winter, spring and summer, the amount of solar radiation received in the geographical area of Rajasthan during winter is very less since less solar radiation. So the use of conventional energy sources like hydro or thermal power has demand. But later when seasons change the graph shows changes in the irradiation level and energy utilization.
