**5. Solar cells based on laser-modified materials**

Solar cells based on laser-modified materials focus on three major thrusts that will lead to more efficient and economic thin-film solar cell fabrication by (i) combining femtosecond laser irradiation processing of a-Si:H surface and simultaneous crystallization occurs in a one step process [16]. Optical absorption will be enhanced by light trapping via multiple reflections through the surface geometry changes, and the formation of mixture of μc-Si:H and a-Si:H after crystalline suggests that the overall stability will be potentially increased; (ii) Laser with a shorter, femtosecond pulse duration will be applied for nano-structuring of TCO deposited on glass as a plasmonic nanostructure for efficient light trapping; (iii) For scribing thin-film solar cells with femtosecond laser will be applied for electrical isolation, hermetic sealing of the module, glass cutting, the complete removal of all layers from the edges of fully processed thin-film solar cells on glass substrates [52]. **Figure 5** is a schematic presentation of how femtosecond laser irradiated silicon can be incorporated into the p-i-n configuration of a thin-film silicon solar cell.

#### **Figure 5.**

*Schematic cross-section of the fabrication process of a femtosecond laser irradiated thin film silicon solar cell.*
