**5. Results and discussion**

The results show that, (see **Figure 6**) and **Figure 7**. For direct irradiance, reflectance losses will also be higher than for orthogonale incidence most of time, if stationary modules are considered. There is a decrease short circuit current Isc in direct irradiation from 6.95 to 2.84 for monotextured and from 7.93 to 3.12 in the incident angle from 0° to 60°. This is due to the effect of variation in the minority carrier concentration as said by [21].

The textured module shows a good performance at low irradiance there is still a high share of direct light with oblique incidence angles. So the performance of the textured module is strongly affected by the factor K<sup>ԏ</sup>α as said by (20) Nils Reihners (2018). The short circuit current for the global irradiation decrease from 9.91 to 5.80 for the monotextured and from 11.09 to 6.68 for no textured when the incidence angle increase from 0° to 60°. On top of the cosine effect, additional losses occur, particularly at incidence angles beyong 60° as showed in **Figure 7**. They provide correction factors for device short circuit current Isc for incidence angle β from 0° to 90° with respect to normal incidence of 0°. The short circuit current dependence losse angle is called incidence angle modifier. It is defined as the ratio of the short circuit current measured at an angle of incidence and the short circuit current at perpendicular incidence. The value of corrected by cosines to eliminate the cosine effect and to keep all other angular effects

$$K\_{\alpha} \left( \beta \right) = \frac{I\_{\kappa} \left( \beta \right)}{I\_{\kappa} \left( 0^{\circ} \right) . \cos \left( \beta \right)}$$

**133**

**Figure 9.**

**Figure 7.**

**Figure 8.**

*pyramidal textured surface.*

*Influence of the Incidence Angle Modifier and Radiation as a Function of the Module…*

*IAM with direct radiance comparison between textured to no texture. Correction factor K*α<sup>ԏ</sup> *for flat glass and a* 

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96160*

*Curve of global irradiation in dependence on the angle incidence.*

*IAM between delta textured to non-textured in global irradiation.*

**Figure 6.** *Curve of direct irradiation in dependence on the angle incidence.*

*Influence of the Incidence Angle Modifier and Radiation as a Function of the Module… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96160*

**Figure 7.** *Curve of global irradiation in dependence on the angle incidence.*

**Figure 8.**

*Solar Cells - Theory, Materials and Recent Advances*

**5. Results and discussion**

carrier concentration as said by [21].

effect and to keep all other angular effects

*Curve of direct irradiation in dependence on the angle incidence.*

( ) <sup>0</sup> , , 0 1 21 = + ∗ − +∗ − 

Where, Isc,stc represents the measured current which is standardized, Iscmes is the

α

(2)

*<sup>G</sup> Isc stc Isc mes Isc T T G*

The results show that, (see **Figure 6**) and **Figure 7**. For direct irradiance, reflectance losses will also be higher than for orthogonale incidence most of time, if stationary modules are considered. There is a decrease short circuit current Isc in direct irradiation from 6.95 to 2.84 for monotextured and from 7.93 to 3.12 in the incident angle from 0° to 60°. This is due to the effect of variation in the minority

The textured module shows a good performance at low irradiance there is still a high share of direct light with oblique incidence angles. So the performance of the textured module is strongly affected by the factor K<sup>ԏ</sup>α as said by (20) Nils Reihners (2018). The short circuit current for the global irradiation decrease from 9.91 to 5.80 for the monotextured and from 11.09 to 6.68 for no textured when the incidence angle increase from 0° to 60°. On top of the cosine effect, additional losses occur, particularly at incidence angles beyong 60° as showed in **Figure 7**. They provide correction factors for device short circuit current Isc for incidence angle β from 0° to 90° with respect to normal incidence of 0°. The short circuit current dependence losse angle is called incidence angle modifier. It is defined as the ratio of the short circuit current measured at an angle of incidence and the short circuit current at perpendicular incidence. The value of corrected by cosines to eliminate the cosine

> ( ) ( ) (0 .cos ) ( ) <sup>=</sup> ° *sc*

*I*

β

β

*sc*

*I*

*K*

α

β

measured current and Isc0 is the short circuit current measured.

**132**

**Figure 6.**

*IAM with direct radiance comparison between textured to no texture. Correction factor K*α<sup>ԏ</sup> *for flat glass and a pyramidal textured surface.*

**Figure 9.** *IAM between delta textured to non-textured in global irradiation.*

To include the influence of a changing solar spectrum, it is common to derive a correction factor, which depends on the air mass that the light needs to traverse before hitting the module.

The **Figure 8** shows the IAM comparison between textured and no textured module.

To better understand the IAM of the textured and non-textured module, we introduce the difference between the textured and no textured as showed in **Figure 9.**
