**1. Introduction**

Solar energy is the primary driving force behind natural activities on the Earth's surface. The energy expenditure on the surface of the ground which depends on the landscape is a core factor in geological, environmental and risk modeling models. The contribution of radiation is also related to the biodiversity of plants and biomass production. The Sun is an ample, infinite supply of energy available all over the world which is only minimally used [1–3]. From around beginning of

the century, solar-radiation technology developments became highly political when potential solutions to fossil fuel-based traditional energy systems became recognized. Solar energy systems are widely agreed to mitigate global challenges including climate change, insecurity in the developed world and lack of stability of energy supply in most of the world's economies. As for other emerging creative developments, there is a need to make significant improvements to the way in which energy is produced, distributed and used, such as a poor understanding of technological choices, higher initial investment costs and a more conservative social environment. Country assistance policies (up to 10-20 years) should be established in order to address these obstacles, identifying suitable legal and financial instruments.

The spatial and temporal solar energy affecting the earth's surface has a seasonal dynamics (due to astronomical factors) which is modulated by stochastic weather variability. It influences solar energy systems' efficiency, reliability and economy. Photovoltaics is a fast growing technology, with a better understanding of the primary solar power resource. Enhanced expertise will lead greatly to better location and economic evaluation of new plants, to efficiency management and to energy projection. Improved understanding for solar energy systems incorporation into current energy and economic processes is also essential. The spatial dependence of renewable energy production and its distribution raise issues that often involve precise location-dependent answers in the policy process [4–6].

Much like the fossil-fuel-based energy sector relies on exploration of the energy markets and the proven reserves for discovery and economic benefit, renewable energy relies upon assessing the energy production strategy and marketing resources [7–9]. The basic resources and fuel available are solar radiation for solarbased clean energy technology such as solar thermal and photovoltaic systems. Measured data was used to determine the solar resource for this technology, where accessible. Fortunately, the uneven distribution of calculated solar data in space, and in particular over time, contributes to the use of modeled solar light as the basis for various technological and economic decisions. There are major uncertainties in the measured and modeled solar radiation. Most solar radiation models are assisted by measured data, often unknown to the uncertainty or precision of these measured data [10–13].

The energy emitted by sun and terrestrial fraction of the energy flux is marked by the Solar Constant. The solar constant is defined mainly as the measurement per unit time of solar energy flux density perpendicular to the direction of the light. Satellites outside of the earth's atmosphere are the most reliably measured. The solar constant is measured at 1367 W/m2 at present [8, 9, 14]. This percentage ranges by 3 percent since the earth's orbit is elliptical and the length of the year is different from the Sun. There is also a little variance in the solar constant due to variations in Sun's light. This importance encompasses all forms of radiation, a large portion of which is lost as the light travels into the atmosphere.

The solar radiation is absorbed, dispersed, reflected or released as it travels through the atmosphere. The energy flux density is reduced in all these processes. In reality, the Solar Flow Density in sunny days is reduced by about 30% compared to alien radiation, which on a cloudy day is reduced by as much as 90% [15].

As a consequence the direct radiation that comes to the earth's surface (or an equipment mounted on the earth's surface) never reaches 83%. This direct radiation is known as beam radiation from the solar disc. Diffuse radiation is characterized as the dispersed, reflecting radiation that is transmitted out from all directions to the surface of the Earth (reflective of other bodies, molecules, particles, droplets etc.) [10]. Complete (or global) radiation is the sum of the beam and diffuse components. The **Table 1** shows the gadgets that are used for the measurement of different solar quantities.

**5**

*Techno Economic Feasibility Analysis of Solar PV System in Jammu: A Case Study*

**Particulars Details** Village Patyari Kaltan Block Ghagwal District Samba State Jammu and Kashmir Country India Time Zone IST (UTC + 05:30) Latitude 34.09 Longitude 74.79 Total number of Houses 35

Solar radiation data obtained by the instruments described above form the basis for developing any solar project. A case study of village Patyari Kaltan situated in district Samba of Jammu is explained in the next section using energy auditing.

This study seeks to reconcile demand and supply differences by investigating the feasibility of using an off-grid PV system to generate power to consume the household. The main objectives for this study are the significant global solar radiation levels in the region as well as the low home energy use. The purpose of this chapter is, via mathematical modeling, to assess the technoeconomic feasibility of an off grid PV system. This paper does not include the environmental and political aspects of using offset photovoltaic systems or other Photovoltaic hybrid systems. With respect to this investigation, solar radiation, PV peak power, inverter size, batteriesize and a charging controller are the relevant characteristics specified in this work.

The remaining chapter is organized in the following subsections:

conclusion of the paper is in Section 6.

**2. Background**

**Table 1.**

*Details about the village Patyari Kaltan.*

The Section 2 provides a concise background of the study while Section 3 presents the problem formulation. The detailed methodology adopted is explained in Section 4. The results and the discussion are contained in Section 5 while the

A.K.M. Sadrul Islam etc. (2012) indicated that an 8 kW PV system linked with a 15 kw gasoline generator and 25 battery counts is the most economically viable alternative (nominal power 800 Ah, nominal voltage 2 V each) [16]. Abolfazl Ghasemi et.al (2013) highlighted the potential sun rays and the lives of remote, powered, non-connected hybrid PV-diesel battery-powered communities in Iran as excellent [17]. Mohan L. Kolhe et al. described the best hybrid architecture for energy at a cost of \$0.34/kWh as a 30 kW PV system, 40 kW wind, 25 kW diesel power supplies, and a bank of 222kWh batteries [18]. M. Kashif Shajzad et.al (2017) reported that the optimum solution was constructed to conduct a cost analysis of 10 kW hybrid PV panels, 8.0 kW biogas generator, 32 battery storage and 12 KW converters [19]. Simulation results for a hybrid power system of 13 kW PV modules, 14,7 kW of hydro power, 8 battery storing units, 5 kW of the diesel generator and 9 kW converters were characterized as the optimal solution with a \$113201 NPC by Ali Saleh Aziz et.al (2019). [20]. Zhen-yu Zhao et.al (2019), Muhammad Ifran, discussed the cost of traditional grid power and solar PV, which are designed to assess the economic efficiency of two simulation-driven

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98809*

*Techno Economic Feasibility Analysis of Solar PV System in Jammu: A Case Study DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98809*


#### **Table 1.**

*Solar Cells - Theory, Materials and Recent Advances*

the century, solar-radiation technology developments became highly political when potential solutions to fossil fuel-based traditional energy systems became recognized. Solar energy systems are widely agreed to mitigate global challenges including climate change, insecurity in the developed world and lack of stability of energy supply in most of the world's economies. As for other emerging creative developments, there is a need to make significant improvements to the way in which energy is produced, distributed and used, such as a poor understanding of technological choices, higher initial investment costs and a more conservative social environment. Country assistance policies (up to 10-20 years) should be established in order to address these obstacles, identifying suitable legal and financial instruments.

The spatial and temporal solar energy affecting the earth's surface has a seasonal dynamics (due to astronomical factors) which is modulated by stochastic weather variability. It influences solar energy systems' efficiency, reliability and economy. Photovoltaics is a fast growing technology, with a better understanding of the primary solar power resource. Enhanced expertise will lead greatly to better location and economic evaluation of new plants, to efficiency management and to energy projection. Improved understanding for solar energy systems incorporation into current energy and economic processes is also essential. The spatial dependence of renewable energy production and its distribution raise issues that often involve

Much like the fossil-fuel-based energy sector relies on exploration of the energy

The energy emitted by sun and terrestrial fraction of the energy flux is marked by the Solar Constant. The solar constant is defined mainly as the measurement per unit time of solar energy flux density perpendicular to the direction of the light. Satellites outside of the earth's atmosphere are the most reliably measured. The solar

percent since the earth's orbit is elliptical and the length of the year is different from the Sun. There is also a little variance in the solar constant due to variations in Sun's light. This importance encompasses all forms of radiation, a large portion of which

The solar radiation is absorbed, dispersed, reflected or released as it travels through the atmosphere. The energy flux density is reduced in all these processes. In reality, the Solar Flow Density in sunny days is reduced by about 30% compared to

As a consequence the direct radiation that comes to the earth's surface (or an equipment mounted on the earth's surface) never reaches 83%. This direct radiation is known as beam radiation from the solar disc. Diffuse radiation is characterized as the dispersed, reflecting radiation that is transmitted out from all directions to the surface of the Earth (reflective of other bodies, molecules, particles, droplets etc.) [10]. Complete (or global) radiation is the sum of the beam and diffuse components. The **Table 1** shows the gadgets that are used for the measurement of different

alien radiation, which on a cloudy day is reduced by as much as 90% [15].

at present [8, 9, 14]. This percentage ranges by 3

markets and the proven reserves for discovery and economic benefit, renewable energy relies upon assessing the energy production strategy and marketing resources [7–9]. The basic resources and fuel available are solar radiation for solarbased clean energy technology such as solar thermal and photovoltaic systems. Measured data was used to determine the solar resource for this technology, where accessible. Fortunately, the uneven distribution of calculated solar data in space, and in particular over time, contributes to the use of modeled solar light as the basis for various technological and economic decisions. There are major uncertainties in the measured and modeled solar radiation. Most solar radiation models are assisted by measured data, often unknown to the uncertainty or precision of these

precise location-dependent answers in the policy process [4–6].

**4**

solar quantities.

measured data [10–13].

constant is measured at 1367 W/m2

is lost as the light travels into the atmosphere.

*Details about the village Patyari Kaltan.*

Solar radiation data obtained by the instruments described above form the basis for developing any solar project. A case study of village Patyari Kaltan situated in district Samba of Jammu is explained in the next section using energy auditing.

This study seeks to reconcile demand and supply differences by investigating the feasibility of using an off-grid PV system to generate power to consume the household. The main objectives for this study are the significant global solar radiation levels in the region as well as the low home energy use. The purpose of this chapter is, via mathematical modeling, to assess the technoeconomic feasibility of an off grid PV system. This paper does not include the environmental and political aspects of using offset photovoltaic systems or other Photovoltaic hybrid systems. With respect to this investigation, solar radiation, PV peak power, inverter size, batteriesize and a charging controller are the relevant characteristics specified in this work. The remaining chapter is organized in the following subsections:

The Section 2 provides a concise background of the study while Section 3 presents the problem formulation. The detailed methodology adopted is explained in Section 4. The results and the discussion are contained in Section 5 while the conclusion of the paper is in Section 6.
