*3.1.4 Honeycomb (HC)*

*Solar Cells - Theory, Materials and Recent Advances*

The SP PV module configuration is the easiest and simplest way of creating a PV module. As discussed earlier, it is created by connecting solar cells in series. The total number of PV cells connected in series is dependent on the total voltage ratings of the PV module. Later, a similar configuration of series connected PV cells is connected in parallel based on the PV module's current and power rating. A bypass diode is connected across each PV cell in the module (**Figure 5a)**. The I-V and P-V characteristics of the PV module using the SPICE based PV is shown in

The TCT topology for the PV module is like the SP. The only difference is that each PV cell is connected in parallel with the neighboring PV cells in that column [28–31]. The neighboring PV cells in the module are shorted together as per **Figure 6a)** for modeling this configuration. The I-V and P-V characteristics for

**Figure 7a)** shows the 20 PV cells-based module connected in BL configuration. The I-V and P-V characteristics obtained through the SPICE PV module is shown in **Figure 7b)** and **c)**. This configuration got the name since the module's PV cells are connected like a bridge rectifier [28–31]. In this configuration, two or more PV cells

*The PV module connected in TCT topology. a) the configuration of PV module is 4 × 5 b) I-V characteristics of* 

*The PV module connected in SP topology. a) the configuration of PV module is 4 × 5 b) I-V characteristics of* 

*PV module c) P-V characteristics of PV module under different shading condition.*

*PV module c) P-V characteristics of PV module under different shading condition.*

different shading condition is shown in **Figure 6b)** and **c)**.

*3.1.1 Series–parallel (SP)*

**Figure 5a)** and **b)**, respectively.

*3.1.2 Total crossed-tied (TCT)*

*3.1.3 Bridge linked (BL)*

**24**

**Figure 6.**

**Figure 5.**

PV cells are connected in a hexagonal shape in this configuration, creating a honey bee house like structure [28–31]. Hence, six PV cells are connected together to form a hexagon as shown in **Figure 8a)**. The I-V and P-V characteristics obtained using the SPICE-based PV cell are shown in **Figure 8b)** and **c)**.
