**Table 2.**

*Solar Cells - Theory, Materials and Recent Advances*

**3. Problem formulation**

**4. Methodology**

**4.1 Site selection**

each other on the basics of climate.

yearly solar irradiation in this area (5.50 KWh/m<sup>2</sup>

requirements needs need to be analyzed and analyzed.

fuel emissions produce a large proportion of electricity [34].

technologies. Five areas, Bhakkar, Kanewal, Multan, Bahawalnagar and Rajanpur were selected in this paper. Research has shown that Kanewal has the maximum

Increase in energy expenditure and worldwide dependence on fossil fuels lead to power shortages and global warming. Generally the diesel generator is used in both on-grid and off-grid systems for a reliable power source [11, 21]. This is a costly and also causes environmental toxic waste. In the country there is enormous resource of renewable energy source that is not being effectively utilized. Reliable renewable hybrid systems need to be developed by using the available renewable sources These hybrid systems can be a viable option in universities, companies, hospitals, industry and rural communities to fulfill the energy needs. The construction of such systems needs detailed study of renewable energy supplies by the location, because without this the hybrid device may be massive, which raises the device expenses [12, 22]. In order to investigate the financial and technological viability of the hybrid energy systems, the feasibility of dissimilar systems configurations and energy

The Jammu and Kashmir shares international boundary with Pakistan & China. The Line of Control on the area of Pakistan divides the UT which turns one part as J&K'and the other part as POK'[15, 23–26]. It also shares boundary with other state like Himachal Pradesh and Punjab [23, 24, 27]. The UT has two different parts namely 1) Jammu and 2) Kashmir. The two parts of the state differ drastically from

Rapid population growth and hi-tech development in recent decades have led to additional energy consumption, especially in the power sector [25]. In addition, there are numerous parts of the world in rising countries which have minimal or no way to electrical energy, particularly in rural areas [28–31]. Rural electrification is also stated to be very necessary for rural development in order to achieve economic growth, elimination of deprivation, generation of jobs and improvement of village living standards [32]. According to the 2011 Indian census, out of 1.21 billion, 0.83 billion live in rural areas and about 44 per cent of the population lack grid access [33]. Electricity generation has to be improved to solve these issues. In India, fossil

Patyari Katlan is a village located in Jammu-Kashmir Samba district which falls in India. **Table 1** shows the profile of Village adopted for study. The total residential

**Load profile:** Load of the selected village depends on the equipments used in the houses. Load calculated by Energy audit of the village. There are 35 houses in the village and the equipments connected in the houses are tube lights, fans, coolers, TV's, refrigerators only. The equipments connected in the village are very less because the village is just 2 km away from the Pakistan border so the village is not so well developed [16]. **Energy Audit:** Energy audit is defiened as "organized monitoring and review of energy usage and energy use of site, facility, system or entity with the goal of defining and reporting on energy flows and future changes in energy quality." [17, 19–21, 35].

consumption of the rural community is 1083.432 kWh/day in the summer.

, 22].

**6**

*Residential load of the village.*

**Figure 1.** *Wattage of equipments connected in the houses of village.*


#### **Table 3.**

*Energy consumed per month.*

**Figure 2.** *Power consumed per month in village Patyari Kaltan (thali) in KWh.*

provided in **Table 4**. **Figure 3** shows the daily Radiation and clearness in Patyari Katlan (Thali). Outcome of the investigation show that Patyari Kaltan received the average annual solar irradiation is 4.134 kWh / m<sup>2</sup> [3].
