*4.4.1.3 Solar panels*

*Solar Cells - Theory, Materials and Recent Advances*

ment devices, wire interconnections, etc., etc.

of energy generation costs / peak W.

**4.4 Design requirements**

*4.4.1 Placing of cells*

*4.4.1.1 Array support*

*4.4.1.2 Size of array*

module, frame support and foundations; (b) circuits, load and electricity manage-

The module is made of solid wire or solid ribbons by attaching one cell on another. The ties may be rigid or fluid to control motion within the series, which can be caused by thermal expansions and other forces. All links should ensure the lowest resistance possible and the least possible distortion of PV output. The designer is also trying to make this relation shorter and to reduce the cross sections against increased

resistance. The output from an array is connected to a manager called a bus.

must be additional space between the cells for thermal expansion.

situations including oxygen, moisture, dust and rain.

It is essential to place cells in the array and in the cell form. As the distance between the cells increases, the overall performance of the panel determined by the voltage per unit area falls. Big cells do not always improve the performance of packaging (i.e. the need for a maximum cell to panel area ratio). In building a module with desirable electric properties, cell size is an essential element. Strom from a cell varies according to the cell size, with constant voltage. Many small cells should be plugged into series for large voltage. Round cells that were halved and put in a panel in an offset pattern are used to move more of them in a unit area. This increases the cell's packaging density. Square or hexagonal cells may also be expanded. Cells are put as near or as close as possible and cannot contact so energy is cut short. There

More is needed to create the electrical resource needs Specific solar cells can be just as delicate groups of them. The retrofitting and disassembly should be able to be held in every module. Array must be capable of resisting moderate loads, mechanical and temperature shifts pressures. The translucent cover for a module is part of the support. The cover is primarily used to shield the PV module from

Solar cell size can vary from approximately 1 mm to more than 100 mm. For most standard silicone cells, the thickness range is 0.2 to 0.4 mm. For the collection of the array size we established a very basic semi empirical rule as per the Equation (3)

Where Pph is the full watts array. X is the estimated annual maximum equipment time a day and is the average annual watt hour a day per poor flat hour of the PV module. L is the watts load rating, and H is the working hours a day. d is the number of storage days required. Cr is the time for charging recovery

P LH LHd /Cr Bb x100 / X ph = + ( ) (3)

There are also extra expenses for the test and inspection module, system sizing, and packaging repair installation and checkout, etc. For the construction of the PEPS, account must be taken of the amount of all these costs lumped as BOS cost. The complexity of the difference between the cost of the storage batteries and the battery power in Ahr is a significant factor in the extremely nonlinear performance

**10**

For terrestrial applications the majority of silicone solar cells have a round diameter of 5 cm and a diameter of 0.3-0.5 mm. The trend is to massive diameters. A 5-cm diameter cell with a surface area of approximately 20-cm has a capacity of 0.2 W with 0.45 volts during full sun and at room temperature. A variety of cells need to be mounted into a panel for higher power or higher voltage. Two cells are wired in parallel, for example, for double power at constant voltage. It can provide any amount of power at the desired voltage by joining numerous cells in parallel and series.

#### *4.4.1.4 Battery storage*

Electric storage battery is the easiest way to stored a smaller moderate scale. Solar cells generate a battery charging direct current. When needed the stored energy can then be supplied to the local load as electricity. A battery is an independent cell mixture. A cell is the elementary mixture of materials and electrolytes that form the essential energy storer electromechanical. A block box into which electrical energy is collected, electromechanically stored and then recuperated as electrical power can also be thought of as a battery. Primary batteries are non-rechargeable while secondary batteries are still able to be recharged. So secondary batteries also have a major interest in solar electricity. Sub-examples of secondary batteries include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, iron-air, nickelhydrogen, zinc-air etc.

Energy efficiency of a battery is defined as shown in Equation (5).

$$
\boldsymbol{\eta}\_{\text{energy}} = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{I}\_1 \ \mathbf{E}\_1 \ \mathbf{dt} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{I}\_2 \ \mathbf{E}\_2 \ \mathbf{dt} \end{bmatrix} \tag{5}
$$

where I1 = battery discharging current for a period 0 to t1.

I2 = battery charging current for a period 0 to t2.

E1 = Battery discharging terminal voltage.

E2 = Battery discharging terminal voltage.

Cycle life is the amount of times that the battery can be charged and unloaded, and this can differ considerably with discharge depths. Deep discharge tends to a short life cycle.

#### **4.5 Design calculation**

No. of panels required, NS = per day demand/Rating of 1 panel (w). = 69552w/325w.

$$\mathbf{N}\_{\rm S} = \mathbf{214.0}.$$

 20 ft.^2 = 1.858 m2 (Area of 1 panel). Area required = Area of 1 panel\*No. of Panels. = 1.858m2 \*214. = 397.612 m2 . Total load per day in kwh = 1083.432 kwh. Using 12 V, 17 Amp hour lead acid battery. Total Capacity (CB) = Total load kwh/Voltage of single battery. =1083.432kwh/12 V. =90.286 KAhr. Number of lead acid batteries, NB = CB /Rating of single battery Ahr. =90.286 KAhr / 17 Ahr. NB = 5310.9 or 5311 (approx). Use charge controller of 12 V, 20 Amp is used. Rating of charge controller in Ampere's = Total load (w)/12 V. =69552 W/12 V. =5796 Ampere. 12 Volt, 20 Ampere Charge Controller (NC) needed can be measured as: NC = Rating of charge controller (Amp)/20 amp. NC = 5796 Amp/20 Amp. NC = 289.8 or 290 (approx). Total load per day in watt = 69552 W. Load per day in kw = 69552/1000. =69.552 kw or 70 kw (approximately). For 70 KW load, 70 KW of Inverter is needed. Cost per watt = Rs 22. Price of solar panel, C = overall load (watt) \* price per watt. C = 69552 W\*Rs 22. C = Rs 1530144. Price of batteries = NB\* Cost of one battery. =5311 \* Rs1900. =Rs 10090900. Price of charge controller = NC \* price of one charge controller. = 290 \* Rs 798. = Rs 231420. Price of 70 KW inverter = overall load in KW \* price per KW. = 70\* Rs 72065. = Rs 5044550. Total Cost = Price of solar panel + Price of charge controller + Price of Inverter + Price of battery. =1530144 + 10090900 + 231420 + 5044550. =Rs 16897014. To take the cost of cabling, junction box etc. into account, 20 percent of the overall cost is applied to get the whole cost of the project. = 20% \* Rs16897014. = 20/100 \* 16897014. =Rs 3379402.8. Therefore the total expenditure of the project Ct, Ct = 16897014 + 3379402.8. Ct = Rs 20276416.8. When we buy the electricity from the energy grid, otherwise we have to pay. = overall demand \* Price of one unit. = 1083.432 Kwh \* Rs 3. =Rs 3250.296.

**13**

*Techno Economic Feasibility Analysis of Solar PV System in Jammu: A Case Study*

Overall cost of energy which is purchased from utility grid/year is.

Project costs for the project can be recovered in 17 or 18 months (1 year 6 months).

Solar power is a huge source of electricity that can be used directly, generating other reservoirs of power: biomass, wind, hydroelectric power and wave power. While there are major differences in latitude and seasons, most Earth's area receives ample solar energy to enable low-grade heating of water and houses. Simple mirrors can focus solar energy enough at low latitudes to cook and even drive steam turbines. In certain semiconducting materials the energy of light switches electrons. This photovoltaic effect is able to produce vast amounts of electricity. However, the current low effectiveness of solar photovoltaic cells requires a great deal of energy. The only renewable way to substitute existing global electricity supplies from non-renewable sources is the immediate use of solar energy, at the cost of land areas of at least half a

The Roof top solution is supported by the design methodology for installing solar panels in Patyari Kaltan (Thali). The incorporation of the panels into the roof of the building is the strategy used. This solution is given when it replaces the traditional roof and permits the filtering of natural sunlight. It serves as roof for structural and weather requirements with structural support, stability, protection from damage such as chemical or mechanical damage, fire-fighting protection, sun, wind and moisture protection, heat absorption and heat conservation, light diffusion control etc. It acts as a power generator in addition to those functionalities by fulfilling a portion of the building's electrical load specifications. Due to the highly flexible design of the solar cells and the storage cells, individual roof capacity can be used for specific loads – top PEPS for the same energy need as the previously described loads. The mean Horizontal insolation surface incident is

is closely related to the solar radiation itself, but isolation gives you a more accurate way to calculate the radiation on an energy-relevant single object, rather than just taking a sunlight measurement itself. The clearness index is a calculation of the proportion of solar radiation emitted to the Earth's surface through the atmosphere. Research shows that the payback period for the solar project of the selected village is 1 year 6 months. It shows that the cost for installing the whole project can be recovered within 18 months which means solar project can be benifical for the

/ day and the clarity index estimate has been found to be 0.485.It

Payback period = Project costs / Annual cash inflow

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98809*

 Dt = Rs 3250.296\*365. Dt = Rs 1186358.04/year.

N = Rs 20276416.8/Rs 1186358.04

*4.5.1 Pay back period*

thus

million km<sup>2</sup>

4.134 KWh / m<sup>2</sup>

Patyari Kaltan village.

.

N = 17.09

 Ct – N Dt = 0 Or N = Ct/Dt Where Ct = Rs 20276416.8 Dt = Rs 1186358.04/year

**5. Results and discussion**

*Techno Economic Feasibility Analysis of Solar PV System in Jammu: A Case Study DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98809*

Overall cost of energy which is purchased from utility grid/year is. Dt = Rs 3250.296\*365. Dt = Rs 1186358.04/year.

*4.5.1 Pay back period*

*Solar Cells - Theory, Materials and Recent Advances*

20 ft.^2 = 1.858 m<sup>2</sup>

= 1.858m2

= 397.612 m2

Total load per day in kwh = 1083.432 kwh. Using 12 V, 17 Amp hour lead acid battery.

 =1083.432kwh/12 V. =90.286 KAhr.

Use charge controller of 12 V, 20 Amp is used.

NC = Rating of charge controller (Amp)/20 amp.

For 70 KW load, 70 KW of Inverter is needed.

 C = 69552 W\*Rs 22. C = Rs 1530144. Price of batteries = NB\* Cost of one battery.

= 290 \* Rs 798.

 = 70\* Rs 72065. = Rs 5044550.

 =5311 \* Rs1900. =Rs 10090900.

NC = 5796 Amp/20 Amp. NC = 289.8 or 290 (approx).

Cost per watt = Rs 22.

Price of battery.

=Rs 16897014.

 = 20% \* Rs16897014. = 20/100 \* 16897014. =Rs 3379402.8.

Ct = 16897014 + 3379402.8.

= 1083.432 Kwh \* Rs 3.

Ct = Rs 20276416.8.

=Rs 3250.296.

Total load per day in watt = 69552 W. Load per day in kw = 69552/1000.

Area required = Area of 1 panel\*No. of Panels.

Total Capacity (CB) = Total load kwh/Voltage of single battery.

 =90.286 KAhr / 17 Ahr. NB = 5310.9 or 5311 (approx).

Rating of charge controller in Ampere's = Total load (w)/12 V. =69552 W/12 V. =5796 Ampere.

=69.552 kw or 70 kw (approximately).

Price of solar panel, C = overall load (watt) \* price per watt.

Price of charge controller = NC \* price of one charge controller.

= Rs 231420. Price of 70 KW inverter = overall load in KW \* price per KW.

=1530144 + 10090900 + 231420 + 5044550.

overall cost is applied to get the whole cost of the project.

Therefore the total expenditure of the project Ct,

= overall demand \* Price of one unit.

Total Cost = Price of solar panel + Price of charge controller + Price of Inverter +

To take the cost of cabling, junction box etc. into account, 20 percent of the

When we buy the electricity from the energy grid, otherwise we have to pay.

Number of lead acid batteries, NB = CB /Rating of single battery Ahr.

12 Volt, 20 Ampere Charge Controller (NC) needed can be measured as:

(Area of 1 panel).

\*214.

.

**12**

Payback period = Project costs / Annual cash inflow Ct – N Dt = 0 Or N = Ct/Dt Where Ct = Rs 20276416.8 Dt = Rs 1186358.04/year thus N = Rs 20276416.8/Rs 1186358.04 N = 17.09 Project costs for the project can be recovered in 17 or 18 months (1 year 6 months).
