**3.3 Active trackers with single-axis system**

To compare to a two axis systems that provide two degrees freedom, a single axis provide for only bone. Hence, a single axis consumed less energy than a two axis system. The 1A-3P sun tracker was designed to operate at only 3 different angles as shown in **Figure 4**. A simple designed tracker is combined with a DC motor to turn the system The tracker rotation is enable by a timer IC which provides the time signal to trigger the motor to turn at the turning angle. The measuring functions for tracker motion, PV generation and all the control algorithms are implemented using microcontroller PIC18F452 [12] A standalone single axis active solar tracker and presented the modeling and simulation of the photovoltaic system under a constant load using MATLAB/Simulink was designed by [13]. The different components

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Angle Modifier.

**Figure 4.**

*Influence of the Incidence Angle Modifier and Radiation as a Function of the Module…*

such as a servermotor, a batetery, a charger, two LDR sensors and external load and microcontroller provide the output. The aims of the tracker is to rotate in a single axis, then it's designer take into accunt of the number of axis rotation and activate the motor to had a single-axis freedom. The sunlight intensity was sensed using the LDR sensors, which would then send a signal to the microcontroller to rotate the panel using the servo motor. To control the system, a Lead Acid battery polarize the components which is controlling via a charge controller. Konar et al. designed a single axis microcontroller based automatic, position control scheme. The system is controlled by two axis, the first one is a reflector that tilted optimally across it; the second one is controlled by the tracker by changing the azimuth angle. The tracking system was designed to search for the maximum solar irradiance in the whole azimuth angle of 360° during the locking cycle, and hence the system was not constrained by the geographical location of installation. The system also employed step tracking scheme instead of continuous tracking which keeps the motors idle for a longer time to save energy [11] reported a single-axis solar tracker on a small size Parabolic-Trough Collector (PTC). To locate the azimuth of the sun, a algorithm that classified as an an open-loop is elaborate. The angular tracking error was accurately characterized using a digital inclinometer. The transversal Incidence

(IAM) curve is determined by ray tracking simulation for all longitudinal incidence angles as well as the transversal incidence plane is showing in **Figure 4**. The proposed procedure gives a better accuracy for the tracking error than the theoretical acceptance angle [14]. derived formulae to evaluate the daily and hourly radiation incident on azimuth three step tracking system, hour angle three step tracking systems and compared the results with the radiation received by a horizontal surface. A yield tilted surface performed an a optimal angle gain 30,2% higher radiation than a horizontal surface. In comparison, a two axis azimuthal three step tracking performed better with a 72% higher radiation [15]. As shown in **Figure 5** a global illustration of the schematic digram**.** A theoretical study to analyze the performance

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96160*

*Schematic diagram of azimuth three step tracking [11].*

**Figure 3.** *Scheme of the rotation angles [11].*

*Influence of the Incidence Angle Modifier and Radiation as a Function of the Module… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96160*

**Figure 4.** *Schematic diagram of azimuth three step tracking [11].*

such as a servermotor, a batetery, a charger, two LDR sensors and external load and microcontroller provide the output. The aims of the tracker is to rotate in a single axis, then it's designer take into accunt of the number of axis rotation and activate the motor to had a single-axis freedom. The sunlight intensity was sensed using the LDR sensors, which would then send a signal to the microcontroller to rotate the panel using the servo motor. To control the system, a Lead Acid battery polarize the components which is controlling via a charge controller. Konar et al. designed a single axis microcontroller based automatic, position control scheme. The system is controlled by two axis, the first one is a reflector that tilted optimally across it; the second one is controlled by the tracker by changing the azimuth angle. The tracking system was designed to search for the maximum solar irradiance in the whole azimuth angle of 360° during the locking cycle, and hence the system was not constrained by the geographical location of installation. The system also employed step tracking scheme instead of continuous tracking which keeps the motors idle for a longer time to save energy [11] reported a single-axis solar tracker on a small size Parabolic-Trough Collector (PTC). To locate the azimuth of the sun, a algorithm that classified as an an open-loop is elaborate. The angular tracking error was accurately characterized using a digital inclinometer. The transversal Incidence Angle Modifier.

(IAM) curve is determined by ray tracking simulation for all longitudinal incidence angles as well as the transversal incidence plane is showing in **Figure 4**. The proposed procedure gives a better accuracy for the tracking error than the theoretical acceptance angle [14]. derived formulae to evaluate the daily and hourly radiation incident on azimuth three step tracking system, hour angle three step tracking systems and compared the results with the radiation received by a horizontal surface. A yield tilted surface performed an a optimal angle gain 30,2% higher radiation than a horizontal surface. In comparison, a two axis azimuthal three step tracking performed better with a 72% higher radiation [15]. As shown in **Figure 5** a global illustration of the schematic digram**.** A theoretical study to analyze the performance

*Solar Cells - Theory, Materials and Recent Advances*

**3.3 Active trackers with single-axis system**

approximately 2% [11].

**3.2 Active trackers**

passive trackers.

however, the efficient in low temperature is less. The SMA actuator can easily be deformed even at relatively low temperatures (by tracker actuators below 70°C). It produces mechanical work by returning back to its original shape when heated above transformation temperature. The study found that the tracker worked very well in the short term field tests and the SMA actuators provided an efficiency of

The mechanism of a active solar tracker is to use a motor to enable control the

To compare to a two axis systems that provide two degrees freedom, a single axis provide for only bone. Hence, a single axis consumed less energy than a two axis system. The 1A-3P sun tracker was designed to operate at only 3 different angles as shown in **Figure 4**. A simple designed tracker is combined with a DC motor to turn the system The tracker rotation is enable by a timer IC which provides the time signal to trigger the motor to turn at the turning angle. The measuring functions for tracker motion, PV generation and all the control algorithms are implemented using microcontroller PIC18F452 [12] A standalone single axis active solar tracker and presented the modeling and simulation of the photovoltaic system under a constant load using MATLAB/Simulink was designed by [13]. The different components

The motor executed the command from a signal which have a main aims to provide magnitude and direction and incidence angle. The incidence angle is enable to change from 0° to 90°. We highlight that the active tractors made use performed accurately however, they consume more energy. They are more efficiently than the

mobility of the tracker. These motors are usually fed by a (**Figure 3**).

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**Figure 3.**

*Scheme of the rotation angles [11].*

**Figure 5.** *Solar tracking system at the Cologne University of Applied Sciences.*

of an east–west oriented single-axis tracking panel was done by [16] claimed the performance of a single axis tracking, the system consist of a panel fixed in a horizontal axis, in different time of the year. They compared the gain in an est-west to north-sud. The results show that the yearly gains obtained in est-west is less than the north-sud. The results show that, the correlation between the irradiation and the latitude is hight, it's 12% at the equator and 14,3% in the Arctic. To increase the efficiencies of the PV plant, a ray tracking is performed; besides, the change of the angle may have an impact of the output of the system. The mathematical formula can accurately investigate the optical performance, As make a use by [11] with a single axis in South–North, they estimate the annual radiation of the panels composed the system when using a single axis. Some of study haves been done in china, they compare single axis and dual axis and conclude that the dual axis performed 96–97% higher than the single axis. The results illustrate that in some areas, at low resources, the tracking is unsuitable. The sun tracking may perform better than the traditional fixed if both are compared over the year, the gain performance were estimated to higher than 30% with high solar irradiation, however it is less than 20% in low irradiation areas [17–19].
