*3.1.3 Bridge linked (BL)*

**Figure 7a)** shows the 20 PV cells-based module connected in BL configuration. The I-V and P-V characteristics obtained through the SPICE PV module is shown in **Figure 7b)** and **c)**. This configuration got the name since the module's PV cells are connected like a bridge rectifier [28–31]. In this configuration, two or more PV cells

#### **Figure 5.**

*The PV module connected in SP topology. a) the configuration of PV module is 4 × 5 b) I-V characteristics of PV module c) P-V characteristics of PV module under different shading condition.*

#### **Figure 6.**

*The PV module connected in TCT topology. a) the configuration of PV module is 4 × 5 b) I-V characteristics of PV module c) P-V characteristics of PV module under different shading condition.*

**25**

**Figure 8.**

**Figure 7.**

*Modeling of Photovoltaic Module*

*3.1.4 Honeycomb (HC)*

**3.2 Reconfigurable PV module**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97082*

that are connected in series are tied with neighboring two or more PV cells in parallel. For simplicity a bypass diode is connected across each PV cells in the module.

PV cells are connected in a hexagonal shape in this configuration, creating a honey bee house like structure [28–31]. Hence, six PV cells are connected together to form a hexagon as shown in **Figure 8a)**. The I-V and P-V characteristics obtained

It is shown in different research work the ways different fixed PV cell topologies mitigate the effect of partial shading and mismatch [28–31]. The usage of bypass diode achieves the effectiveness of fixed topologies. However, a fault in the bypass diodes can make various topologies for creating PV modules ineffective. Compared to using bypass diode, a novel complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) switch embedded PV module is proposed [32]. Thus having CMOS based switches the PV modules configuration, i.e., the number of PV cells in series vs. the number of PV cells in parallel, can be changed in real time [12, 32] in case of a fault in PV cells or partial shading condition. A CMOS embedded PV module is shown in **Figure 9**. The circuit diagram of the switches used is presented in detailed in [33]. In [27], it is presented that reconfigurable PV modules are much better in tackling the effect partial shading condition. However, it is also shown on the resistance of metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) can reduce the

*The PV module connected in BL topology. a) the configuration of PV module is 4 × 5 b) I-V characteristics of* 

*The PV module connected in HC topology. a) the configuration of PV module is 4 × 5 b) I-V characteristics of* 

*PV module c) P-V characteristics of PV module under different shading condition.*

*PV module c) P-V characteristics of PV module under different shading condition.*

using the SPICE-based PV cell are shown in **Figure 8b)** and **c)**.

that are connected in series are tied with neighboring two or more PV cells in parallel. For simplicity a bypass diode is connected across each PV cells in the module.
