*4.3.1 Energy balance considerations*

To choose the appropriate size for the day and night time loads for the solar panel or battery storage. We describe a state of energy balance when full power from the solar system (ESA) is enough to charge the battery (Eb) and the energy needed to charge electricity including system losses (EL) as shown in **Figure 1**, i.e. without any power source from the backup.

$$\mathbf{E\_{SA}} = \mathbf{E\_b} + \mathbf{E\_L} \tag{1}$$

**9**

**Figure 3.**

*4.3.2 Balance of system components*

*Daily radiation and clearness in Patyari Katlan (thali) [3–5].*

*Techno Economic Feasibility Analysis of Solar PV System in Jammu: A Case Study*

**Horizontal surface clear sky insolation incident (kWh/ m2**

January 0.424 0.929 2.213 February 0.479 0.561 3.135 March 0.447 1.065 3.788 April 0.490 0.964 4.885 May 0.468 0.829 5.199 June 0.478 0.568 5.501 July 0.510 0.000 5.754 August 0.525 0.475 5.435 September 0.639 1.777 5.707 October 0.550 1.506 3.892 November 0.310 0.532 1.744 December 0.494 1.868 2.361 Average 0.485 0.923 4.134

*The average of monthly daily isolation incident on horizontal surface in Patyari Kaltan (thali) [3, 4].*

**/day)**

**Horizontal surface all sky insolation occurrence (kWh/m2**

**/day)**

ηD being the solar array diode efficiency, FU the solar array utilization factor, ηR the regulator efficiency, ηL the line loss factor and ηB the battery WHr efficiency.

As described above, the Power System consists of a variety of balances, apart from solar panes, of device components such as (a) mounting frames of the array

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98809*

**clearness index**

**Monthly average**

**Table 4.**

**Month Insolation** 

Assuming that the night time load is solely provided by the storage batteries with an overall efficiency factor K1 as shown in Equation (2):

$$\mathbf{E}\mathbf{B} = \mathbf{E}\mathbf{N}/\mathbf{K}\_1 \text{ where } \mathbf{K1} = \eta \mathbf{D}.\mathbf{F}\mathbf{U}.\eta \mathbf{R}.\eta \mathbf{L}.\eta \mathbf{B} \tag{2}$$


*Techno Economic Feasibility Analysis of Solar PV System in Jammu: A Case Study DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98809*

#### **Table 4.**

*Solar Cells - Theory, Materials and Recent Advances*

provided in **Table 4**. **Figure 3** shows the daily Radiation and clearness in Patyari Katlan (Thali). Outcome of the investigation show that Patyari Kaltan received

**Months Energy consumed per month (kwh) Months Energy consumed per month (kwh)**

January 22287.512 July 33586.392 February 20130.656 August 32502.96 March 22287.512 September 27582.96 April 27582.96 October 22287.512 May 28502.392 November 21568.56 June 32502.96 December 22287.512 Total 313109.888

To choose the appropriate size for the day and night time loads for the solar panel or battery storage. We describe a state of energy balance when full power from the solar system (ESA) is enough to charge the battery (Eb) and the energy needed to charge electricity including system losses (EL) as shown in **Figure 1**, i.e. without any power

Assuming that the night time load is solely provided by the storage batteries with

EB EN / K where K1 D.FU. R. L. B = <sup>1</sup> =η η η η (2)

[3].

E EE SA b L = + (1)

the average annual solar irradiation is 4.134 kWh / m<sup>2</sup>

*Power consumed per month in village Patyari Kaltan (thali) in KWh.*

an overall efficiency factor K1 as shown in Equation (2):

**4.3 Design calculation**

**Table 3.**

**Figure 2.**

*Energy consumed per month.*

source from the backup.

*4.3.1 Energy balance considerations*

**8**

*The average of monthly daily isolation incident on horizontal surface in Patyari Kaltan (thali) [3, 4].*

**Figure 3.** *Daily radiation and clearness in Patyari Katlan (thali) [3–5].*

ηD being the solar array diode efficiency, FU the solar array utilization factor, ηR the regulator efficiency, ηL the line loss factor and ηB the battery WHr efficiency.

#### *4.3.2 Balance of system components*

As described above, the Power System consists of a variety of balances, apart from solar panes, of device components such as (a) mounting frames of the array module, frame support and foundations; (b) circuits, load and electricity management devices, wire interconnections, etc., etc.

There are also extra expenses for the test and inspection module, system sizing, and packaging repair installation and checkout, etc. For the construction of the PEPS, account must be taken of the amount of all these costs lumped as BOS cost. The complexity of the difference between the cost of the storage batteries and the battery power in Ahr is a significant factor in the extremely nonlinear performance of energy generation costs / peak W.

### **4.4 Design requirements**

The module is made of solid wire or solid ribbons by attaching one cell on another. The ties may be rigid or fluid to control motion within the series, which can be caused by thermal expansions and other forces. All links should ensure the lowest resistance possible and the least possible distortion of PV output. The designer is also trying to make this relation shorter and to reduce the cross sections against increased resistance. The output from an array is connected to a manager called a bus.

#### *4.4.1 Placing of cells*

It is essential to place cells in the array and in the cell form. As the distance between the cells increases, the overall performance of the panel determined by the voltage per unit area falls. Big cells do not always improve the performance of packaging (i.e. the need for a maximum cell to panel area ratio). In building a module with desirable electric properties, cell size is an essential element. Strom from a cell varies according to the cell size, with constant voltage. Many small cells should be plugged into series for large voltage. Round cells that were halved and put in a panel in an offset pattern are used to move more of them in a unit area. This increases the cell's packaging density. Square or hexagonal cells may also be expanded. Cells are put as near or as close as possible and cannot contact so energy is cut short. There must be additional space between the cells for thermal expansion.

#### *4.4.1.1 Array support*

More is needed to create the electrical resource needs Specific solar cells can be just as delicate groups of them. The retrofitting and disassembly should be able to be held in every module. Array must be capable of resisting moderate loads, mechanical and temperature shifts pressures. The translucent cover for a module is part of the support. The cover is primarily used to shield the PV module from situations including oxygen, moisture, dust and rain.

#### *4.4.1.2 Size of array*

Solar cell size can vary from approximately 1 mm to more than 100 mm. For most standard silicone cells, the thickness range is 0.2 to 0.4 mm. For the collection of the array size we established a very basic semi empirical rule as per the Equation (3)

$$P\_{\rm ph} = \left( \text{LH} + \text{LHd} / \text{CrBb} \,\text{x100} \right) / \text{X} \tag{3}$$

**11**

*Techno Economic Feasibility Analysis of Solar PV System in Jammu: A Case Study*

and Bb is the battery watt-hour efficiency. The value of X depends explicitly on the overall insolation of the panel on the installation site. The value of X can be

Where ηov is the overall device performance, Im is the average sleeping surface insolation of the area, ηm is the efficiency of the module. Performance is the product of the efficiency of the module and the balance of device efficiency including efficiency of power conditioning, efficiency coefficients of temperature etc.

For terrestrial applications the majority of silicone solar cells have a round diameter of 5 cm and a diameter of 0.3-0.5 mm. The trend is to massive diameters. A 5-cm diameter cell with a surface area of approximately 20-cm has a capacity of 0.2 W with 0.45 volts during full sun and at room temperature. A variety of cells need to be mounted into a panel for higher power or higher voltage. Two cells are wired in parallel, for example, for double power at constant voltage. It can provide any amount of power at the desired voltage by joining numerous cells in parallel

Electric storage battery is the easiest way to stored a smaller moderate scale. Solar cells generate a battery charging direct current. When needed the stored energy can then be supplied to the local load as electricity. A battery is an independent cell mixture. A cell is the elementary mixture of materials and electrolytes that form the essential energy storer electromechanical. A block box into which electrical energy is collected, electromechanically stored and then recuperated as electrical power can also be thought of as a battery. Primary batteries are non-rechargeable while secondary batteries are still able to be recharged. So secondary batteries also have a major interest in solar electricity. Sub-examples of secondary batteries include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, iron-air, nickel-

Cycle life is the amount of times that the battery can be charged and unloaded, and this can differ considerably with discharge depths. Deep discharge tends to a

energy 1 1 2 2 η =∫ ∫ I E dt / I E dt (5)

Energy efficiency of a battery is defined as shown in Equation (5).

No. of panels required, NS = per day demand/Rating of 1 panel (w).

where I1 = battery discharging current for a period 0 to t1.

I2 = battery charging current for a period 0 to t2. E1 = Battery discharging terminal voltage. E2 = Battery discharging terminal voltage.

= 69552w/325w.

NS = 214.0.

X EXm /12;With Xm ov Im / m = =η η (4)

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98809*

calculated as shown in **Figure 4**.

*4.4.1.3 Solar panels*

and series.

*4.4.1.4 Battery storage*

hydrogen, zinc-air etc.

short life cycle.

**4.5 Design calculation**

Where Pph is the full watts array. X is the estimated annual maximum equipment time a day and is the average annual watt hour a day per poor flat hour of the PV module. L is the watts load rating, and H is the working hours a day. d is the number of storage days required. Cr is the time for charging recovery

*Techno Economic Feasibility Analysis of Solar PV System in Jammu: A Case Study DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98809*

and Bb is the battery watt-hour efficiency. The value of X depends explicitly on the overall insolation of the panel on the installation site. The value of X can be calculated as shown in **Figure 4**.

$$\mathbf{X} = \mathbf{EXm} / \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2}; \text{With } \mathbf{Xm} = \eta \text{ov } \mathbf{Im} / \eta \mathbf{m} \tag{4}$$

Where ηov is the overall device performance, Im is the average sleeping surface insolation of the area, ηm is the efficiency of the module. Performance is the product of the efficiency of the module and the balance of device efficiency including efficiency of power conditioning, efficiency coefficients of temperature etc.
