*Promising Techniques for Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Assessment*

*(a) These parameters will not be taken into account in wastewater evaluation. b) For strong organic wastewater containing more than 2% inert COD and a total COD value of more than 5000 mg/L, the BOD5 value is taken as basis instead of COD.*

Not involved Not involved

#### **Table 3.**

Surfactants (MBAS) reacting with methylene blue (mg/L)

*The discharge parameter values at environmental legislation (RG-13/2/2008-26786) for wastewater regarding Turkish standards intended for discharging wastewater to wastewater infrastructure [4].*


*Microwave Digestion of Hazardous Waste Sludge in Geothermal Hot Waters by Char/Fly Ash… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97656*

Groundwater can be contaminated by the failure of on-site wastewater systems that can contaminate nearby water sources and wells. One way community work to protect the health of the public is to establish a very good concurrent management program for on-site wastewater treatment systems. The idea behind these programs is to assist homeowners by monitoring and managing centralized systems to make sure they are always working correctly and that the health of the community is never at risk.

In this research, prospected tests that the formation of Fe3+ by geothermal ozon reactivity on the oxidation Fe3+ surface in turn forms CN, AsO�<sup>3</sup> , OH� complexes [8, 11]:

The As (III) oxidation reaction then proceeds as Eq. (6)

$$\begin{aligned} \text{Fe}^{2+} + \text{H}\_{2}\text{O}\_{2} &\rightarrow \text{Fe}^{\text{III}}\text{OH}^{2+} + \text{OH}^{-}\text{Fe}^{2+} + \text{H}\_{2}\text{O}\_{2} \\ &\rightarrow \text{Fe}^{3+}\text{OH}^{2+} + \text{OH} - (2\text{OH}^{\bullet} + \text{H}\_{3}\text{AsO}\_{3} \rightarrow \text{H}\_{2}\text{AsO}\_{4} - + \text{H}\_{2}\text{O} + \text{H} +) \end{aligned} \tag{6}$$

Toxic intermediates may be sorped by char and shale clay may be generated as neutralization and precipitation heavy metals as organic complexs from this geotermal digestion technique. Also, the barrier-integrity verification, effective emplacement of barriers and modeling were found to be quiet difficult [13–15].

$$\begin{array}{l} \text{2Ca0.3(Fe2(III)Al1.4 Mg0.6)SiSO20(OH)4nH2O} + 2\text{Na} + + \text{S2O42} - + 2\text{H2O} \rightarrow \\ \rightarrow 2\text{NaCa0.3(Fe(III)Fe(II)Al1.4 Mg0.6)SiSO20(OH)4nH2O} + \text{SO32} - + 4\text{H} + \end{array} \tag{7}$$

$$\begin{array}{c} \text{Clay}-\text{Fe}(\text{III}) + 4\text{SO}\text{2}-\bullet \leftrightarrow \text{Clay}-\text{Fe}(\text{II}) + 2\text{S2O}4\text{2}-+\text{H2O} \\ \rightarrow 2\text{SO}3\text{2}-+\text{S2O}3\text{2}-+\text{2H}+ \end{array} \tag{8}$$

$$\text{Fe2} + + \text{CrO42} - + 4\text{H2O} \rightarrow (\text{FeX2Cr1} - \text{x})(\text{OH})\text{3} + \text{5OH} - \tag{9}$$

The dissolution kinetics of soil mud particle for Cr heavy metal is followed by equation

$$\frac{dc\_{Gro4}}{dt} = k\_i e^{-tic} d\mathcal{c} \tag{10}$$

Where CN, AsO3 contamination mg/l, k the rate of dissolution of ciyanide and chromate, i is the reaction style, t is time,

The digested soil mud and accumulated metal in effluent of lake streams as regarding contamination is followed by equation, where n is kinetic order type

$$\frac{d\mathbf{c}\_{AsO3}}{dt} = k\_i \mathbf{c}^{\text{int}} d\mathbf{c} \tag{11}$$

The saturation amount affect digested level of toxic CN concentration. The accumulated effluent activity of oxygen and oxidation reactions of hot water streams as precipitates metals and even iron cyanide chealates in contaminated streams. The sulfite and sulphate hot waters react as followed by equation, where *SO*�<sup>2</sup> <sup>4</sup> sulphate and sulfite concentration in effluent, *:fi* is concentration rate of sulphate in total effluent

$$\frac{dc\_{Pb}}{dt} = k\_i c^{\text{fin}}.dc.f\_i \left(\text{SO}\_4^{-2}\right)^{\text{fin}} \tag{12}$$

The dissolution concentration of accumulated metal in aliquate of limestone rocks dissolution by hot water streams in subground lakes with high CO2 gas dissolved streams as regarding Pb heavy metal contamination is followed by equation, where *HCO*�<sup>2</sup> <sup>3</sup> bicarbonate concentration in effluent

$$\frac{dc\_{Pb}}{dt} = k\_i c^{\text{int}} \, dc\_f f\_i \left(\text{HCO}\_3^{-2}\right)^{\text{int}} \tag{13}$$

The digested soil mud and heavy metal in effluentof high fertilizer digestion by wrong amount of fertilizer use in farming discharges to fresh water streams as decayed mud with lack of COD and Pb heavy metal contamination is followed by equation, where *HNO*�<sup>2</sup> <sup>3</sup> nitrate concentration in effluent

$$\frac{d\mathcal{L}\_{Pb}}{dt} = k\_i c^{\text{int}}.d c.f\_i \left(\text{HNO}\_3^{-2}\right)^{\text{int}} \tag{14}$$

Fish farming in the lakes and streams in the region require lower concentrations for breeding below 1 mg/l Pb Cu and Cd and Zn in contact to basaltic rocks and sulphide matter near copper ore deposites. The water could monthly oxidize slightly surfaces of sulfides resulting in seepages contained highly around %1–2 Pb and 200mgCu at high attitude deposits in Siirt and Şırnak. Even gold mining heap


**Table 4.**

*Şırnak and Batman province reveals the potential geothermal hot waters and contaminated soil.*

*Microwave Digestion of Hazardous Waste Sludge in Geothermal Hot Waters by Char/Fly Ash… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97656*


**Table 5.**

*Equilibrium time for Cu adsorption capacities studied with different biosorbents.*

leachates also leaks to ground water streams by flooding [15, 16]. The contamination of some accumulated heavy metal contents of hot streams and soils in the region are given in **Table 4** [22, 23].

The geotermal saline water digestion approach is based on washing the entire sludge and fluid that extracts the contaminants from all size fractions. The pilot microwave digestion and geotermal hot water assisted sludge decantation techniques is used floculants, polyelectrolytes, chelants, inorganic acids, or surfactants depending on site.

The industrial waste water cleaning areas, non-burning, slippery to create a safe working environment absorbant fly ash is used. In the waste water treatment, the amount of fly ash used for hazardous waste water treatment is more than 180,000 tons/year. The sorbent matter variation may eliminate the contaminated effluent levels at equilibrium ambient concentrations given in **Table 5** [9].

Heavy metal containing mud or with lack of COD and scarcity of water forces to control fresh water resorces by using decantation and neutralization with adsorbants such as clay in the chemical industry and in tanning discharges [6–9]. The clay, fly ash and sepiolite is good absorbant [10–14]. The activated bentonite or montmorillonite is good sorbent for fresh fruit drinks and brewery, water tretmeants in Europe [15–19]. The use of clay is exceeded 2 million tons/year in the world waste water treatment [20–21]. The fly ash is stable in neutralization on the layered clay cages at hot stream temperatures [22–28]. This research work was carried out on geothermal hot waters and microwave radiated digestion of waste waters in Şırnak for heavy metal sorption and reduction. In this study, fly ash, char, shale and marly shale of Şırnak and absorbant properties, was improved by saline water digestion. Fly ash and char absorbance by cavity passing through certain bed properties was performed and the absorbance was measured at the mechanical strength change has been studied.

## **2. Material and methods**

#### **2.1 Fly ash - char compost with Geotermal water digestion**

The geotermal water digestion technique digests the hazardous species and reduces the amount of metal content in sludge [29],

In this study, the effect of water quality) was subjected to the concentration and further alkali activation tests with mixed type The geothermal water quality on concentration and alkali activation were declared based on the pH, CEC (Cation exchange capacity), sludge viscosity (**Table 6**).


#### **Table 6.**

*Sorbent types for washing treatment.*

#### **2.2 Microwave digestion and heavy metal sorption**

Microwave assisted organic reactions hydratation, synthesis of complexing chelates by alkali matters in clays and geotermal waters. The fly ash content:

2MgFe Si8O20 (OH)4. The chlorite, aqueous magnesium, aluminum silicate. Sepiolite is 6Mg9 Si12O30(OH)4 6H2O group is hydrolized Mg silicate. The pore water is scarcely bound to crystal sliding layer of magnesia and hydroxyl base. Fly ash and clay minerals under microwave radiation is heated easily [10]. Microwave digestion could activate digestion use as heating as studied in this study over slurries illustrated in **Figure 3**.

#### **2.3 Sorbent clay/oak wood char - waste sludge**

Clay minerals are used as activated, compositions are closely dehydrated. The particle size, particle shape, surface chemistry, ion exchange capacity, color, etching, viscosity, plasticity, sorption ion, adsorption surface are the main parameters in waste water treatment [30–39]. The properties of clay minerals significantly impact on the use of. Absorption can be carried out in the presence of water or other liquid the pores of the mass (solid material) [40–44]. Absorbents material in waste water and other chelates is a sponge sorbent as material containing pores adsorp the contaminating heavy metals and cyanide durings neutralization affect [45–49] (**Figure 4**).

**Figure 3.** *Microwave radiation heating for waste water digestion.*

*Microwave Digestion of Hazardous Waste Sludge in Geothermal Hot Waters by Char/Fly Ash… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97656*

#### **Figure 4.**

*The micro pictures Şırnak marly shale char shale as sorbent.*


#### **Table 7.**

*Shale and Marly shale and fly ash properties.*


#### **Table 8.**

*The chemical properties of different sorbents and Şırnak shale and Marly shale and fly ash used in neutralization and adsorption treatment.*


#### **Table 9.**

*The chemical composition of geothermal hot waters in Şırnak and Batman [1, 2].*
