**1. Introduction**

All of the individual domestic wastewater streams contribute different amounts to the total nutrient and element potential beneficial to plant and farming. The contaminating seepages to streams should be control by local governors including the discharged areas for wastewater. However, industrial wastewater is commonly defined as wastewater from dairy factories, cheese factories, nut mills, pulp, paper, petrochemical flow, as well as industrial wastes such as various chemicals, salts and tanning acids, mining leachates. These sources vary widely in composition and often require special teritoriary processes to comply with discharge regulations. The simulation of hydrological flow discharge and fresh water wells and seepage contacts with irrigations is critical for agricultural farming and urbanization. The geotermal hot waters near Tigris River and even sulphide ore seepages, waste leachates of gold mining may deteriorate fresh water sources and agricultural land in the local area. Theuse of geothermal waters for precipitation of contaminated effluents with neutralizationh will protect the environment and agricultural fields in the South Eastern Anotalian region. The chemical analysis of the geothermal waters and given in **Table 1** [1]. The rivers, stream and flow waters in the South Eastern Anotalian region with contaminated area are illustrated in **Figure 1**.

Hazardous digestion of sludge tends to occur highly common as industrial waste streams or seepage, dissolved matters resulting from tanning or mining material oxidation of toxic species, react with geothermal bicarbonate and producing a strong hydroxyl precipitates, also neutralize the alkalinity of waste water streams as given in Eqs. (1)–(3). The basic alkali matter of geothermal waters may neutralize the acidic waste streams in production at higher pH levels over 5 with digested heavy metals in sulphide minerals. The neutralization by alkali matters govern the toxic seepage control by precipitation reactions in geothermal hot saline waters containing ammonia and bicarbonate as given below;


#### **Table 1.**

*The streams and ground water area in the Şırnak, Batman and south eastern region [1, 2].*

*Microwave Digestion of Hazardous Waste Sludge in Geothermal Hot Waters by Char/Fly Ash… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97656*

Bicarbonate and sulfite hot waters fall pH and hydrolysis as below.

$$\text{MeSO}\_4^- + \text{3HCO}\_3^- + \text{H}\_2\text{O} + \text{H}^+ \rightarrow \text{Me}^{2+} \text{ H}\_2\text{S} + \text{3CO}\_2 + 2\text{H}\_2\text{O} \tag{1}$$

The sulfide matteris highly reactive to heavy metals as given Eqs. (2) and (4):

$$\text{Fe}^{2+} + \text{H}\_2\text{S} \rightarrow \text{FeS} + 2\text{H}^+,\tag{2}$$

$$\text{Zn}^{2+} + \text{H}\_2\text{S} \rightarrow \text{ZnS} + 2\text{H}^+,\tag{3}$$

which form very stable sulfide metals. The further reaction is an oxidation of S2� to S�, as given in Eq. (6):

$$\text{FeS} + \text{S} \to \text{FeS}\_2 \tag{4}$$

generated in the late muds close to the settled mud - water interface. ZnS and PbS, in the soil are much stable and gives oxidation S in the �2 state to effluent. However, the sulfate part of reaction (2–3) may cause redox effect an oxidation. Then

$$\text{H}\_2\text{S} + 4\text{H}\_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{S}\_2\text{O}\_3^{2-} / \text{SO}\_{4-} + \text{10H}^+ + 8\text{e}^-. \tag{5}$$

The oxidation electropotantial matter of waste waters provides toxic heavy metal dissociation to stream seepages near the mining leaching area. The geothermal waters provide the hydroxide precipitates in solid matter as mud. Even jarosite precipitates by sulfihite rich geothermal hot water streams area showing an output view in the land as redish brownish colors. However, the land may become dangareous with higher heavy metal contamination for fish farming and stream fishing. Batman province copper and lead sulphide deposits and hot streams of high sulphate come out high nitrate potential contamination of fresh waters soueces as given in **Figures 1** and **2** [2].

Some of the drinking water needs of Siirt Center, Kurtalan, Tillo (Aydınlar) Districts and Kayabağlar, Gökçebağ and Atabağı Districts are provided by natural spring water called Hesko in the countryside of Şirvan District and caisson wells on Botan Stream. In addition, there are underground water drillings for agricultural purposes, water drillings opened to meet the utility water needs of individual industrial facilities, and many water drillings with or without registration (without groundwater usage permit) in rural (villages) to meet the utility and drinking water needs. There are two healing geothermal springs in the province, namely the Sağlar (Billoris) Hot Spring at 15 km on the Siirt-Eruh Road and the Fiber Spa at the banks of the Reşan Stream in the Kışlacık Village.

Wastewater arises in Şırnak as any rainwater runoff, as well as coal mining and geotermal hot saline discharge, domestic or commercial wastewater acidic seeepage or any combination of these carried by sludge to fresh water resources. The type of wastewater generated is changed by both the population and the combination of geotermal seepage surrounding, domestic industrial activities. Hazardous sludge affect the discharge patterns as well as the fresh water chemical condition. The wastewater management need efficient waste treatment system. The proper identification and characterization of the contents entering a wastewater treatment plant is essential. This is based on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the flow; on the receiving environment where the treated wastewater will be discharged. The direct and subsequent impacts are important, as well as the environmental and discharge standards already established. Four main types of wastewater can be listed as domestic, industrial, agricultural and urban. Urban wastewater is defined as a combination of domestic and industrial wastewater, as well as environmental wastewater infiltration and rainwater, while agricultural

**Figure 2.** *Euphrate - Tigris Basin nitrate sensitive ground water areas and ground water flow areas.*

## *Microwave Digestion of Hazardous Waste Sludge in Geothermal Hot Waters by Char/Fly Ash… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97656*

wastewater consists of wastewater obtained from processes from surrounding farms, agricultural activities and sometimes polluted groundwater. **Tables 2** and **3** showed the parameter values permitted in the region in which high agricultural wheat fields, cattle and fish farming are affected by ground water change and contamination rgarding to legislative precautions [3, 4].

Generally, the main contamination occurs mainly on domestic and industrial sewage, where plants are affected and the source of contamination. However, the agricultural irrigation and farming chemicals is becoming increasingly important due to the high amount of use pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural fields especially dry stony lands exhousted by high amonunt remnant chemical toxic mattersin the land. The composition of industrial wastewater varies according to the type of environmental industry, with the pollutant and pollutant composition related to the general classification into inorganic and organic industrial wastewater [5–10]. Wastewater was directly discharged to the sea water surfaces for a long time as a result of the dislocations of many stream discharge structures and the land deterioration of the discharge transmission pipes, which is completely crossed from the Şırnak.

Raw wastewater in Şırnak due to coal mining quarry creates a risk if these systems fail and the suspended sludge wastewater becomes more difficult to treat. There is no technical and technological relationship between the collection of wastewater through the sewerage network, its transmission to decantation, its treatment and discharge. Therefore, compliance with the criteria of projecting in neutralization and decantation added to the end of the sewage is very weak and non-existent. Thus, current and future technologies will eventually have to deal with mining leachate area and tailing pond areas such as the following control mechanisms [11–22]:



#### **Table 2.**

*The discharge legislation (RG-13/2/2008-26786) values for waste water treatment plant's discharge of spare parts, machine manufacturing, electric machines and equipment [3, 4].*

