**3.4 Langmuir absorption model by hot water streams**

Langmuir and Freundlich concentrations for As(V) adsorption onto sorbent at different temperatures Non-linear pseudo-first-order [11–12]:

$$qt = \mathbf{q}\_{\mathbf{e},1} \left(\mathbf{1} - \mathbf{e}^{-\mathbf{k}\_1 \mathbf{t}}\right) \tag{15}$$

Non-linear pseudo-second-order:

$$\text{qt} = \frac{qe^2 \text{kt}}{1 + qekt} \tag{16}$$

Linear pseudo-second-order:

$$\frac{1}{qqt} = \frac{1}{kqe} + \frac{1}{qe^2} \tag{17}$$

For an overview of these more innovative and prospective applications, the general common method can be given in **Tables 10** and **11**.

it is found that the amounts of neutralization ions is hydrated and formed in the mud at higher microwave temperatures with even the H + ions. Mg, and Fe atoms in the octahedral clay layers and the Al atoms in the octahedral centers manage stable porous sorbent compost, as well as the Al atoms in the tetrahedral layer, as well as Al2O3, MgO and Fe2O3.

The first order sorption concentration at three stage cycling counted by the eqution regarding the posphate sulfite, and nitrate concentrations in the waste waters as studied stepwise concentration weight increase determined by weight regressed exponantial rate change as given below:


#### **Table 10.**

*The activated bentonite compost with char shale of Şırnak materials.*


#### **Table 11.**

*The activated fly ash compost with char shale of Şırnak materials.*

*Microwave Digestion of Hazardous Waste Sludge in Geothermal Hot Waters by Char/Fly Ash… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97656*

$$\ln c\_{Pb} \, ^{\text{NO3,PO3,S2O3}} = 1 + \frac{k\_{\text{NO3}}t}{1!} + \frac{k\_{\text{PO3}}t^2}{2!} + \frac{k\_{\text{S2O3}}t^3}{3!}, 3ppm < c < 300 ppm \tag{18}$$

Cation exchange abilityof clay was so effective parameter in metal sorption manner. The alkali pH provided efficient washing criteria in the column sorption.

It is illustrated in the **Figure 7**, the lower pH decreases inversely limiting sorption and reduce the amount of neutralizing salt added to oak wood char sorbent. When FeCl3 is used, iron ion fouling is observed in the sorption with coal char with low coal porosity and metal iron content.

Wood char is known to have a considerable dependence on the layer charge and edge charge pH. Therefore, a decrease in the cation exchange capacity should be expected in parallel with the decrease in pH. Neutralization supresses the oxidation of sludge and precipitation of chelates may improve the adsorption to wood char with high mesopore structure as seen in **Figure 8**.

As seen **Figure 9**, The bicarbonate hot waters affect the waste seepage in the copper mining leachate zone. The high level of iron and lead show the contamination at char load change, high level fly ash suspensions at 10% weight rate with 22% volume rate obtained microwave washing stepwise cycled- depending on the neutralization salt concentration added at 10 g-100 mg.

**Figure 7.** *The change in metal sorption depending on the metal concentration incorporated in the coal char/fly ash suspensions.*

#### *Promising Techniques for Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Assessment*

#### **Figure 8.**

*The change in metal sorption depending on the metal concentration incorporated in the wood char/fly ash suspensions.*

The high level of geotermal spa waters and heap leachate lead and cyanide metal complexs could be adsorbed by coal char and wood char susupensions by microwave act decantation unit, cycled washed and enhanced with use of hot waters. The outcome effluent of clarification treatment and injection to subground as shown in **Figure 10**, rehabiliate the irigation area with the contamination at cyanide or metal load at high level even by means of fly ash suspensions at low weight rate, 10%.

#### **4. Conclusions**

This waste geotermal source combined with the discharge of inefficiently treated wastewater discharge into surface water sources. The method protect farming and irrigation sources imposed a direct threat not only to existing macro and microflora and fauna, but also to the provision of good quality water required for all socioeconomic functions. For this reason, continuous monitoring of the operating status of geotermal wastewater treatment plants is increasing the importance of the environment and fresh water source become a key factor in determining the amount and quality of wastewater clarified and decanted by the relevant municipalities.

It is understood that public institutions and organizations have almost completely lost their functions in the field of gold heap leaching, mining waste production and the private sector has difficulties in finding financing and making *Microwave Digestion of Hazardous Waste Sludge in Geothermal Hot Waters by Char/Fly Ash… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97656*

#### **Figure 9.**

*The geotermal hot water of Güçlükonak in Şırnak changed neutralization and metal sorption depending on the metal concentration incorporated in the wood char/fly ash suspensions.*

#### **Figure 10.**

*The proposed feed flow into ground water, stability change in contaminated metal level, the sorption manner depending on the active site incorporated in the wood char/fly ash suspensions.*

investments, necessary work should be done to create an alternative energy policy based on the country's domestic and renewable energy options, which are more environmentally sensitive. Waste materials of coal mining may promote the neutralization and fertile carbon healing of soil.

Since water in our country has scarce and hard environmentally undesirable chemical content, R&D studies that positively affect treatment efficiency in treatment model determination and cost for aim to minimize environmental problems should be focused on, these studies should be planned and encouraged by the government. License splitting practices, which have negative consequences in terms of production and efficiency, should be abandoned immediately in the evaluation of reservoirs in ground controlled basins.

Water management, ground water control, waste pool design, slime control and hydro power plant projects significantly need that; waste water management and ground waters should be analyzed in environmental, social and economic terms as a whole, and it should be decided whether the projects will be implemented considering the social benefit.

In resoirvoir basins, hydro power electricity generation activities, priority should be given to the people of the region in employment and the needs that arise during these activities should be met from the region as much as possible and focus on regional development.

In the use of fresh water, the current and advanced technologies in the world should be followed and the use of these technologies should be encouraged by legal regulations.

The waste water Law, the Environmental Impact Assessment Legislation, the legislation that has a direct or indirect connection with the electricity generation from hydro power plants, should be rearranged by a structure that includes professional associations, universities and non-governmental organizations with a steadfast understanding that takes into account the needs of the society.

The energy that society needs; It should be offered to the public with equal opportunities regardless of population density, water scarcity and region, and it should be ensured that energy, which is a human right, is cheap, reliable and accessible.

Heap leaching applications for gold and copper productions in the area is planned the feasibility reports regarding environmental contamination shows some degree of contamination and certain collection pools and seepage area will be highly contaminated by atmospherical dry contions. That hard winter conditions oxidized the contaminating oxidation products inthe ground water streams and dry weather conditions with scarcity of water may affect the cattle breeding and fish farming by evaporation of clean fresh water sources in the summer term.

In the pH measurements made, the pH value of 7,3 in washing hazardous waste water finally at the last washing column decreased to 5, depending on the concentration of salt content of sorbents in the water.

Stepped microwave heated washing test measurements showed that washed waste waters obtained after cycled at third steps in durated 2 hours time in slow decantation flow using hot water with alkali bicarbonate and sulfite matter flow with 1 mm sorbent packages showed reductions in Pb, Hg and Fe at 37% performance.

In clean water aliquate had the 22 ppm Pb, 5 ppm Hg and 67 Fe chelate and precipitated Pb reduction at step model with nitrate is observed. The clean washed water is 0,73 ppm/min.l, Hg and total Fe reduction rate are decreased to 0,43 ppm/ min.l and 0,23 ppm/min.l, respectively.

## **Abbreviations**
