**2.4. Description of building**

The building evaluated is a family house spread over an area of 273 m2, and consists of: three bedrooms, shower, living room and kitchen, occupied by 5 people. The modeling of the building is shown in **Figure 1**.

**Table 1** showed the different characteristics of materials applied in this building.

**Figure 1.** *Studied building.*



*Thermal properties of some materials.*

**7**

*Net Zero Energy Buildings and Low Carbon Emission, a Case of Study of Madagascar Island*

It was seen in this table that the materials as Hemp and Limestone Silicon do not

The modeling of the building and all simulations were led thanks to Design Builder. The Design Builder software is one of the most famous existing software in modeling and optimization of the building. It also helps reduce the carbon content. The most recent version 6.3 is used in this study. The Design Builder tool also

To calibrate this model, we compared the different simulated and measured values of a building typically encountered in Madagascar [23], by calculating the linear

Wind turbine with alternating current worked 24/7. This wind turbine was a rotor type horizontal with a diameter estimated to 41 m, a height of 31 m, number

an angle of 45°C, with maximum orientation from south to north. The different

The photovoltaic panels occupied almost three-quarters of the roof area, making

In the reference scenario, we decided to study this residential building without any physical constraint. In its state as naturally as possible, and there is no source of electrical production. In this case, we use the A2 scenario, designed by the IPCC, which is the most realistic in Madagascar [24] for assessing indoor air quality and

In a scenario 1, we install photovoltaic panels on two-thirds of the roof, while increasing the thickness of insulation by 2 cm (from 9 to 11 cm). The main facade is oriented from south to north, with solar protection on each window. The inclination of the solar panels is set at 45°C. The network was not connected to a power storage

In Scenario 2, we apply all the details presented in Scenario 1, except that the entire power grid is connected to a storage system. In addition to this, we apply the wind turbine to the building, whose characteristics are detailed in the previous paragraph. We made simulation this building according to each scenario and we got found new results.

Air temperature and relative humidity are both environmental parameters which their variation has a significant impact on the occupant's comfort. **Figure 2** shows the variation of indoor air temperature in the new building. We can see that currently, in the building, indoor air temperature varies from 19.83 to 22.57°C; in 2030, the

the error is negligible if the correlation coefficient obtained is around of ±1.

) to analyze the margin of error. The literature shows that

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90854*

minimizes costs and hours of discomfort.

**2.7. Wind turbine and photovoltaic systems**

of blades 3, with a maximum power coefficient of 0.4.

panels consisted of polycrystalline cells with a mixed association.

**2.5. Description of software**

**2.6. Calibration of model**

correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>

**2.8. Scenarios**

temperature in the future.

system (e.g., the battery).

**3. Results and discussions**

**3.1. Indoor air**

produce CO2.

*Net Zero Energy Buildings and Low Carbon Emission, a Case of Study of Madagascar Island DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90854*

It was seen in this table that the materials as Hemp and Limestone Silicon do not produce CO2.

### **2.5. Description of software**

*Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies*

**Layer**

**Building** 

Layer1 Layer2 Layer3 Layer4 Layer1

> **Table 1.**

*Thermal properties of some materials.*

Roof tiles

0.030

0.08

530.0

1800.0

wood

0.05

0.056

380.0

1000.0

1.2 0.19

30

6.6

Limestone

0.10

0.136

270.0

880.0

silicon

Hemp

0.09

Ceiling

0.02

**element**

**Component**

**Thickness** 

**Thermal conductivity** 

**Density** 

**Specific heat** 

**Embodied Carbon** 

**Cost** 

**U-value (W/**

**m2-K)**

**(\$/m2)**

**(kgCO2)**

1.2 0.0 0.0

16.5

27.5

6.6

0.20

**capacity (J/kg K)**

**(kg/m3)**

380.0

1000.0

**(W/m-K)**

0.056

0.04

25.0

1000.0

**(m)**

**6**

The modeling of the building and all simulations were led thanks to Design Builder. The Design Builder software is one of the most famous existing software in modeling and optimization of the building. It also helps reduce the carbon content. The most recent version 6.3 is used in this study. The Design Builder tool also minimizes costs and hours of discomfort.

#### **2.6. Calibration of model**

To calibrate this model, we compared the different simulated and measured values of a building typically encountered in Madagascar [23], by calculating the linear correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup> ) to analyze the margin of error. The literature shows that the error is negligible if the correlation coefficient obtained is around of ±1.

#### **2.7. Wind turbine and photovoltaic systems**

Wind turbine with alternating current worked 24/7. This wind turbine was a rotor type horizontal with a diameter estimated to 41 m, a height of 31 m, number of blades 3, with a maximum power coefficient of 0.4.

The photovoltaic panels occupied almost three-quarters of the roof area, making an angle of 45°C, with maximum orientation from south to north. The different panels consisted of polycrystalline cells with a mixed association.

#### **2.8. Scenarios**

In the reference scenario, we decided to study this residential building without any physical constraint. In its state as naturally as possible, and there is no source of electrical production. In this case, we use the A2 scenario, designed by the IPCC, which is the most realistic in Madagascar [24] for assessing indoor air quality and temperature in the future.

In a scenario 1, we install photovoltaic panels on two-thirds of the roof, while increasing the thickness of insulation by 2 cm (from 9 to 11 cm). The main facade is oriented from south to north, with solar protection on each window. The inclination of the solar panels is set at 45°C. The network was not connected to a power storage system (e.g., the battery).

In Scenario 2, we apply all the details presented in Scenario 1, except that the entire power grid is connected to a storage system. In addition to this, we apply the wind turbine to the building, whose characteristics are detailed in the previous paragraph. We made simulation this building according to each scenario and we got found new results.

#### **3. Results and discussions**

#### **3.1. Indoor air**

Air temperature and relative humidity are both environmental parameters which their variation has a significant impact on the occupant's comfort. **Figure 2** shows the variation of indoor air temperature in the new building. We can see that currently, in the building, indoor air temperature varies from 19.83 to 22.57°C; in 2030, the

indoor air temperature is expected to be between 19.96 and 22.82°C; in 2050, in the same condition, indoor air temperature will be between 20.41 and 23.10°C. Globally, indoor air will increase to 0.30°C in 2030, and 0.52°C in 2050; compare to current air temperature. In addition, it is seen in **Figure 3** that presently, relative humidity varies between 59.57 and 75.41%. In the future, it will vary between 58.77 and 76.03% in 2030, and, from 59.82 and 77.25% in 2050. The analysis showed that relative humidity will increase to 1.51% in 2030, and 2.73% in 2050; compare to 2017. The ASHRAE 55 ranges of comfort suggested indoor air temperature of 23–26°C; and relative humidity of 30–60% [25]. These different values are outside the ASHRAE ranges. Antananarivo is dominated by several mountains which affect the climate of this city. This interval is low compare to that found by Nematchoua et al. [26], in traditional buildings in Madagascar, which were between 24.6 and 28.4°C.
