**3.2 Roof area for the integration of solar panels for each different environment region**

Receiving energy from the sun is based on radiation. If the consumer is in the northern hemisphere, the sun's rays will be on the south side, and if objects are on the north side of the roof, they will cast shadows on the solar system. For various seasons, this impact would be different. Eq. 2 shows the space available for the use of the solar system.

$$AR\_{Accressible} = F\_s \times F\_{rf} \times AR.\tag{2}$$

where *ARAccessible* is an accessible roof area for use in solar system installation and *Fs* is a factor of the impact of roofing facilities and *Frf* is shading effect factor and *AR* is an area of roof accessible for use by solar systems.

Second, hourly solar radiation obtained by 1 m<sup>2</sup> of the solar system area is measured, considering the various forms of usable solar radiation.

#### **3.3 Hourly solar energy on the plane**

Complete radiation is one of the parameters for calculating the radiant energy of the sun. Global radiation depends on the variability of radiation and reflection in the environment. The following factors are: beam radiation, diffuse radiation, and reflective surface radiation. If *total I* = full direct radiation from the atmosphere of the solar system and *global I* = global radiation and ρ = the part of global solar radiation reflecting from the ground and 1 cos 2 <sup>−</sup> α is a factor of view to the ground and *DI* = diffuse radiation and *Rb* is radiation ratio of the beam to the solar array

on the flat plane, *bI* , equal to beam radiation, then Eq. (3) can calculate the total radiation on beam.

$$I\_{\text{total}} = I\_{\text{global}} \rho \left(\frac{\mathbf{1} - \cos \alpha}{2}\right) + I\_D \left(\frac{\mathbf{1} + \cos \alpha}{2}\right) + R\_b I\_b \tag{3}$$

The installation location of the solar system and the solar angles can affect the performance of the system. If this angle deviates from the vertical, the intensity of the radiation will also decrease. According to the definition, 1 cos 2 <sup>+</sup> α is a view element to the sun, that is, the proportion of the sun visible from the observation point (surface of the solar array) [3]. This variable can then be used to determine the thermal and electrical solar energy production independently by one square meter of a solar energy system per hour, bearing in mind the properties of the solar energy system and the ambient temperature, system errors, etc. Typical calculations for the electrical and thermal performance of individual solar energy systems have been used to achieve these tests. After this, solar electrical and thermal outputs are defined per square. The meter multiplies the estimates for the accessible roof area. Solar energy systems are configured based on geographical area, climatic zone, and type of construction. The hourly data for solar supply is then combined within each month of the year, implying the potential of solar storage systems within one month, and contrasted to the monthly predictions for building energy systems use for each month. Final uses (solar energy thermal production is compared with tests for room and water heating, solar energy electrical performance for ventilation, lighting, and appliances). This same full methodology of the BISE method is considerably further complicated and requires the further calculation of a variety of parameters described in this article. For further information, access to [12] is suggested.

#### **4. Results**

In order to emphasize the value of energy conservation for solar-powered NZEBs under the BISE model, the results for solar energy balances (i.e., solar energy supply vs. any building energy use) were compared to two 3CSEP scenarios: Deep conservation and medium efficiency categories for each of 11 countries, temperature areas, and based treatment. The essential purpose of such a study is to evaluate the effect on the solar fraction of the energy efficiency level change (i.e., the portion of building energy consumption that can be offset by solar energy output) in various regions and buildings. As noted above, extreme scenario presupposes very ambitious changes in energy quality (Approximately passive household energy efficiency), while moderate scenario assumes standard building energy output that can be attained by 2050 if existing government patterns proceed without significant innovations modifications.

The deep scenario results were combined with the energy use estimates of the appliances and lighting from the BUENAS model's BAU scenario with a 50% reduction in their energy intensities by 2050 to illustrate potential improvements in energy efficiency from these end-uses.

The result shows that the odds of meeting the net zero energy target in certain types of buildings are significantly smaller under the medium scenario than under the Extreme one. Tables also reveal that emerging regions can attain the NZE production over a more significant number of months than existing ones. The

**71**

*Solar Energy and Its Purpose in Net-Zero Energy Building*

reason can be twofold: lower energy consumption in developing-country buildings due to more restricted access to modern energy infrastructure and a much greater abundance of solar energy supplies than in developed countries, most of which are concentrated in the northern hemisphere. This also demonstrates that in emerging regions (SAS, PAS, MEA, LAC, and AFR), the gap between the room and water heating energy usage is negligible. In these cases, electricity requirements for such end uses of most building styles (with some exceptions) in these regions can

Full coverage can only be reached in other, primarily low-rise building forms (e.g., retail or single-family buildings) in all the months of 2050 in developing areas. The highest-rise structures, usually represented by multifamily and office buildings, display the lowest NZE capacity in developing regions among other

The number of months in which solar thermal is not adequate to satisfy the thermal energy demand in these buildings ranges from Low to high , depending on the location. PAO indicates the most significant potential for satisfying solar thermal energy demand across developing regions: Under the deep scenario, 100 percent thermal energy consumption coverage will be reached across all months and in all types of buildings. The great abundance of solar energy can explain this for most of

Results for the medium scenario explicitly demonstrate a substantial rise in the number of months, at least for developing countries, when thermal energy demands need additional energy sources and on-site solar power generation. Some of the situations in these countries, where a large amount of building energy consumption may be met with solar energy during the deep scenario for much of the months, would have some months in the medium scenario where it is not feasible. In the Medium case, only five building forms in PAO, single-family buildings in CPA, and residential buildings in WEU show the possibility in replacing thermal

Developing regions have ample solar power to meet solar heat thermal energy requirements during the year for most types of buildings, even with modest levels of energy efficient construction. In these countries, energy issues are still observed in some styles of tall and modern buildings. This is difficult to achieve monthly zero-energy ratios during the year (e.g., office and hospital buildings in SAS, PAS,

As for electrical capacity, the disparity between scenarios in developed regions is more apparent—in the intermediate scenario, the number of months in which all electricity requirements can be met with solar energy than in the deep scenario in virtually all regions and building styles (exceptions are some categories of houses in the PAS and single-family homes throughout the LAC area, where maximum

Under the deep scenarios, emerging areas display a strong probability of supplying the bulk of building forms with ample solar electricity volumes. Nonetheless, the results for two high-rise building forms in MEA and office buildings in LAC indicate that solar power will not be adequate to satisfy the energy the building needs over the months. The mixture of thermal and electrical results provides an understanding in which regions and forms of buildings NZE efficiency can only be accomplished with solar energy based on the 2050 monthly

• The single-family PAO, SAS, EEU, CPA, MEA, LAC, and AFR buildings.

theoretically be fulfilled during the year by solar power supply only.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93500*

building forms.

the year in this area.

energy consumption with solar in all months.

energy balance. These cases would include:

• All styles of construction at PAS.

and MEA, multifamily and school buildings in MEA).

coverage age is possible in all cases during the month of the year).

#### *Solar Energy and Its Purpose in Net-Zero Energy Building DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93500*

*Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies*

ρ

the radiation will also decrease. According to the definition, 1 cos

radiation on beam.

access to [12] is suggested.

significant innovations modifications.

energy efficiency from these end-uses.

**4. Results**

on the flat plane, *bI* , equal to beam radiation, then Eq. (3) can calculate the total

1 cos 1 cos 2 2 − + = ++ *total global <sup>D</sup> b b I I <sup>I</sup> R I* α

The installation location of the solar system and the solar angles can affect the performance of the system. If this angle deviates from the vertical, the intensity of

element to the sun, that is, the proportion of the sun visible from the observation point (surface of the solar array) [3]. This variable can then be used to determine the thermal and electrical solar energy production independently by one square meter of a solar energy system per hour, bearing in mind the properties of the solar energy system and the ambient temperature, system errors, etc. Typical calculations for the electrical and thermal performance of individual solar energy systems have been used to achieve these tests. After this, solar electrical and thermal outputs are defined per square. The meter multiplies the estimates for the accessible roof area. Solar energy systems are configured based on geographical area, climatic zone, and type of construction. The hourly data for solar supply is then combined within each month of the year, implying the potential of solar storage systems within one month, and contrasted to the monthly predictions for building energy systems use for each month. Final uses (solar energy thermal production is compared with tests for room and water heating, solar energy electrical performance for ventilation, lighting, and appliances). This same full methodology of the BISE method is considerably further complicated and requires the further calculation of a variety of parameters described in this article. For further information,

In order to emphasize the value of energy conservation for solar-powered NZEBs under the BISE model, the results for solar energy balances (i.e., solar energy supply vs. any building energy use) were compared to two 3CSEP scenarios: Deep conservation and medium efficiency categories for each of 11 countries, temperature areas, and based treatment. The essential purpose of such a study is to evaluate the effect on the solar fraction of the energy efficiency level change (i.e., the portion of building energy consumption that can be offset by solar energy output) in various regions and buildings. As noted above, extreme scenario presupposes very ambitious changes in energy quality (Approximately passive household energy efficiency), while moderate scenario assumes standard building energy output that can be attained by 2050 if existing government patterns proceed without

The deep scenario results were combined with the energy use estimates of the appliances and lighting from the BUENAS model's BAU scenario with a 50% reduction in their energy intensities by 2050 to illustrate potential improvements in

The result shows that the odds of meeting the net zero energy target in certain types of buildings are significantly smaller under the medium scenario than under the Extreme one. Tables also reveal that emerging regions can attain the NZE production over a more significant number of months than existing ones. The

 α

(3)

2 <sup>+</sup> α

is a view

**70**

reason can be twofold: lower energy consumption in developing-country buildings due to more restricted access to modern energy infrastructure and a much greater abundance of solar energy supplies than in developed countries, most of which are concentrated in the northern hemisphere. This also demonstrates that in emerging regions (SAS, PAS, MEA, LAC, and AFR), the gap between the room and water heating energy usage is negligible. In these cases, electricity requirements for such end uses of most building styles (with some exceptions) in these regions can theoretically be fulfilled during the year by solar power supply only.

Full coverage can only be reached in other, primarily low-rise building forms (e.g., retail or single-family buildings) in all the months of 2050 in developing areas. The highest-rise structures, usually represented by multifamily and office buildings, display the lowest NZE capacity in developing regions among other building forms.

The number of months in which solar thermal is not adequate to satisfy the thermal energy demand in these buildings ranges from Low to high , depending on the location. PAO indicates the most significant potential for satisfying solar thermal energy demand across developing regions: Under the deep scenario, 100 percent thermal energy consumption coverage will be reached across all months and in all types of buildings. The great abundance of solar energy can explain this for most of the year in this area.

Results for the medium scenario explicitly demonstrate a substantial rise in the number of months, at least for developing countries, when thermal energy demands need additional energy sources and on-site solar power generation. Some of the situations in these countries, where a large amount of building energy consumption may be met with solar energy during the deep scenario for much of the months, would have some months in the medium scenario where it is not feasible. In the Medium case, only five building forms in PAO, single-family buildings in CPA, and residential buildings in WEU show the possibility in replacing thermal energy consumption with solar in all months.

Developing regions have ample solar power to meet solar heat thermal energy requirements during the year for most types of buildings, even with modest levels of energy efficient construction. In these countries, energy issues are still observed in some styles of tall and modern buildings. This is difficult to achieve monthly zero-energy ratios during the year (e.g., office and hospital buildings in SAS, PAS, and MEA, multifamily and school buildings in MEA).

As for electrical capacity, the disparity between scenarios in developed regions is more apparent—in the intermediate scenario, the number of months in which all electricity requirements can be met with solar energy than in the deep scenario in virtually all regions and building styles (exceptions are some categories of houses in the PAS and single-family homes throughout the LAC area, where maximum coverage age is possible in all cases during the month of the year).

Under the deep scenarios, emerging areas display a strong probability of supplying the bulk of building forms with ample solar electricity volumes. Nonetheless, the results for two high-rise building forms in MEA and office buildings in LAC indicate that solar power will not be adequate to satisfy the energy the building needs over the months. The mixture of thermal and electrical results provides an understanding in which regions and forms of buildings NZE efficiency can only be accomplished with solar energy based on the 2050 monthly energy balance. These cases would include:


The findings set out in this document are predictions for (**Figure 2**) potential energy consumption in buildings by 2050 for different regions; building forms and end users and (**Figure 3**) the highest possible technological capacity for producing solar energy from advanced construction technologies.

#### **Figure 2.**

*For single-family buildings in 2050 in kilowatt hours per square meter of floor space, shown in deep versus medium conditions and the use of thermal energy versus solar thermal output [3].*

#### **Figure 3.**

*Thermal energy usage vs solar thermal energy output in 2050 for industrial & public buildings, kWh / m2 of floor space, Extreme vs intermediate scenarios [3].*

**73**

*Solar Energy and Its Purpose in Net-Zero Energy Building*

This chapter's key purpose was to compare the effects of building energy usage under two conditions with different levels of building energy efficiency to the amount of solar energy, which can theoretically be produced by advanced hybrid technology from the rooftops of these buildings. While solar energy capacity measurements have been conducted for each hour, the relation between solar energy supply and the building energy consumption is made monthly (due to the lack of more accurate statistics on building energy usage at the global and national level). It is estimated that generated solar energy will be accumulated at the construction site within 1 month at the level of each area, building type, and

Five key messages can sum up the outcomes of such a comparison:

more energy from fossil fuels, and thus trigger greenhouse gases.

needs in some regions (particularly developed ones).

1.Synergies between energy conservation and on-site solar energy generation play a key role in bringing electricity output from building to net zero energy

2.Via "strong" energy conservation steps, the same volume of solar energy will support a more significant share of electricity demand, minimize the need for

3.To exploit the net-zero energy performance capacity of all building services, including lighting and appliances, should be confirmed. New and updated buildings' thermal energy efficiency must meet passive house standards

lighting and appliances, even halving their use of electricity by 2050 would not be enough to enable maximum solar coverage of the respective electricity

4.Developing countries are seeing greater solar energy efficiency in buildings because of the availability of solar energy resources and lower electricity requirements. However, energy conservation is also critical in these regions to offset the substantial rise in energy usage anticipated in certain regions in the

5.Low-rise buildings usually have a higher capacity to meet a significant portion of their solar energy requirement than high-rise ones. Yet modest energy efficiency standards make reaching the NZE target more difficult in most

depending on location and type of building). As for

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93500*

climate zone.

level.

(about 15–30 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>

immediate future.

styles of buildings.

*Solar Energy and Its Purpose in Net-Zero Energy Building DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93500*

*Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies*

• SAS, LAC, AFR market constructions.

• LAC multifamily homes.

• The 'other' SAS, MEA, LAC, and AFR buildings.

solar energy from advanced construction technologies.

• LAC educational institutions and hotels and restaurants AFR.

The findings set out in this document are predictions for (**Figure 2**) potential energy consumption in buildings by 2050 for different regions; building forms and end users and (**Figure 3**) the highest possible technological capacity for producing

*For single-family buildings in 2050 in kilowatt hours per square meter of floor space, shown in deep versus* 

*Thermal energy usage vs solar thermal energy output in 2050 for industrial & public buildings, kWh / m2 of* 

*medium conditions and the use of thermal energy versus solar thermal output [3].*

**72**

**Figure 3.**

*floor space, Extreme vs intermediate scenarios [3].*

**Figure 2.**

This chapter's key purpose was to compare the effects of building energy usage under two conditions with different levels of building energy efficiency to the amount of solar energy, which can theoretically be produced by advanced hybrid technology from the rooftops of these buildings. While solar energy capacity measurements have been conducted for each hour, the relation between solar energy supply and the building energy consumption is made monthly (due to the lack of more accurate statistics on building energy usage at the global and national level). It is estimated that generated solar energy will be accumulated at the construction site within 1 month at the level of each area, building type, and climate zone.

Five key messages can sum up the outcomes of such a comparison:


*Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies*
