**1. Introduction**

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and energy consumption in lecture rooms is an important issue and of great concern during the last few years. For energy consumption, fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) are currently the most used form of energy resources, accounting for invariably 82% of energy consumed [1]. However, the burning of fossil fuels for our comfort emits carbon dioxide and in

turn leads to the greenhouse effect, acid rain, and environment hazards [2–3]. Accordingly, a temperature analysis at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) noted that the average global Earth temperature has increased approximately by 0.8°C (1.4°F) since 1880, where most of the warming occurred in the last few decades at a rate of 0.2°C per decade since 1970 [4].

Consequently, several architects and building design engineers are giving more attention to natural ventilation or mixed-mode systems. Predictions of ventilation scenarios are more accurately modelled for mechanically driven systems as the designer knows the flow parameters in the different components making up the

*Computational Analysis of a Lecture Room Ventilation System*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92725*

tion of various ventilation options an early stage in the design process [9].

From the time when more powerful, inexpensive computers were available, an additional tool has become available to designers – Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This method analyses the airflow in a room by sub-dividing the space in the room into small cells and solving the equations governing the airflow and temperature distribution in each cell. This method allows changes to the geometry and operating conditions be made more easily, offering a perfect tool for the investiga-

The electricity consumed due to the extensive usage of air conditioning units during hot weather results in increased peak electricity demand during this season. This high electrical energy demand invariably increases the consumption of fossil fuel, leading to increased atmospheric pollution and finally climate change. Therefore, using renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy as passive ventilation methods to provide adequate indoor air quality is vital. These methods will solve direct challenges associated with building high energy usage and indirectly pollution and climate change caused by numerous mechanical ventilation systems [12–13]. As with passive ventilation, fossil dependency is eradicated and therefore natural ventilation system is a better alternative solution for indoor air

The aim of the study is to develop a computational model of a lecture room to perform ventilation analysis with and without incorporating passive ventilation, and thus investigating the energy saving potential and indoor air quality improve-

I.To analyse a model lecture room's thermal comfort performance without

II.To investigate the use of passive ventilation system to improve the natural

III.Determine the energy saving potential of the proposed passive ventilation

There is huge dependence on electricity to run mechanical devices to provide ventilation and thermal comfort in buildings located in the tropics and in temperate regions during hot seasons. Commercial and residential buildings account for 40% of the world energy demand as well as 40–50% of the global carbon emissions [14]. More than 60% of the total energy consumption in buildings are attributed to Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems [15]. This signifies a

mechanical or passive ventilation devices using CFD.

system [9, 11].

quality.

**1.3 Aims and objectives**

The objectives were:

ventilation of the room.

ments of the room.

system.

**79**

**1.4 Justification of study**

**1.2 Statement of the problem**

Another concern is the level of indoor air quality in lecture rooms which has been confirmed to cause discomfort among students in a class and may induce sleep and also affect learning. While considering the ventilation of lecture halls, indoor air quality is very vital. Natural ventilation has the potential to save energy costs as well as to maintain good air quality within the building, where natural ventilation is a method to deliver fresh air through buildings creating a pressure difference.

Natural ventilation could be as a result of air infiltration through various unintentional openings in the building. However, natural ventilation takes place as a result of manual control of opening of the building's doors, windows, or through other fenestration in the building. Furthermore, natural ventilation is achieved when a building is equipped with a ventilation system like natural ventilation solar chimneys and wind catchers. Air flows in and out of the building as a result of pressure differences across the openings, which is due to the combined action of wind and buoyancy-driven forces. In modern times, natural ventilation is considered not only as a simple measure of providing fresh air for the occupants and maintaining adequate indoor air quality levels, but also an excellent energy-saving means of reducing the internal cooling load of buildings located in the tropical regions. Natural ventilation system alone may achieve a good indoor thermal comfort, depending on the ambient conditions, without requiring the help of additional mechanical cooling devices.

#### **1.1 Background of study**

The high growth in population leading to high energy use globally and the accompanying increase in the fossil energy demand has resulted in detrimental effect on the environment and health of the society [5]. Among all users of fossil energy, the building industry sector has been observed to be one of the major energy consumers [6]. It is estimated that the building construction industry accounts for approximately 40% of the world's energy consumption. The industry is also accountable for the emission of pollutants of which about 70% of the total global emitted Sulphur oxides and 50% of emitted CO2 are credited to it [7]. The total amount of energy consumed by the building industry sector are in four stages: stage one is during the process of making the materials; stage two is during transporting the materials, stage three is during the construction of the buildings and lastly during their lifetime of the buildings energy is required for operation and maintenance of the buildings [8].

However, it is essential to maintain good indoor air quality in buildings, which is achieved by providing sufficient ventilation to ensure the removal of stale air and the supply of fresh air for the occupants using several methods. These methods include mechanical ventilation (using fans and ducts to move huge volumes of air with or without heating/cooling the air); air-conditioning (in which the temperature and humidity of the air supplied through fans and ducts are fully controlled); and natural ventilation (which makes use of the naturally occurring driving forces of wind and buoyancy). A hybrid approach has also been used in practice, which combines both natural forces and mechanical devices, usually fans, to provide adequate ventilation [9–10].

The main disadvantages of air-conditioning and fans are cost (operation and maintenance costs) and space required to house the necessary equipment.

*Computational Analysis of a Lecture Room Ventilation System DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92725*

Consequently, several architects and building design engineers are giving more attention to natural ventilation or mixed-mode systems. Predictions of ventilation scenarios are more accurately modelled for mechanically driven systems as the designer knows the flow parameters in the different components making up the system [9, 11].

From the time when more powerful, inexpensive computers were available, an additional tool has become available to designers – Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This method analyses the airflow in a room by sub-dividing the space in the room into small cells and solving the equations governing the airflow and temperature distribution in each cell. This method allows changes to the geometry and operating conditions be made more easily, offering a perfect tool for the investigation of various ventilation options an early stage in the design process [9].

#### **1.2 Statement of the problem**

turn leads to the greenhouse effect, acid rain, and environment hazards [2–3]. Accordingly, a temperature analysis at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) noted that the average global Earth temperature has increased approximately by 0.8°C (1.4°F) since 1880, where most of the warming occurred in the last

Another concern is the level of indoor air quality in lecture rooms which has been confirmed to cause discomfort among students in a class and may induce sleep and also affect learning. While considering the ventilation of lecture halls, indoor air quality is very vital. Natural ventilation has the potential to save energy costs as well as to maintain good air quality within the building, where natural ventilation is a method to deliver fresh air through buildings creating a pressure difference. Natural ventilation could be as a result of air infiltration through various unintentional openings in the building. However, natural ventilation takes place as a result of manual control of opening of the building's doors, windows, or through other fenestration in the building. Furthermore, natural ventilation is achieved when a building is equipped with a ventilation system like natural ventilation solar chimneys

and wind catchers. Air flows in and out of the building as a result of pressure differences across the openings, which is due to the combined action of wind and buoyancy-driven forces. In modern times, natural ventilation is considered not only as a simple measure of providing fresh air for the occupants and maintaining adequate indoor air quality levels, but also an excellent energy-saving means of reducing the internal cooling load of buildings located in the tropical regions. Natural ventilation system alone may achieve a good indoor thermal comfort, depending on the ambient conditions, without requiring the help of additional mechanical cooling devices.

The high growth in population leading to high energy use globally and the accompanying increase in the fossil energy demand has resulted in detrimental effect on the environment and health of the society [5]. Among all users of fossil energy, the building industry sector has been observed to be one of the major energy consumers [6]. It is estimated that the building construction industry accounts for approximately 40% of the world's energy consumption. The industry is also accountable for the emission of pollutants of which about 70% of the total global emitted Sulphur oxides and 50% of emitted CO2 are credited to it [7]. The total amount of energy consumed by the building industry sector are in four stages:

stage one is during the process of making the materials; stage two is during transporting the materials, stage three is during the construction of the buildings and lastly during their lifetime of the buildings energy is required for operation and

However, it is essential to maintain good indoor air quality in buildings, which is achieved by providing sufficient ventilation to ensure the removal of stale air and the supply of fresh air for the occupants using several methods. These methods include mechanical ventilation (using fans and ducts to move huge volumes of air with or without heating/cooling the air); air-conditioning (in which the temperature and humidity of the air supplied through fans and ducts are fully controlled); and natural ventilation (which makes use of the naturally occurring driving forces of wind and buoyancy). A hybrid approach has also been used in practice, which combines both natural forces and mechanical devices, usually fans, to provide

The main disadvantages of air-conditioning and fans are cost (operation and

maintenance costs) and space required to house the necessary equipment.

few decades at a rate of 0.2°C per decade since 1970 [4].

*Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies*

**1.1 Background of study**

maintenance of the buildings [8].

adequate ventilation [9–10].

**78**

The electricity consumed due to the extensive usage of air conditioning units during hot weather results in increased peak electricity demand during this season. This high electrical energy demand invariably increases the consumption of fossil fuel, leading to increased atmospheric pollution and finally climate change. Therefore, using renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy as passive ventilation methods to provide adequate indoor air quality is vital. These methods will solve direct challenges associated with building high energy usage and indirectly pollution and climate change caused by numerous mechanical ventilation systems [12–13]. As with passive ventilation, fossil dependency is eradicated and therefore natural ventilation system is a better alternative solution for indoor air quality.

#### **1.3 Aims and objectives**

The aim of the study is to develop a computational model of a lecture room to perform ventilation analysis with and without incorporating passive ventilation, and thus investigating the energy saving potential and indoor air quality improvements of the room.

The objectives were:


#### **1.4 Justification of study**

There is huge dependence on electricity to run mechanical devices to provide ventilation and thermal comfort in buildings located in the tropics and in temperate regions during hot seasons. Commercial and residential buildings account for 40% of the world energy demand as well as 40–50% of the global carbon emissions [14]. More than 60% of the total energy consumption in buildings are attributed to Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems [15]. This signifies a

major opportunity for reducing the total global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Naturally ventilated building designs using devices such as wind catchers and solar chimneys are progressively being used for increasing fresh air flow and reducing energy consumption in buildings. Proper natural ventilation is of necessity owing to the high cost of maintenance of mechanical ventilation systems and relative increase in electrical energy cost needed to operate such machine. It is therefore justified to apply wind and solar energy, which are renewable energy sources, to provide adequate thermal comfort, indoor air quality and solve some challenges associated with mechanical ventilation systems.

water vapour pressure in the air) [22] and three human factors (metabolism, activ-

There are some several reasons why thermal comfort is important in the design

• There is a direct relationship between the energy consumption of a building to the temperature its occupants try to achieve in their accommodation.

Ventilation in a building is designed to provide acceptable thermal environment in addition to suitable indoor air quality. However, the ventilation rate required to provide cooling and a satisfactory thermal environment is higher than that required

• Occupants of buildings would continue to do everything possible to make themselves comfortable. Usually more energy is applied in achieving this and

• Human satisfaction is significantly affected by thermal comfort.

may be doing away with a planned low energy strategy [24].

to provide acceptable indoor air quality alone [25]. **Tables 1** and **2** show the required and recommended minimum ventilation rates necessary in buildings to provide satisfactory amount of oxygen for breathing, to dilute the metabolic CO2 and to dilute odour. It is noted that the amount of ventilation required in a building

**Figure 1** shows the ventilation rates for fresh air control, provided by the Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), the minimum amount of required airflow rate is also greatly affected by the amount of smoking, and by minimising smoking in the indoor area, the required airflow rate decreases as

Educational buildings are usually segmented into rooms with a number of people involved in various activities when in use. Thermal comfort in these buildings is important for the convenience of the occupants. Ventilation designs of educational buildings are based on factors such as the projected number of

**Source Purpose of ventilation Minimum recommended value (1/s/p)**

CIBSE (1989) oxygen for breathing 0.3 HSE Guidance Note EH22 (1988) oxygen for breathing 0.5 CIBSE (1986: B2–3) dilution of metabolic CO2 5 HSE Guidance Note EH22 (1988) dilution of metabolic CO2 2 CIBSE (1986: B2–3) dilution of odour 8 HSE Guidance Note EH22 (1988) dilution of odour 9

ity and thermal insulation of clothing) [23].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92725*

*Computational Analysis of a Lecture Room Ventilation System*

*2.1.2 The role of thermal comfort*

*2.1.3 Providing acceptable air quality*

is highly affected by the activity.

**2.2 Natural ventilation in educational buildings**

*Recommended amount of air to provide acceptable indoor air quality.*

considerably.

**Table 2.**

**81**

of buildings. These are:
