**2.2. Climate parameters**

*Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies*

is to limit the negative impacts of human habitat on the environment, using state-of-the-art technologies, and to reduce the energy consumption of buildings, houses and buildings [10]. Indeed, they advocate reinforced thermal insulation and sharp construction techniques. "Eco-Builders" consider the building throughout its life. In addition to saving energy, they are also concerned about the origin of the materials used and their management (disposal, recovery) at the end of their life. Sustainable construction is not a specific construction method, but it brings together a set of techniques, materials and technologies that, properly integrated into a building, contributes to enhancing its environmental performance [11]. In its ideal embodiment, green building optimizes energy efficiency, limits water consumption, makes maximum use of recycled, recyclable and non-toxic materials and generates the least amount of waste possible during construction as well as occupation [12]. Around 40% of total energy use and around 24% of CO2 emissions come from worldwide energy use in buildings. Energy use and emissions include both direct, on-site use of fossil fuels as well as indirect use from electricity, district heating/cooling systems and embodied energy in construction materials [13]. The term ZEB is commonly used as propaganda without any mastery of the different realities and constraints specific to each country. There are several methods and strategies to reach net-zero energy, however, for NetZEBs to become mainstream in the international market, it requires several consensus on clear definitions, and also agreement on the building performance which could inform "zero energy" building policy, programs and industry building practices, as well as design tools, case studies and demonstration projects that would support industry adoption [14]. The different objectives of Net zero energy were considered to be a new proposal that was inaccessible because of its high cost, they were recommended only for large projects. Today, it is now possible for all types of construction [15]. Net Zero-Energy Building has become a popular catch phrase to describe the synergy between energy-efficient building and renewable energy utilization to achieve a balanced energy budget over an annual cycle. Several experts have proposed different methods for designing zero energy and carbon buildings in several types of climate [16–22]. But no study has yet been done in the specific case of a country in the Indian Ocean (Madagascar, Mayotte, Reunion, Comoros etc.). This study has for fundamental objective to propose a model of implementation of buildings to Net Zero energy in Madagascar. Section 2 gives the different stages of implementation

Antananarivo is a city overlooking a hill that rises 1248 meters above an area of rice paddies. It is the capital of Madagascar and it is also the economic and administrative lung of this country. Antananarivo has a tropical climate of altitude. Although it is located in the inter-tropical zone, the average temperature over the year is moderated by the effects of altitude. The climate is characterized by cool and very dry winters and mild and very wet summers. Cool season rarely drops below 10°C. In the hot season, it rarely exceeds 32°C. The choice of this city for the implementation of this type of building is not random, indeed, the climate of this city is very favorable to the implementation of eco buildings. The building materials used in the architecture of this building is cheap in this city. The deficits and power cuts are regularly observed in this city. The popularization of this building throughout

the country can help the government to solve this problem.

**4**

of this district.

**2. Methodology**

**2.1. Studied place**

The different outdoor weather data of the last 15 years of Antananarivo are downloaded with the Meteonorm software and applied to this study. The Meteonorm software is one of the world's best meteorological software that allows you to connect in a few minutes to a meteorological station of the city you are looking for or to the nearest city and to download the climatic data specific to this city. The output data can be recorded on several types of freely selected formats.
