*2.3.4 Climatic factors, construction vintages, housing styles*

The Building Integrated Solar Energy model distinguishes between different types of buildings (residential: single- or multifamily; public and industrial: school, office, hotels and cafes, retail, health care, other housing, or buildings), vintages (retrofitting, modern, new, existing, and advanced retrofitting), seasonal conditions which are the same as the 3CSEP model.

## *2.3.5 Solar energy technology*

The Building Integrated Solar Energy design focuses primarily on buildingintegrated on-site solar power. These systems can usually be broadly classified into two categories: solar thermal and photovoltaic (PV) systems. The latter produces heat, while the latter generates power. As the house needs both, maximizing the development of solar energy on the construction sites may demand the configuration of both kinds of processes. This might induce the "battle on the roof" (not enough space on the roof for both PV and solar collectors to meet energy demands) and lead to increased costs, esthetic problems, and a boost in the energy of the solar systems [3]. While solutions to this challenge currently exist by integrating solar systems with other innovations (e.g., photovoltaic + heat pump), since this chapter emphasizes exclusively on solar power, a thermal + photovoltaic hybrid solar system is perceived to be one of the most "fully solar" approaches to this problem. A solar hybrid photovoltaic/thermal system (PV/T system) is a mixture of photovoltaic (PV) panels and solar thermal elements. PV/T is a system that allows PV cells as a heated substrate to transform radiation into electric power; the solar thermal collector converts solar heat into electricity and removes waste heat from the PV module. These elements' goal is to use the heat produced in the PV panel to generate not only electrical but also thermal energy [8]. Such a hybrid setup generates an electrical utilization of the system as heat extraction and utilization reduces the systems' temperature and thus improve their performance. Configuration of photovoltaic plus thermal systems provides an opportunity to significantly increase the generation of solar energy for various end-uses compared to separate systems in the same roof area. As this chapter focuses on estimating the maximum possible technical potential of renewable energy in building structures, photovoltaic plus thermal technology was considered to be the most efficient model-long exercise workable alternative. In order to evaluate the hypothetical technological potential of built-in solar power, it is expected that photovoltaic plus thermal systems will be mounted on the available roof places during the construction or renovation of structures, beginning with some of those feasibility studies in 2014 then slowly expanding the

number of installations before they become standard practice for all retrofits and housing developments by 2025.

The Building Integrated Solar Energy model assumes that thermal and electrical solar power production are modeled differently that use the same hourly in days' radiation exposure measured on 1 m<sup>2</sup> of the solar system site, but specific thermal and electrical formulations and performance variables and losses of different systems (see [3]).

#### *2.3.6 Strategic partnership of electricity and energy performance in buildings*

The Building Integrated Solar Energy model calculates the amount of solar renewable energy (electrical and thermal) produced in any buildings on an everyday hourly basis by BIPV/T systems, which is further compiled on a monthly basis. The present version of the product suggests the absorption of generated solar energy power within one period (month or more) at the rate of each city, buildings form, and temperature area, that makes it possible to equate the monthly amounts with the monthly projections of construction power consumption under the shallow scenario for space cooling, water heating and space heating and also with the Bottom-Up Energy Analysis System case formulation for home appliances. This scenario did not include industrial buildings. Consequently, the expectation that nearly 50 percent of cost savings attributed to energy efficiency changes in all end-uses should be reached by 2050 has been created. To achieve monthly results for equipment and lighting, it was presumed that these users would consume the same quantity of electricity every month. Monthly study results determined by the Building Integrated Solar Energy framework for the possible use of solar thermal energy have been evaluated by comparing to the construction energy consumption statistics for water heating and space heating. In contrast, the possible use of solar power for appliances and lighting, cooling was contrasted. Such a similarity forms the basis for assessing the extent to which advanced energy-efficient buildings with energy technologies can move toward the net-zero emissions energy systems target.

#### **3. Calculation of the Shayan model**

The novelty of the Building Integrated Solar Energy model integrates a comprehensive measurement process (acceptable for calculating the efficiency of the particular solar system) for hourly solar energy production per 1 m2 of the surface of the solar system and comprehensive coverage of the effects. The shayan model incorporates various forms of solar radiation, considering the tilting of the device (going to assume optimal tilting), the orientation of the earth, altitude, time of year, and location of the sun. The approach described here for measuring the energy obtained by one square meter of the solar system every hour has been modified from [1, 8–11]. There are many measurement benchmarks in the method. First, the total roof size was calculated in each area, outdoor environment, and building, which is mainly contributed by applying the accessibility variables.

#### **3.1 Climate zone, building style, and area**

$$AR = FR\_{\text{ratio}} \times AF \tag{1}$$

**69**

*Solar Energy and Its Purpose in Net-Zero Energy Building*

the area of the roof and the number of resources necessary to design the roof of the building. The "Home Foundation Field" is the land region that the building covers, which can be measured for more complicated forms using the Area Calculator. The measured area is an estimate only. In situations where a rooftop has a complex shape, such as **Figure 1**, calculating the measurements and areas of each part of the rooftop of a building to determine the total area would result in a more precise

**3.2 Roof area for the integration of solar panels for each different environment** 

Receiving energy from the sun is based on radiation. If the consumer is in the northern hemisphere, the sun's rays will be on the south side, and if objects are on the north side of the roof, they will cast shadows on the solar system. For various seasons, this impact would be different. Eq. 2 shows the space available for the use

where *ARAccessible* is an accessible roof area for use in solar system installation and *Fs* is a factor of the impact of roofing facilities and *Frf* is shading effect factor and *AR* is

Complete radiation is one of the parameters for calculating the radiant energy of the sun. Global radiation depends on the variability of radiation and reflection in the environment. The following factors are: beam radiation, diffuse radiation, and reflective surface radiation. If *total I* = full direct radiation from the atmosphere of

> 2 <sup>−</sup> α

and *DI* = diffuse radiation and *Rb* is radiation ratio of the beam to the solar array

ρ

=× × . *AR F F AR Accessible s rf* (2)

of the solar system area is

= the part of global solar

is a factor of view to the ground

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93500*

calculation of the surface.

*The complex shape rooftop [3].*

**region**

**Figure 1.**

of the solar system.

an area of roof accessible for use by solar systems. Second, hourly solar radiation obtained by 1 m<sup>2</sup>

the solar system and *global I* = global radiation and

radiation reflecting from the ground and 1 cos

**3.3 Hourly solar energy on the plane**

measured, considering the various forms of usable solar radiation.

where AR is area of roof and FRratio is floor of roof ratio and AF is area of floor. The Area Calculator (can be free use in: https://www.calculator.net) tools calculate *Solar Energy and Its Purpose in Net-Zero Energy Building DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93500*

#### **Figure 1.** *The complex shape rooftop [3].*

*Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies*

days' radiation exposure measured on 1 m<sup>2</sup>

housing developments by 2025.

different systems (see [3]).

number of installations before they become standard practice for all retrofits and

thermal and electrical formulations and performance variables and losses of

The Building Integrated Solar Energy model calculates the amount of solar renewable energy (electrical and thermal) produced in any buildings on an everyday hourly basis by BIPV/T systems, which is further compiled on a monthly basis. The present version of the product suggests the absorption of generated solar energy power within one period (month or more) at the rate of each city, buildings form, and temperature area, that makes it possible to equate the monthly amounts with the monthly projections of construction power consumption under the shallow scenario for space cooling, water heating and space heating and also with the Bottom-Up Energy Analysis System case formulation for home appliances. This scenario did not include industrial buildings. Consequently, the expectation that nearly 50 percent of cost savings attributed to energy efficiency changes in all end-uses should be reached by 2050 has been created. To achieve monthly results for equipment and lighting, it was presumed that these users would consume the same quantity of electricity every month. Monthly study results determined by the Building Integrated Solar Energy framework for the possible use of solar thermal energy have been evaluated by comparing to the construction energy consumption statistics for water heating and space heating. In contrast, the possible use of solar power for appliances and lighting, cooling was contrasted. Such a similarity forms the basis for assessing the extent to which advanced energy-efficient buildings with energy technologies

*2.3.6 Strategic partnership of electricity and energy performance in buildings*

can move toward the net-zero emissions energy systems target.

which is mainly contributed by applying the accessibility variables.

The novelty of the Building Integrated Solar Energy model integrates a comprehensive measurement process (acceptable for calculating the efficiency of the particular solar system) for hourly solar energy production per 1 m2 of the surface of the solar system and comprehensive coverage of the effects. The shayan model incorporates various forms of solar radiation, considering the tilting of the device (going to assume optimal tilting), the orientation of the earth, altitude, time of year, and location of the sun. The approach described here for measuring the energy obtained by one square meter of the solar system every hour has been modified from [1, 8–11]. There are many measurement benchmarks in the method. First, the total roof size was calculated in each area, outdoor environment, and building,

where AR is area of roof and FRratio is floor of roof ratio and AF is area of floor. The Area Calculator (can be free use in: https://www.calculator.net) tools calculate

*AR FR AF* = × *ratio* (1)

**3. Calculation of the Shayan model**

**3.1 Climate zone, building style, and area**

The Building Integrated Solar Energy model assumes that thermal and electrical solar power production are modeled differently that use the same hourly in

of the solar system site, but specific

**68**

the area of the roof and the number of resources necessary to design the roof of the building. The "Home Foundation Field" is the land region that the building covers, which can be measured for more complicated forms using the Area Calculator. The measured area is an estimate only. In situations where a rooftop has a complex shape, such as **Figure 1**, calculating the measurements and areas of each part of the rooftop of a building to determine the total area would result in a more precise calculation of the surface.
