**4. Transit oriented development: international practices**

TOD is emerging as a preferred paradigm to plan cities, localities and urban extensions and renew old cities and derelict areas within cities in many countries. Some of the successful TOD models practiced internationally that can provide lessons for Indian cities for the integration of transportation and land use are discussed in this section.

#### **4.1 Hong Kong SAR**

Hong Kong is internationally known for its successful integration of rail transit investments and urban development. The integrated "rail-property" development model (R + P), plays a vital role in managing and financing railway expansion,

advancing high-quality urban designs, creating "one-stop" settings for "live-work- shop-play", guiding regional urban growth, and more. As with all good publicprivate partnerships, this occurs in a win-win fashion – i.e., the railway corporation reaps financial benefits and society at-large benefits from more sustainable, transitoriented patterns of development. Maritime Square Residential-Retail Development atop Tsing Yi Station provides a good example of Hong Kong TOD. Maritime Square features hierarchically integrated uses. Shopping mall extends from the ground floor to the 3rd level. Station concourse sits on the 1st floor, with rail lines and platforms above and ancillary/logistical functions (like public transport/bus interchange and parking) at or below. Above the 4th and 5th floor residential parking lies a podium garden and above this, high-rise, luxury residential towers [10].

The Hong Kong Government derives a major proportion of its revenues from land, including premium on new land and modification of existing leases, property taxes, stamp duty, rents, etc. [11]. The Hong Kong MTR has generated many benefits to the community. These include travel time saving, employment gains, environmental health benefits, property value increases and so on. The network obviously generates enormous external benefits as it passes through the densely populated districts, commercial and employment centres and carries large passenger loads.

#### **4.2 Bogota**

Bogota, the capital of Colombia, has some of the most progressive public investment initiatives in developing countries, including the first-class TransMilenio BRT; integrated TDM measures; the transit-linked social housing Metrovivienda program; the Alameda Porvenir, the world's longest pedestrian way; and other public projects that incorporate good urban design and innovative financing schemes [12]. Bogota's TransMilenio is one of the world's most successful examples of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) [13]. It is characterized by dedicated main trunk routes for high speed busses, physically separated from the rest of traffic [14]. The bus stations are well-connected with systematic feeder services. The integrated approach of Bogota addressing affordable housing and affordable transport simultaneously, has improved the access to work, leisure, recreation, shopping.

#### **4.3 Curitiba**

Curitiba's bus system is composed of a hierarchical system of services. Minibusses routed through residential neighborhoods feed passengers to conventional busses on circumferential routes around the central city and on inter-district routes. The backbone of the system is composed of the Bus Rapid Transit, operating on the five main arteries leading into the centre of the city like spokes on a wheel hub [15]. Along each of the five arteries there is a trinary road system, comprised of middle express bus lane with vehicle lanes on each side for local auto traffic and parking.

Curitiba's Master Plan integrated transportation with land use planning. It limited central area growth, while encouraging commercial growth along the transport arteries radiating out from the city centre. The city centre was partly closed to vehicular traffic, and pedestrian streets were created. Rush hour in Curitiba has heavy commuter movements in both directions along the public transportation arteries.

#### **4.4 Copenhagen**

Danish Town Planning Institute created the "Egnsplan" or the Finger Plan in 1947. It was based on a TOD principle, with mixed land use and high-density areas
