**3. Technologies for Smart Cities**

The hefty fortification of IoT is playing pivotal guise in the administering of Smart City ventures. The constant advancements in the technology are enabling facilitating Smart Cities across the globe. The commodity by individuals be in service on routine basis are rigged with digital and computerized gears, mechanism and covenants so as to make them pertinent and associated with other linked and connected devices with Internet Protocol. The competence of surveillance and supervise of obscure and secluded area as well is ease with help of IoT. Apart from that one could administer remotely. The important physiognomy of the Smart City

*Smart Buildings: A Model Approach for Institutional Buildings DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94943*

is the enormous heterogeneous data from the various sensors and devices deployed within for administrative purposes. The super meteoric accretion of smart cities and the IoT coaxed various challenges for all researchers and industries as well for designing of a conducive and impeccable smart city.

With the use of Standard Web Protocols for communication [5, 6], IoT enact as Broadband Network having Internet at its concenter. For the employment of IoT demand for the communication standards that operates placidly amidst the numerous commodity whichever be computed, implicated and can hatch variance in purlieus. Among all the technologies pertinent to IoT are confabulated in brief as follows:

#### **3.1 RFID**

The arrangement comprises of a chip or a tag along a chip to read the tag. This advancement in technology can be used for registering any individual or an object for the intent to self recognized by the system. Each of the interlinked objects or gadgets accredited with diacritic identity [7].

#### **3.2 Addressing**

The prevailing fad in the fields of IoT could facilitate kinship of the individual associated gadgets and equipments so as to entrench smart and intelligent purlieus. The individual identity of the associated gadgets and equipments is must for in IoT.

#### **3.3 Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)**

With the help of WSNs data from different sources be collected easily and then be used in for various sectors as in Traffic Management, wellness program, pollution control, etc. It could also be tagged with some other sensors as in RFID to infer much accurate details about the individual object (**Table 1**).


**Table 1.**

*Important communication standards within IoT.*

### **4. Smart buildings**

About 30–40% of total power usage and discharge of CO2 is occurring at edifice [8]. The government is trying to clinch to reduce the energy consumption in new and as well as extant infrastructure as well so as to secure sustainability of the environment. Government through its stake holders, real-estate developers, land owner, proprietors, tenants and customers is trying to reforms in the sector to reducing the

carbon emission in the buildings. The further energy effectualness can be abated to achieve the objective set by IPCC [9]. Many researchers and industries are working in this regard making the building smart so as to minimize the consumption of energy within the infra-structure.

Over last few decades, there has been rigorous research and advancement in the over Smart Intelligent buildings. Though theoretically, in disquisitions and also in technical communiqué the phrase 'Smart' is being cited more often in last few years. With the advancement in new and boost in the technologies, the smart buildings have secured much enthusiasm from researchers and industries as well [10]. Computerization and automation has been so much part of modern days living standard required to chasten our living. Nowadays, everyone is longing to manage and administer the gadgets and devices installed remotely and effortlessly.

The buildings are elementary and fundamental fragment of the society. The buildings in-houses the inhabitancy, plaza, emporiums, office area, deli, residentiary and market complexes, etc. Designing the smart city is intrinsic stride for the ontogenesis towards the Smart City. The Smart Buildings or Intelligent buildings, in defiance of diversified interpretation of the IB from the various Industrials, researchers be observed from the perspective of industrial and technical crux, implicating amalgam construction design, framework, power, utility, technological advancements, environment and amenity administration in a manner so as to aggrandize the assuages and also to curtail the circuition price [11, 12], by means of aid from advanced state-ofthe-art technology and information technology advancements. The Smart Intelligent Buildings are also well efficient of curtailing the intramural energy dilapidation.

The ambit of automation and modern IT industry, the modern Smart Intelligent Buildings be confabulated based on technical elegance and assimilation in assorted multitudinous folds [13]. Facilities like control over aegis, avenue, luminosity, elevators, data, Infobahn etc. falls as in basal or crux of the folds of the Smart Buildings. The assimilation of various functionality of the basal fold forms the next in hierarchy of the layers. Assimilated communication system forms the next in line. The comprehensive grid structure of all the Smart buildings forms the apogee for the folds or layers of assimilation. The advancement in IT sector administers the crucial and omphalic aspect here in Smart Buildings, explicitly in cognizance of the subsequent:


### **5. System architecture**

The new modern advancement in wireless system and sensor grid network can provide provides convenience in structuring for the Smart Buildings as in to administer the smart and complaisant abutment for the occupants. The continuous and unceasing monitoring and administering of the various factors in and out of a building is the necessity to diminish the energy consumption of a building. Sensors and actuators installed at the proper locations and also be attainable at any moment over the grid, is very important for the same purpose of conducive management and automation. As there been development in IoT technology and Smart

### *Smart Buildings: A Model Approach for Institutional Buildings DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94943*

buildings in recent years, the dominion protocols, building acts and standards for industrial regulations is also been changes accordingly with due course of time, as in Consumer Electronic Bus (CEBus), Local Control Network (LCN). Suite of Internet Protocol (IP) turned to be new and paramount inclination for amalgamation of various services. Smart modern gateways are deployed at the network edge which then equipped with the access to protocols based on IP. The technology based on IEEE 802.154.4 helps in sending IPv6 packets efficiently through 6LoWPAN technique for header compression [14]. The following figure (**Figure 4**) depicts the rough architecture for the system.

The various sensors and actuators installed in a building combine to be the elementary or fundamental cause for data or information procreation. The initial level or Level one for the system be the raw data acquired from the sensor nodule, which then by communication service act upon farther processing of the data acquired. The architecture for the Smart Building is described with as mentioned principles of design.


SPARQL is a query language subsidiary of RDF which is adopted to salvage and beguile the records hoarded in the RDF form. This stage galvanize towards amalgamation of low-level database.

• Gadget Control and Admonition. All the data processed in the previous stage of the architectural hierarchy is now ready to be used by various applications installed for smart activity and administration to ease of human.

**Figure 4.** *Architecture for administrating and controlling over the system.*
