**6.3 Delhi MRTS**

The Delhi Metro system serves Delhi and its satellite cities of Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad in National Capital Region in India. Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of both length and number of stations. The network consists of five color-coded regular lines and the faster Airport Express line, with a total length of 213 kilometers serving 160 stations (including 6 on Airport Express line) [20]. The system has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using both broad-gauge and standard-gauge. The metro generated an average daily ridership of 2.661 million passengers.

Delhi Metro has been instrumental in reducing vehicular congestion on the roads. According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 3.9 lakh vehicles from the streets of Delhi. The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has been certified by the United Nations as the first metro rail and rail-based system in the world to get "carbon credits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions" and helping in reducing pollution levels in the city by 630,000 tonnes every year, thus helping in reducing global warming [21].

The Delhi TOD Policy 2013 has provided for significant increases in FSI in transit influence zones to promote intensive development so that TOD can be selffinancing adopting a land value capture method and even be surplus-generating. The Delhi Development Authority has proposed to take up TOD to build the East Delhi Hub as a signature destination. This includes the development of 75 acres of land in Karkardooma with FSI raised to a maximum of 4 and maximum density of 2000 persons per hectare on the basis of a TOD model. The project is being taken up on a partnership with the National Building Construction Company (NBCC). Some parcels of land are under development, but Delhi is far from achieving the TOD Policy objectives of inclusive development.

#### **6.4 Delhi TOD policy**

The salient features of the Delhi TOD Policy are:


### **6.5 Hyderabad elevated metro rail**

Hyderabad has gone for a metro rail transit based on project report prepared by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) which identified 269 acres of land requirement. Originally the project was conceived as a government-funded project. However, subsequently the city went for a metro based on a PPP mode, adopting a Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer (DBFOT) format. Hyderabad is currently implementing the world's largest elevated metro rail project in PPP mode with L&T as concessionaire.

The revenue model of the concessionaire is: 55 percent passenger fare, 40 percent property development and 5 percent advertisement and parking fees. Thus, the project's revenue is partially fare based. But, a significant portion of the revenue is also non-fare based. The concessionaire hugely relied on the potential of development of property or air space above and around transit stations. It has been provided with some valuable government land at vantage transit stations and is undertaking commercial exploitation of property with engineering innovations. It cannot sell property but can enjoy the rentals during the concession period of 35 years.

#### **6.6 Mumbai metro**

Mumbai Metro Line 1 – Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar Mass Rapid Transit System is the first metro project awarded in the country on a PPP basis. It has provided the much needed connectivity in the financial capital of India linking the East and the West. It has ensured connectivity to Western and Central Railways. Providing modern, fast, clean and caring infrastructure, the Line has carried 100 million commuters in the first year of operation. It has reduced the journey time between Versova and Ghatkopar from 71 minutes to 21 minutes.

While Indian cities have making efforts to promote TOD with new policies, projects and plans emerging, especially in the context of Smart Cities Mission, a study of the Indian initiatives so far suggests robust approaches to financing and execution of TOD have not emerged. The approaches to financing transit also vary considerably as shown in **Table 12** below.

A key lesson from the initiatives of Indian cities towards financing transit and TOD, when compared to international best cases, is that urban policy, spatial planning, city development strategy, city financing framework, transit orientation, zoning, land use and development control regulations and institutional framework to integrate land use and transportation planning, raise resources and execute TOD *Smart Growth and Transit Oriented Development: Financing and Execution Challenges in India DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95034*


#### **Table 12.**

*Emerging approaches to financing public transit in India.*

need to be part of a holistic model of integrated urban development and should not be undertaken disjointedly.
