**12. The specifics of managing dynamic objects**

An object is considered to be managed when it can be transferred from any initial state using an input action to a given state within a finite time. In this case, the ASNOM system stability requirement must not be violated. Stability of operation is understood as the ability of the system to return to the initial *SN* 'NM' situation when OCP parameters change within specified limits in the absence of malfunctions in the system (**Figure 4**).

A latent malfunction should lead to exceeding, by one or several components of the vector of parameters Ξ, the limits acceptable for the normal operation of the OCP. The fact of exceeding by Ξ the boundaries of the parameters will be considered a sign of a latent or developing *SN* 'unrecognised' situation. A change in the steady-state value of one parameter Ξ leads to a change in the steady-state value of the parameters Ξ of all the components of the boundary vector.

In dynamics, some *SN*, given the random, complex, spontaneous development of damage, or the irregular, unstable behaviour of OCP elements, can replace one another very quickly, according to the GESSN or GESOCP tree *SN* scenarios. Such situations are 'difficult'. A more complete definition and separation of the *SN* 'violation NM' is possible based on automatic control of the ASNOM system's controllability parameters [13]. These parameters are controlled if a disturbance appears. Natural functional disturbances of the OCP are not a sufficiently complete search signal of self-control from the point of view of determining and separating the *SN* 'violation NM'. So, for example, in the case of malfunctions of the elements of the formation of the information signal *3uo*, the error *ε* mismatch in the ASNOM system will still remain in the zero zone (**Figure 3**). Although natural resonance detuning is not a sufficient search signal, its use can increase the frequency of self-checking. For a more complete definition and separation of the *SN* 'violation NM', an artificial search action is introduced into a closed ASNOM system (**Figure 4**).

It can be proposed to use 'additional' information components in the selective search algorithm SP of sufficient information in cases where there are no 'main' information components, despite the fact that this proposal tends to solve the problem in the direction of 'complicating' the devices. For this, additional rules for the recognition of *PDOP* and an excess of information and additional recognition time are required. The device solves the following problems within the framework of the automatic stabilisation system: (1) eliminating the ambiguity of determining the essence of transients; (2) control of the amount of information necessary for the operation of relay protection and automation algorithms; (3) monitoring the current possibility of self-destruction of the damage site; (4) monitoring the effectiveness of measures over long time intervals; and (5) implementation of the requirements of self-monitoring and diagnostics when 'energised'.

### **13. Simulation in CAD of OCP control algorithms**

All the variety and 'complexity' of real-world network signals is controlled by the high-frequency emergency files of RPA device registrars. These registrars supply emergency files for outsourcing analysis. [8, 11, 15]. To solve the control

problems and eliminate the instability of the algorithms, we will continue to use the dynamic synthesis method in CAD. A presentable sample of signals from the OCP emergency files is used. In the synthesis and development of real-time algorithms in CAD systems, real circuit diagrams are used. The physical implementation of tasks is monitored in a continuous improvement mode, from 'simple' to 'essential'.

A model is being developed in *Matlab* to study the properties of a class of dynamic objects for the synthesis of algorithms for managing them over time [11–16]. Monitoring the operation of the system and algorithms is performed at a given time interval in the form of alarm file signals (**Figures4**, **7**, **9**, **13**, and **14**). Device models are also represented by GESTS and GESRPA schemes. The more structured and detailed the description of such schemes is obtained, the more qualitatively it is possible to build stable recognition algorithms. Sources of interference signals and damage are used for 'hacking', connected to control points of the device. Hacking signals are generated by arcing and interference burning models for various types of development of insulation damage, in emergency operation modes and in normal operation of an object. The training and control samples of signals of real emergency files are generated.

The purpose of the simulation is to develop ways to search for additional information. The modelling problems were solved by dividing the project into hierarchically subordinate computational parts with the result reduced in the generalising part [11–13]. Each part is calculated separately. Groups of preparatory, main and resulting elements are allocated. Each subsequent group is less active and does not consume computing resources. The more elements in the circuit, the more computing parts it can be divided into. As a result, the time required for a single calculation is reduced while maintaining the stability of the calculation. For example, the group of preparatory elements (MorphA) may include the signal sources, both generating and controlling, of measuring transformers, etc. In the group of basic elements (SyntA) are the inertial circuits of equipment, etc. (**Figure 4**). The resulting group (SemA) includes elements of the executive bodies, of operational switching, etc. Thus, in addition to modelling, first a certain third-party algorithm for preparing the project for calculation follows. Such an algorithm can be automated. The main general synchronising parameters for the separation of movements are the wellknown preliminary settings of the CAD project—the calculation time and control points for displaying information.

## **14. Examples of dynamic OCP control algorithms**

The practical significance of the work comes from solving the problems of protection against earth faults in medium-voltage networks of 6–35 kV [7–9, 16–18]. The results are used to improve the ASNOM system devices (**Figures 1**–**4**), namely, a selective search for the SP of a damaged part of the 'P-VCR-SP' network with the functions of a high-frequency recorder VCR, an RPA terminal 'T-LZSC-ARC' with the function of auto-compensation of ARC capacitive currents and a widget 'W-LZSC' for a window graphically representing of the terminal information on the computer display of the automatic control system.

An analysis of the waveforms of the real high-frequency transient emergency files in the OCP shows that as the transient develops, the ASNOM system will in most cases enter a state of information sufficiency [11–13]. Therefore, if the ASNOM system is not blocked in the case of insufficient information, as is usually done in known devices, and continues to work according to the appropriate algorithms, then the solution of the problems will be achieved.

**Automatic resolution of practical conflicts:** The important practical significance of the whole work is automatic conflict resolution in the work of RPA

#### *Automatic Control of the Structure of Dynamic Objects in High-Voltage Power Smart-Grid DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91664*

algorithms, the lack of solutions of which has led to a decrease in the reliability of OCP operation, but could not be resolved by other methods. In resolving conflicts previously, there was a reliance on technical and economic optimisation methods, with which it is difficult to practically eliminate doubts about the correctness of the method chosen for dealing with the development of damage in the network. Conflicts were found during practical research in real networks.

Known management conflicts for OCP are: (A) The requirement to quickly disconnect the damaged section of the OCP and realise the network's ability to isolate itself for self-repair; (B) The possibility of damage to the weakened isolation area of high-voltage equipment caused by a voltage increase in healthy phases in cases of the malfunctioning of protective equipment, and the recorded efficiency of the resonant network's neutral tuning; (C) Automation of the control algorithms of technological processes and the forced opening (transfer to alarm) of the output of an unstable selective relay protection; (D) The tradition of full control over the operation of the network, but a lack of control over the long-term effectiveness and correct functioning of the protective equipment of the network and of the devices that implement the selected type of neutral grounding in the tasks under consideration. Here are some examples of resolving some conflicts:

Conflict resolution A: 'temporary compromise'. This is based on the formulation of the general problem of stabilising the normal operating mode of the OCP (**Figure 16**). It is based on a change in the response time *tOFF* of the selective search relay SP depending on the value of the semantic signal *S(t).* Change *tOFF* is not prohibited for the OCP and may be in the range 0.1 s to 4 h. **Figure 17** shows a diagram illustrating the change in the *tOFF* value depending on the appearance of various (structural) information (TS, NTS) components of the transition process in the OCP. If, during the transition process, counting from the appearance of 'LFC3uO', the indicated TS and NTS have appeared, and then the damaged section will be disconnected after the corresponding

#### **Figure 16.**

*Method for automatically resolving a temporary conflict between SP devices and resonant tuning of a network zero sequence loop (LZSC).*

#### **Figure 17.**

*Changes in time* tOFF *in the ASNOM system depending on* S(t)*.*

time interval *tOFF*. If a longer *tOFF* time has elapsed from the start of the transient than indicated, and then TS and NTN appear, then disconnection occurs immediately.

Conflict resolution C: 'automation of algorithms'. Analysis of the solution of the problem at the modelling stage shows that for correct and effective working of the operational staff in the event of the appearance of *SN* 'undetectable', it is necessary to display the operation of the ASNOM system in the 'scanner-analyser' mode (**Figures 4** and **16**). The screen displays the line of the entire transient process in the network, starting from the background and ending with the current moment. This will help the operating staff in the absence of automatic repair of the damaged network section to eliminate it in manual mode.

Conflict resolution D: 'on the coincidence of exits'. A method is proposed for the selective search of the required amount of information to detect equipment failures, failures in RPA devices and then through the RPA devices OCP faults (**Figures 4** and **15**). The algorithm generalises the functions of self-monitoring, monitoring and diagnostics 'under voltage'. The criteria of active and passive selective SP search are used with the control of natural and artificial transient processes in the OCP [11, 13]. For example, the active methods may include phase-voltage imbalance in a network with a resonantly tuned neutral or phase shunting to ground in a network with an isolated neutral (**Figure 3**).

An outsourcing method for investigating *SN* situations using alarm file signals is being implemented. For this, specialised organisations or individual specialists may be involved. Firstly, it is assigned that the output of the TS is formed as efficiently as possible. If the recognition ability is preserved and the amount of information is sufficient, then the second stage of the investigation begins—the establishment and refinement of the parameters of the TS, their weight coefficients of significance and the quality of the TS structural elements. If the problem is not solved, we must investigate further along the information formation chain. The structural tree of the formation of information inside the control object (high-voltage network equipment) should be studied.

*Automatic Control of the Structure of Dynamic Objects in High-Voltage Power Smart-Grid DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91664*
