**1. Introduction**

This book has introduced low-temperature technology, its aspects, and applications. Further, it has covered low-temperature resources and their deployment technologies. Sterilization and preservation techniques and their engineering and scientific aspects are incorporated. Ultra-low-temperature refrigeration is a crucial requirement in some research and industrial applications, which is considered in depth in this issue. Azeotropic, zeotropic, and non-zeotropic refrigerants and their mixtures are highlighted in detail along with their applications and economic aspects. Cryogenics, low temperature, and vacuum systems for industrial applications are incorporated. Global energy resources, energy crisis, the principle of conservation of energy, alternative sources of energy for low-temperature technologies, and their application in refrigeration, process industries, and electronic equipment and parts manufacturing industries are considered here. Enhancement of efficiency of the system along with the economic aspects is incorporated. At the end, modeling, design efficiency, and enhancement of efficiency of low-temperature cooling process are elaborately discussed.
