Preface

This book discusses aspects, applications, resources, and deployment of low-temperature technology. It describes azeotropic, non-azeotropic/zeotropic, and their mixtures in refrigeration for gliding evaporation and condensation along with applications are elaborately discussed in this book. It also discusses the modeling, design, and augmentation of low-temperature cooling processes.

Generation of plasmas (LTP) and its application in low temperatures are highlighted in this book. Discussions are elaborated on the efficient production of the radicals by the energetic electrons. Excited states, photons, and charged species are also incorporated in the book. The mechanism of accelerated space-charge sheaths which accelerate and deliver fluxes of ions to surfaces with adjustable energies are discussed. Discussion on material surface alteration by ion fluxes by sputtering, activation, etching, and deposition that are crucial to technological devices are incorporated. The application of plasma in different research fields in science and engineering is elaborately discussed in this book as well as the application of plasma from different generating devices. Detailed discussion on societal benefits of low-temperature plasmas and their wide range of applications are a part of this book as well in this book.

Preservation of metallic structures exposed suddenly to low temperatures is discussed in this book. Application of steel stiffened plate structures, along with ultimate stress analysis, brittle fracture of stiffened plates, rupture, ductile fracture of materials is incorporated in the analysis. In this book, a detailed discussion has been incorporated for the understanding and application of the structural alterations to sustain in a cryogenic environment.

Vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS) is also a theme in this book, along with the consideration of thermo-physical and thermodynamics properties, ecofriendly nature, and economic aspects of selection of refrigerants.

I am grateful to the editorial team members for their support. I am also thankful to my wife Nilufa Parveen and my son Kazi Mehrab Newaz for supporting me throughout the preparation of this book.

> **Salim Newaz Kazi** Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Section 1
