**Acknowledgements**

This study was undertaken in the International Centre for Advanced Safety Studies, www.icass.center (the Korea Ship and Offshore Research Institute) at Pusan National University which has been a Lloyd's Register Foundation Research Centre of Excellence since 2008. Part of the work was supported by the Swedish Research Council by the project "Fundamental research on the ultimate compressive strength of ship stiffened-plate structures at Arctic and cryogenic temperatures", contract no. 2018-06864.
