*3.1.1 Effect of substrate polarity: PZ-field*

PL spectra were registered at low temperature to confirm the effect of PZ-field on the optical properties of InAlAs/InP (311) A/B:

**Figure 1** illustrates the 10K-PL spectra of InAlAs/InP samples grown on (311) B and (311) A, respectively denoted S1 and S2. A higher energy side, both emissions at around 1.13 and 1.23 eV, for the samples S1 and S2, can be related to the interfacial defects between the InAlAs and InP layers [1, 19]. Both PL bands occur at about 0.8 and 1.03 eV for S1 and S2, respectively, on the lower energy side. A gradual InAsxP1�<sup>x</sup> layer formation at the interface between InP and InAlAs (see **Figure 2**) was explained by Hallara et al. [6]. For sample S1, an emission situated at around 1.27 eV may be related to acceptor-band recombination [1].

To analyze the origin of the inverted interface (InP/InAlAs), we suggested a model based on arsenic segregation (some atomic monolayers) and linked the theoretical calculations with the experimental results.

We can conclude that the radiative recombination around the inverse interface with emission 1.03 eV for the polarity A is due to the appearance of a gradual layer for 3ML of InAsxP1�x. In this case, the arsenic content of xAs is about 40%, but in the inverted transition for polarity B, it is in the order of 70%. It is possible to estimate the band offset between InP and In0.513Al0.487As layers based on this reference [20]. In fact, the interface between InP and InAsxP1�<sup>x</sup> layers is type I, although it is type II for In0.513Al0.487As and InAsxP1�x, where the xAs content ranged from 0 to 0.78.

There are two Gaussian peaks in the PL spectrum (see **Figure 1**). For the type II transition, an asymmetric band tail appeared in both S1 and S2 samples, resulting from unintentional thin strained InAs layers created at the InAlAs-InP interface [1, 18]. To explain more, this layer's smaller band gap can conduct a quantum well

**Figure 3** shows PL spectra at 10 K of the studied samples on different oriented InP substrate and at various V/III molar ratio. PL spectra are normalized and deconvoluted into various Gaussian curves for the convenience of comparison and to

*Effect of Piezoelectric Filed on the Optical Properties of (311) A and (311) B Oriented…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89441*

**Figure 3.**

**179**

*Low-temperature (10 K) PL for samples S1, S1*<sup>0</sup>

*, S1″, S2, S2*<sup>0</sup> *and S2″. In order to identify the different*

*emission peaks, the spectra are normalized and deconvoluted by a multiple Gaussian curve fitting. Inset shows*

*the schematic band diagram showing the radiative transitions from the type II transition (P1).*

**Figure 1.**

*(a) and (b) Low temperature PL spectra of InAlAs on InP (311) A and on InP (311) B, respectively. The green solid line is the Gaussian-fitting curve.*

**Figure 2.**

at the interface, resulting in a mixed type I–II transition [21]. We notice that the difference in energy between the two transitions type II corresponds to the difference in arsenic atoms surface segregation. Thus, depending on the growth axis, this energy shift can be attributed to the piezoelectric field [1, 5]. In addition, the existence of defect states may function as non-radiative centers resulting in a decrease in PL intensity. We should note that as mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, these defects originated from the development process as well as doping. Added to this, the sample cultivated on the (311) B surface has a greater residual impurity concentration than the samples cultivated on the (311) A surface [17]. For the (311) A sample, therefore, the interface quality is considered better than that for the (311) B sample.

#### *3.1.2 Effect of V/III flux ratio*

To verify the impact of V/III ratio on the optical properties of InAlAs/InP (311) A/B, PL spectra were recorded at low temperature.

*Effect of Piezoelectric Filed on the Optical Properties of (311) A and (311) B Oriented… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89441*

**Figure 3** shows PL spectra at 10 K of the studied samples on different oriented InP substrate and at various V/III molar ratio. PL spectra are normalized and deconvoluted into various Gaussian curves for the convenience of comparison and to

#### **Figure 3.**

at the interface, resulting in a mixed type I–II transition [21]. We notice that the difference in energy between the two transitions type II corresponds to the difference in arsenic atoms surface segregation. Thus, depending on the growth axis, this energy shift can be attributed to the piezoelectric field [1, 5]. In addition, the existence of defect states may function as non-radiative centers resulting in a decrease in PL intensity. We should note that as mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, these defects originated from the development process as well as doping. Added to this, the sample cultivated on the (311) B surface has a greater residual impurity concentration than the samples cultivated on the (311) A surface [17]. For the (311) A sample, therefore, the interface quality is considered better than that for

*(a) Schematic band diagrams for sample of InAlAs on InP (100), (b) on InP (311) A,*

*(a) and (b) Low temperature PL spectra of InAlAs on InP (311) A and on InP (311) B, respectively. The*

To verify the impact of V/III ratio on the optical properties of InAlAs/InP (311)

the (311) B sample.

**178**

**Figure 1.**

**Figure 2.**

*and (c) on InP (311) B.*

*green solid line is the Gaussian-fitting curve.*

*Perovskite and Piezoelectric Materials*

*3.1.2 Effect of V/III flux ratio*

A/B, PL spectra were recorded at low temperature.

*Low-temperature (10 K) PL for samples S1, S1*<sup>0</sup> *, S1″, S2, S2*<sup>0</sup> *and S2″. In order to identify the different emission peaks, the spectra are normalized and deconvoluted by a multiple Gaussian curve fitting. Inset shows the schematic band diagram showing the radiative transitions from the type II transition (P1).*

identify the different emission peaks. The spectra show four significant emission peaks marked as P1, P2, P3 and P4 for the (311) B sample. The P1 position is attributed to the type II emission across the interface between the two-dimensional electron states in thin InAsxP1�<sup>x</sup> graded layer at the inverted interface and holes located on top of the InAlAs valence band [1]. The intermediate layer of InAsP consists of the higher coefficient of incorporation of As compared to P [1, 5, 18]. Numerous investigations have shown that the type II emissions in InAlAs-InP heterostructures observed in the 0.8–1.25 eV range [1, 20, 22]. This very broad variety conceals some general patterns that appear to be related to conditions of growth. Whereas, the peak P2 emission is associated with a mixed type I–II transition and else P3 peak can be related to the interfacial defects in InAlAs/InP emission [1]. Finally, the P4 peak situated in the PL spectrum at a greater energy side for (311) B samples can be ascribed to acceptor-band recombination [5]. See our first part above for more information.

On the other hand, for (311) A plane, the peak P4 of all samples is not observed in PL spectra, which may be attributed to the existence of composition modulation in the epitaxial layer of InAlAs with varying molar ratio and substrate polarity. Sayari et al. [23] performed a Raman research study of the impact of the V/III flux ratio in heterostructures of InP/InAlAs/InP. The research demonstrates that the quantity of clustering is envisaged to depend on conditions of development such as substrate polarity, V/III ratio, etc.

resulting in different levels of confinement. There are two types of sites on the surface (311): one is the double bond site found in the direction [100] and the other is a single bond site found in the direction [111], their densities being precisely the same [5]. On a (311) A surface, the double dangling bond sites are In sites and the single dangling bond sites are P sites, but on a (311) B surface the double dangling bond sites are P sites and the single dangling bond sites are In sites (see **Figure 5**) [19, 24, 25]. These completely distinct configurations of plane bonding are eventually responsible for the meaning of the PZ field on the different planes. Furthermore, the study of the impacts of InP substrate polarity shows that As incorporation (arsenic diffusion) may be improved on (311) A samples but may be decreased on (311) B samples with an increased V/III ratio. It can be shown from Ref. [20] that the increase in arsenic composition (InAsP) will reduce the transition energy of type II.

*Effect of Piezoelectric Filed on the Optical Properties of (311) A and (311) B Oriented…*

We studied the evolution of the PL peak energy as PDPL, as shown in **Figure 6**,

to verify these assignments. The energy blue changes with increased excitation

*The PL emission energy for the type II transition of all samples as a function of excitation power densities.*

*3.1.3 Power-dependent photoluminescence (PDPL)*

*Illustration of (311) A and (311) B planes of InP.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89441*

**Figure 5.**

**Figure 6.**

**181**

**Figure 4** exhibits the variation in the type II transition energy as a function of the V/III molar ratio for samples cultivated on (311) A and (311) B. For the (311) orientation, the peak position depends upon whether the substrate is In terminated (A-face) or P terminated (B-face). The variation of type II transition energy (P1) was acting differently with the V/III ratio, according to the substrate polarity. For the B-face (samples S1, S1<sup>0</sup> and S1), the P1 emission peak energy tends to increase as the V/III ratio decreases [5]. Whereas for the A-face (samples S2, S2<sup>0</sup> and S2<sup>0</sup> ), we noted a decrease in the P1 emission peak as the V/III ratio increases (i.e. a blue shift is observed for (311) B samples [5], while red shift is noted for (311) A samples). These findings could possibly be clarified by the meaning of a piezoelectric field in InAlAs/InP heterostructures resulting from the difference between the atomic terminated surface [A or B] in InP substrate differences in interface reconstructions [1]. The PL shift can simply be attributed to the type of atoms present on the surface,

#### **Figure 4.**

*Variation of the type-II transition energy as a function of V/III ratio for the (311) A and (311) B substrate orientation.*

*Effect of Piezoelectric Filed on the Optical Properties of (311) A and (311) B Oriented… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89441*

**Figure 5.** *Illustration of (311) A and (311) B planes of InP.*

identify the different emission peaks. The spectra show four significant emission peaks marked as P1, P2, P3 and P4 for the (311) B sample. The P1 position is attributed to the type II emission across the interface between the two-dimensional electron states in thin InAsxP1�<sup>x</sup> graded layer at the inverted interface and holes located on top of the InAlAs valence band [1]. The intermediate layer of InAsP consists of the higher coefficient of incorporation of As compared to P [1, 5, 18]. Numerous investigations have shown that the type II emissions in InAlAs-InP heterostructures observed in the 0.8–1.25 eV range [1, 20, 22]. This very broad variety conceals some general patterns that appear to be related to conditions of growth. Whereas, the peak P2 emission is associated with a mixed type I–II transition and else P3 peak can be related to the interfacial defects in InAlAs/InP emission [1]. Finally, the P4 peak situated in the PL spectrum at a greater energy side for (311) B samples can be ascribed to acceptor-band

On the other hand, for (311) A plane, the peak P4 of all samples is not observed in PL spectra, which may be attributed to the existence of composition modulation in the epitaxial layer of InAlAs with varying molar ratio and substrate polarity. Sayari et al. [23] performed a Raman research study of the impact of the V/III flux ratio in heterostructures of InP/InAlAs/InP. The research demonstrates that the quantity of clustering is envisaged to depend on conditions of development such as

**Figure 4** exhibits the variation in the type II transition energy as a function of the

), we

V/III molar ratio for samples cultivated on (311) A and (311) B. For the (311) orientation, the peak position depends upon whether the substrate is In terminated (A-face) or P terminated (B-face). The variation of type II transition energy (P1) was acting differently with the V/III ratio, according to the substrate polarity. For the B-face (samples S1, S1<sup>0</sup> and S1), the P1 emission peak energy tends to increase as

the V/III ratio decreases [5]. Whereas for the A-face (samples S2, S2<sup>0</sup> and S2<sup>0</sup>

noted a decrease in the P1 emission peak as the V/III ratio increases (i.e. a blue shift is observed for (311) B samples [5], while red shift is noted for (311) A samples). These findings could possibly be clarified by the meaning of a piezoelectric field in InAlAs/InP heterostructures resulting from the difference between the atomic terminated surface [A or B] in InP substrate differences in interface reconstructions [1]. The PL shift can simply be attributed to the type of atoms present on the surface,

*Variation of the type-II transition energy as a function of V/III ratio for the (311) A and (311) B substrate*

recombination [5]. See our first part above for more information.

substrate polarity, V/III ratio, etc.

*Perovskite and Piezoelectric Materials*

**Figure 4.**

*orientation.*

**180**

resulting in different levels of confinement. There are two types of sites on the surface (311): one is the double bond site found in the direction [100] and the other is a single bond site found in the direction [111], their densities being precisely the same [5]. On a (311) A surface, the double dangling bond sites are In sites and the single dangling bond sites are P sites, but on a (311) B surface the double dangling bond sites are P sites and the single dangling bond sites are In sites (see **Figure 5**) [19, 24, 25]. These completely distinct configurations of plane bonding are eventually responsible for the meaning of the PZ field on the different planes. Furthermore, the study of the impacts of InP substrate polarity shows that As incorporation (arsenic diffusion) may be improved on (311) A samples but may be decreased on (311) B samples with an increased V/III ratio. It can be shown from Ref. [20] that the increase in arsenic composition (InAsP) will reduce the transition energy of type II.

#### *3.1.3 Power-dependent photoluminescence (PDPL)*

We studied the evolution of the PL peak energy as PDPL, as shown in **Figure 6**, to verify these assignments. The energy blue changes with increased excitation

power intensity for type transition. This conduct is associated with recombination of type II via an interface with other material structures such as GaAsSb/InP [26, 27] and GaSb/InGaAs [28].

The following Eq. (1) was used to estimate the nature of the recombination around the InP/InAlAs inverse interface [1]:

$$\mathbf{I}\_{\rm PL} = (\mathbf{P}\_{\rm exc})^{\rm n} \tag{1}$$

Another main parameter of the presence of the localization phenomenon is the Full width at Half Maximum (FWHM) behavior. Indeed, compared to the classic IIIV semiconductor alloys, it demonstrates atypical behavior. It shows an inverted "N-shape" (decrease-increase-decrease) (see **Figure 8**). The excitons are localized in the potential minima at cryogenic temperature. The carriers gain more thermal energy at intermediate temperatures to overcome the tiny energy barriers and attain greater energy states. As the temperature increases further, the FWHM broadening is described as the interaction of the electron-phonon. Finally, up to room temperature, the line width decreases continuously. It demonstrates the inverse trend of expanding optical phonons [1, 18]. This behavior can be clarified by the thermo-activation of the carriers and their transfer between nearby fluctuation potentials induced by the inhomogeneous distribution. Indeed, the carriers that are being thermally activated into a small potential can be further retrapped by the

*(a) and (b) experiment data for the temperature dependence of Transition type II emission in In0.513Al0.487As grown on InP (311) B and on InP (311) A substrates, respectively.*

*Effect of Piezoelectric Filed on the Optical Properties of (311) A and (311) B Oriented…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89441*

As a function of temperature, the S-shape in PL peak energy is not clear in

polarity B as polarity A. The reason for this distinction can be clarified by

large one [18].

**183**

**Figure 7.**

where Pexc is the power excitation, IPL is the integrated PL intensity and n is an exponent.

We found that the exponent n close to the unity. At higher power of excitation, there is no saturation. This shows that this PL transition is not attributable to impurity or defects, but is intrinsic recombination (band-to-band) [1]. **Figure 6** indicates a logarithmic linear dependence of the PL peak energy of the inverse interface with the density of excitation power. Hallara et al. [6] noted this behavior. Additionally, **Figure 6** display that the blue-shifted with the increase of the excitation power density. The offset is approximately 7 meV. This shows that the change of emission energy with increasing excitation power is also proof to verify our hypothesis (carrier localization) and PZ-filed presence in our structures [18].

A final analysis based on the PL temperature was created to further verify our hypothesis. In both samples, we can gain greater insight into the carrier localization and the mechanism of luminescence.

#### *3.1.4 Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (TDPL)*

Scientific study shows that two factors are noted for conventional orientation (100), at low temperature 10 K and with aspect ratio V/III equivalent to 50, two factors are observed: (i) clusters formation and (ii) composition modulation leading to natural superlattice [6]. Some scientists discovered that the latter factor disappears and if the ratio V/III changes [5, 6, 22], the clustering impact remains only.

It related to the phenomenon of exciton location. Carefully research as a function of PL temperature is conducted to demonstrate our hypothesis.

In both samples (S1 and S2) mentioned above, the PL peak energy-temperature reliance obtained from PL spectra is shown in **Figure 7(a)** and **(b)**. The PL spectrum (inset **Figure 7**) is revealed between 10 and 300 K. The so-called S-shaped temperature dependence of emission energy is obviously shown as a successive reform to low-high-low energy. It displays anomalous behavior as a temperature function. This behavior is characteristic of localization effects, and has been already observed in InAlAs alloys on InP [29, 30], GaAsSb/InP layers [31], BGaAs/GaAs layers [32, 33] and In0.21Ga0.79As MQWs on GaAs (311) A [16].

The S-shaped shape in PL peak energy can be separated into three primary intervals of temperature and is interpreted as follows: at the low-temperature range, the excitons should be situated in the levels whose distribution goes into the material's prohibited band. This is called band tails, associated with cluster appearance in the InAlAs [18]. With growing temperature, the excitons get enough thermal energy to reach deeper localized states and recombine primarily from low energy levels, resulting in a dramatic red shift (part I). Indeed, when the temperature increases, the thermal energy becomes adequate for the excitons in the tails to attain the corners of the stripes, where they are delocalized to high levels of energy. A blue shift is noted as a consequence (part II). All carriers are delocalized to the continuum at the high-temperature region, where band-band transitions are favored (part III) [18].

*Effect of Piezoelectric Filed on the Optical Properties of (311) A and (311) B Oriented… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89441*

**Figure 7.**

power intensity for type transition. This conduct is associated with recombination of type II via an interface with other material structures such as GaAsSb/InP [26, 27]

The following Eq. (1) was used to estimate the nature of the recombination

IPL ¼ ðPexcÞ

where Pexc is the power excitation, IPL is the integrated PL intensity and n is an

We found that the exponent n close to the unity. At higher power of excitation,

A final analysis based on the PL temperature was created to further verify our hypothesis. In both samples, we can gain greater insight into the carrier localization

Scientific study shows that two factors are noted for conventional orientation (100), at low temperature 10 K and with aspect ratio V/III equivalent to 50, two factors are observed: (i) clusters formation and (ii) composition modulation leading to natural superlattice [6]. Some scientists discovered that the latter factor disappears and if the ratio V/III changes [5, 6, 22], the clustering impact remains only. It related to the phenomenon of exciton location. Carefully research as a func-

In both samples (S1 and S2) mentioned above, the PL peak energy-temperature reliance obtained from PL spectra is shown in **Figure 7(a)** and **(b)**. The PL spectrum (inset **Figure 7**) is revealed between 10 and 300 K. The so-called S-shaped temperature dependence of emission energy is obviously shown as a successive reform to low-high-low energy. It displays anomalous behavior as a temperature function. This behavior is characteristic of localization effects, and has been already observed in InAlAs alloys on InP [29, 30], GaAsSb/InP layers [31], BGaAs/GaAs

The S-shaped shape in PL peak energy can be separated into three primary intervals of temperature and is interpreted as follows: at the low-temperature range, the excitons should be situated in the levels whose distribution goes into the material's prohibited band. This is called band tails, associated with cluster appearance in the InAlAs [18]. With growing temperature, the excitons get enough thermal energy to reach deeper localized states and recombine primarily from low energy levels, resulting in a dramatic red shift (part I). Indeed, when the temperature increases, the thermal energy becomes adequate for the excitons in the tails to attain the corners of the stripes, where they are delocalized to high levels of energy. A blue shift is noted as a consequence (part II). All carriers are delocalized to the continuum at the high-temperature region, where band-band transitions are

there is no saturation. This shows that this PL transition is not attributable to impurity or defects, but is intrinsic recombination (band-to-band) [1]. **Figure 6** indicates a logarithmic linear dependence of the PL peak energy of the inverse interface with the density of excitation power. Hallara et al. [6] noted this behavior. Additionally, **Figure 6** display that the blue-shifted with the increase of the excitation power density. The offset is approximately 7 meV. This shows that the change of emission energy with increasing excitation power is also proof to verify our hypothesis (carrier localization) and PZ-filed presence in our structures [18].

<sup>n</sup> (1)

and GaSb/InGaAs [28].

*Perovskite and Piezoelectric Materials*

exponent.

around the InP/InAlAs inverse interface [1]:

and the mechanism of luminescence.

favored (part III) [18].

**182**

*3.1.4 Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (TDPL)*

tion of PL temperature is conducted to demonstrate our hypothesis.

layers [32, 33] and In0.21Ga0.79As MQWs on GaAs (311) A [16].

*(a) and (b) experiment data for the temperature dependence of Transition type II emission in In0.513Al0.487As grown on InP (311) B and on InP (311) A substrates, respectively.*

Another main parameter of the presence of the localization phenomenon is the Full width at Half Maximum (FWHM) behavior. Indeed, compared to the classic IIIV semiconductor alloys, it demonstrates atypical behavior. It shows an inverted "N-shape" (decrease-increase-decrease) (see **Figure 8**). The excitons are localized in the potential minima at cryogenic temperature. The carriers gain more thermal energy at intermediate temperatures to overcome the tiny energy barriers and attain greater energy states. As the temperature increases further, the FWHM broadening is described as the interaction of the electron-phonon. Finally, up to room temperature, the line width decreases continuously. It demonstrates the inverse trend of expanding optical phonons [1, 18]. This behavior can be clarified by the thermo-activation of the carriers and their transfer between nearby fluctuation potentials induced by the inhomogeneous distribution. Indeed, the carriers that are being thermally activated into a small potential can be further retrapped by the large one [18].

As a function of temperature, the S-shape in PL peak energy is not clear in polarity B as polarity A. The reason for this distinction can be clarified by

#### **Figure 8.**

*(a) and (b) Evolution of the FWHM dependence of transition type II emission in In0.513Al0.487As grown on InP (311) B and on InP (311) A substrates, respectively.*

considering the polarity of the surface [In-rich (A) or P-rich (B)] from which the distinction of the PZ field within both structures [1, 18]. In the growth of the high index plane (311), the PZ field and an internal field are along the same direction (polarity A) [18, 19]. In fact, carriers can be easily delocalized due to the strong phonon coupling carrier, which is an important channel for carrier transfer in-plane hopping effect [24]. In comparison, field direction is opposite in polarity B (see **Figure 3**) [25, 34]. Due to the PZ field effect, the impact of localization is affected by interface undulation in this phase. Furthermore, the amount of alloy fluctuations in the composition of the material and the exchange of P-As.

emission (1e–1h) between electron sub band and light-hole sub-band of quantum well (QW) InAsP [5]. While the spin split-off band of the InAsP layers lies at about

*Room-temperature PR spectra for InAlAs layers grown on (311) B (samples S1, S1*<sup>0</sup> *and S1″) and (311) A*

*Effect of Piezoelectric Filed on the Optical Properties of (311) A and (311) B Oriented…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89441*

pear with a V/III ratio of 50 [5]. This result can be related during the growth to the uniformity of the inverse interface between InAlAs and InP. Furthermore, we noted that PR spectra of all samples show an additional above-band-gap (*E*<sup>0</sup> InP) characteristics that are Franz-Keldysh oscillations (FKO), reflecting the presence of a builtin electric field in the InP substrates [5, 35]. Finally, it is possible to attribute the peak exposed between 1.5 and 1.56 eV to the InAlAs band gap transition [19]. The origin of this very wide range is associated with the existence of the clustering phenomenon in the layer InxAl1�xAs caused by the fluctuation of the indium composition [19].

, S2<sup>0</sup>

), these two peaks totally disap-

1.32 eV. On the other side, for the samples (S1<sup>0</sup>

*(samples S2, S2*<sup>0</sup> *and S2″) InP substrates with different V/III ratio molar.*

**Figure 9.**

**185**

#### **3.2 Photoreflectance study**

PR measurements were performed at room temperature to explore the evolution of the optical properties of the InAlAs/InP heterostructures during the development phase. The received PR spectra are described in **Figure 9**, with a distinct V/III ratio and substrate polarity. The PR spectra show a transition varying between 1.18 and 1.21 eV for samples S1, S1<sup>0</sup> , S2 and S2<sup>0</sup> . We suggest that this peak is related to the

*Effect of Piezoelectric Filed on the Optical Properties of (311) A and (311) B Oriented… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89441*

#### **Figure 9.**

considering the polarity of the surface [In-rich (A) or P-rich (B)] from which the distinction of the PZ field within both structures [1, 18]. In the growth of the high index plane (311), the PZ field and an internal field are along the same direction (polarity A) [18, 19]. In fact, carriers can be easily delocalized due to the strong phonon coupling carrier, which is an important channel for carrier transfer in-plane hopping effect [24]. In comparison, field direction is opposite in polarity B (see **Figure 3**) [25, 34]. Due to the PZ field effect, the impact of localization is affected by interface undulation in this phase. Furthermore, the amount of alloy fluctuations

*(a) and (b) Evolution of the FWHM dependence of transition type II emission in In0.513Al0.487As grown on*

PR measurements were performed at room temperature to explore the evolution of the optical properties of the InAlAs/InP heterostructures during the development phase. The received PR spectra are described in **Figure 9**, with a distinct V/III ratio and substrate polarity. The PR spectra show a transition varying between 1.18 and

. We suggest that this peak is related to the

in the composition of the material and the exchange of P-As.

*InP (311) B and on InP (311) A substrates, respectively.*

*Perovskite and Piezoelectric Materials*

, S2 and S2<sup>0</sup>

**3.2 Photoreflectance study**

**Figure 8.**

1.21 eV for samples S1, S1<sup>0</sup>

**184**

*Room-temperature PR spectra for InAlAs layers grown on (311) B (samples S1, S1*<sup>0</sup> *and S1″) and (311) A (samples S2, S2*<sup>0</sup> *and S2″) InP substrates with different V/III ratio molar.*

emission (1e–1h) between electron sub band and light-hole sub-band of quantum well (QW) InAsP [5]. While the spin split-off band of the InAsP layers lies at about 1.32 eV. On the other side, for the samples (S1<sup>0</sup> , S2<sup>0</sup> ), these two peaks totally disappear with a V/III ratio of 50 [5]. This result can be related during the growth to the uniformity of the inverse interface between InAlAs and InP. Furthermore, we noted that PR spectra of all samples show an additional above-band-gap (*E*<sup>0</sup> InP) characteristics that are Franz-Keldysh oscillations (FKO), reflecting the presence of a builtin electric field in the InP substrates [5, 35]. Finally, it is possible to attribute the peak exposed between 1.5 and 1.56 eV to the InAlAs band gap transition [19]. The origin of this very wide range is associated with the existence of the clustering phenomenon in the layer InxAl1�xAs caused by the fluctuation of the indium composition [19].

In order to assess the electrical field quality of each InP substrate, the FKO period is evaluated using an asymptotic expression for the PR spectrum provided in [36, 37]. In this strategy, InP FKO is indicated by:

$$\frac{\Delta R}{R} \approx \frac{1}{E^2 (E - E\_0)} \exp\left[ -2(E - E\_0)^{1/2} \frac{\Gamma}{\left(\hbar \Omega\right)^{3/2}} \right] \cos\left[ \frac{4}{3} \left( \frac{E - E\_0}{\hbar \Omega} \right)^{3/2} + \phi \right] \tag{2}$$

where *E*<sup>0</sup> is the transition energy, ɸ is an arbitrary phase factor, Γ is the linewidth broadening.

According to the asymptotic Franz-Keldysh model [37], the energy of oscillation extrema is given by:

$$E\_m = (\hbar \Omega) H\_m + E\_0 \tag{3}$$

where *Hm* <sup>¼</sup> <sup>3</sup>*<sup>Π</sup>* 2 � �ð Þ *<sup>m</sup>* � <sup>1</sup>*=*<sup>2</sup> � �<sup>2</sup>*=*<sup>3</sup> and *m* (*m* ≥ 1) denotes the *m*th FKO extremum. *E*<sup>0</sup> is the band-gap energy (InP) and *ℏΩ* is the electro-optic energy expressed as takes after:

$$
\hbar \Omega = \left(\frac{q^2 \hbar^2 \text{Fint}^2}{8\mu}\right)^{1/3} \tag{4}
$$

Noting that *q* is the electron charge, *μ* is the reduced inter-band effective mass in the electric field direction, *ħ* is the reduced Planck constant, and *Fint* is the internal electric field.

Thus, by plotting *Em* as a function of *Hm*, from linear fitting, we can decide *ℏΩ* and *E*<sup>0</sup> from the slope and the intersection with the ordinate at the origin, respectively. Recalling Eq. (4), *Fint* can be calculated by:

$$F\_{\rm int} = \sqrt{\frac{8\mu \left(\hbar \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{Q}\right)^3}{q^2 \mathfrak{p}^2}} \tag{5}$$

field drops with increasing the V/III ratio molar for the orientation (311) B [5]. The S1 sample indicates a comparatively powerful PZ field. As the V/III ratio increases, the PZ field decreases rapidly to reach 20.53 KV/cm for sample S1<sup>0</sup> (V/III = 50) and 8.11 KV/cm for sample S1″ (V/III = 125). In comparison, for (311) A-surface, we

*Effect of Piezoelectric Filed on the Optical Properties of (311) A and (311) B Oriented…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89441*

*. Solid lines are the linear fit using Eq. (2).*

*, and S2″. Symbols are the energies of the FKO Extrema En as a*

*, S1″, S2, S2*<sup>0</sup>

**Figure 10.**

**187**

*FKO analysis for samples S1, S1*<sup>0</sup>

*2*

ð Þ *<sup>n</sup>* � *<sup>1</sup>=<sup>2</sup> <sup>2</sup>=<sup>3</sup>*

*function of Hn* <sup>¼</sup> *<sup>3</sup><sup>Π</sup>*

Plotted in **Figure 10** is the intercept *E*<sup>0</sup> of the best linear adjustments of the variation of *En* as a function of *Hn* for all samples [5]. Then, *E*<sup>0</sup> was the intercept defined from the best linear adjustment of En (Hn) plot, whereas ℏΩ is simply the slope of the linear fit. **Table 2** shows the acquired values of transitions *E*<sup>0</sup> (InP) discovered by this fitting procedure and the FKOs analysis method.

From Eq. (3), a plot of *Em* vs *Hm* is a straight line, and the electric field strength *Fint* can be acquired from the plot slope. **Figure 10** shows the graphs of *Em* vs *Hm* for all samples with their corresponding linear fits. The residual strain in (311) A/Boriented samples will generate a PZ field contributing to the *Fint* electrical field built-in InP. We assumed *Fint* was the sum of the PZ and built-in electrical fields. So, with regard to built-in electrical fields, the PZ field component predominates. The integrated electric field *Fint* is therefore equal to the PZ areas [5].

The values acquired from the above-explained FKO evaluation of the built-in electrical field strength are provided in **Table 2**. We discovered that when the orientation of the substrate changes, the *Fint* is modified, which suggests PZ impacts in the samples. The estimated PZ field is of about 36.27, 20.53, 8.11, 25.44, and 32.86 KV/cm for samples S1, S1<sup>0</sup> , S1″, S2, and S2<sup>0</sup> , respectively. Our findings will show that the PZ field is very susceptible to growth conditions in the InAlAs/InP samples [5].

**Figure 11** shows the dependency of the PZ field in the studied samples on the polarity of the InP substrate and the V/III ratio. It is obviously noted that the PZ

*Effect of Piezoelectric Filed on the Optical Properties of (311) A and (311) B Oriented… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89441*

#### **Figure 10.**

In order to assess the electrical field quality of each InP substrate, the FKO period is evaluated using an asymptotic expression for the PR spectrum provided in

> <sup>1</sup>*=*<sup>2</sup> *Γ* ð Þ *<sup>ℏ</sup><sup>Ω</sup>* <sup>3</sup>*=*<sup>2</sup>

According to the asymptotic Franz-Keldysh model [37], the energy of oscillation

*E*<sup>0</sup> is the band-gap energy (InP) and *ℏΩ* is the electro-optic energy expressed as

Noting that *q* is the electron charge, *μ* is the reduced inter-band effective mass in the electric field direction, *ħ* is the reduced Planck constant, and *Fint* is the internal

Thus, by plotting *Em* as a function of *Hm*, from linear fitting, we can decide *ℏΩ*

s

Plotted in **Figure 10** is the intercept *E*<sup>0</sup> of the best linear adjustments of the variation of *En* as a function of *Hn* for all samples [5]. Then, *E*<sup>0</sup> was the intercept defined from the best linear adjustment of En (Hn) plot, whereas ℏΩ is simply the slope of the linear fit. **Table 2** shows the acquired values of transitions *E*<sup>0</sup> (InP)

From Eq. (3), a plot of *Em* vs *Hm* is a straight line, and the electric field strength *Fint* can be acquired from the plot slope. **Figure 10** shows the graphs of *Em* vs *Hm* for all samples with their corresponding linear fits. The residual strain in (311) A/Boriented samples will generate a PZ field contributing to the *Fint* electrical field built-in InP. We assumed *Fint* was the sum of the PZ and built-in electrical fields. So, with regard to built-in electrical fields, the PZ field component predominates. The

The values acquired from the above-explained FKO evaluation of the built-in electrical field strength are provided in **Table 2**. We discovered that when the orientation of the substrate changes, the *Fint* is modified, which suggests PZ impacts in the samples. The estimated PZ field is of about 36.27, 20.53, 8.11, 25.44, and 32.86

the PZ field is very susceptible to growth conditions in the InAlAs/InP samples [5]. **Figure 11** shows the dependency of the PZ field in the studied samples on the polarity of the InP substrate and the V/III ratio. It is obviously noted that the PZ

ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi <sup>8</sup>*μ*ð Þ *<sup>ђ</sup><sup>Ω</sup>* <sup>3</sup> *q*<sup>2</sup>*ђ*<sup>2</sup>

*Fint*<sup>2</sup> 8*μ* � �<sup>1</sup>*=*<sup>3</sup>

*<sup>ℏ</sup><sup>Ω</sup>* <sup>¼</sup> *<sup>q</sup>*<sup>2</sup>*ђ*<sup>2</sup>

and *E*<sup>0</sup> from the slope and the intersection with the ordinate at the origin,

*Fint* ¼

discovered by this fitting procedure and the FKOs analysis method.

integrated electric field *Fint* is therefore equal to the PZ areas [5].

, S1″, S2, and S2<sup>0</sup>

where *E*<sup>0</sup> is the transition energy, ɸ is an arbitrary phase factor, Γ is the

*cos* 4 3

*E* � *E*<sup>0</sup> *ђΩ* � �3*=*<sup>2</sup>

*Em* ¼ ð Þ *ℏΩ Hm* þ *E*<sup>0</sup> (3)

and *m* (*m* ≥ 1) denotes the *m*th FKO extremum.

, respectively. Our findings will show that

" #

þ *ɸ*

(2)

(4)

(5)

" #

[36, 37]. In this strategy, InP FKO is indicated by:

*exp* �2ð Þ *E* � *E*<sup>0</sup>

*ΔR*

takes after:

electric field.

*<sup>R</sup>* <sup>∝</sup> <sup>1</sup> *E*2

linewidth broadening.

extrema is given by:

where *Hm* <sup>¼</sup> <sup>3</sup>*<sup>Π</sup>*

KV/cm for samples S1, S1<sup>0</sup>

**186**

2

� �ð Þ *<sup>m</sup>* � <sup>1</sup>*=*<sup>2</sup> � �<sup>2</sup>*=*<sup>3</sup>

respectively. Recalling Eq. (4), *Fint* can be calculated by:

ð Þ *E* � *E*<sup>0</sup>

*Perovskite and Piezoelectric Materials*

*FKO analysis for samples S1, S1*<sup>0</sup> *, S1″, S2, S2*<sup>0</sup> *, and S2″. Symbols are the energies of the FKO Extrema En as a function of Hn* <sup>¼</sup> *<sup>3</sup><sup>Π</sup> 2* ð Þ *<sup>n</sup>* � *<sup>1</sup>=<sup>2</sup> <sup>2</sup>=<sup>3</sup> . Solid lines are the linear fit using Eq. (2).*

field drops with increasing the V/III ratio molar for the orientation (311) B [5]. The S1 sample indicates a comparatively powerful PZ field. As the V/III ratio increases, the PZ field decreases rapidly to reach 20.53 KV/cm for sample S1<sup>0</sup> (V/III = 50) and 8.11 KV/cm for sample S1″ (V/III = 125). In comparison, for (311) A-surface, we


shift in energy owing to the PZ field has a distinct impact on the termination of the substrates A and B [1, 5]. This is because the PZ field may increase or decrease the space separation of the electron/hole that already exists because of the strain [41]. Consequently, the band structures of the InP/InAlAs/InP samples are plotted schematically of the inset of **Figure 2**. Based on the orientation of the substrate, the band diagrams are shifted to the left side while for (311) A and shifted to the right side for (311) B due to the presence of the PZ field [1, 5]. Finally, based on the discourse in previous parts, it can be concluded that the red shift in the type II recombination for the (311) A and the blue shift for the (311) B orientation with an increasing V/III ratio is related to the meaning of the PZ field. Another possible raison for the shift of type-II transition is the difference of exchange As/P at the InAlAs/InP interface

*Effect of Piezoelectric Filed on the Optical Properties of (311) A and (311) B Oriented…*

In summary, InAlAs/InP type-II heterostructures with a varying V/III ratio grown successfully on (311) A or B Fe-doped InP substrates by MOCVD were investigated and the optical properties of the grown structures were examined. The different optical properties of the samples grown on (311) A or B substrates are caused from the difference of their plane-bonding configurations. In particular, the optical properties of InAlAs-InP interface display a significant reliance on AsH3 overpressure and substrate polarity. PL and PR measurements indicated that substrate orientation and V/III ratio molar have an important impact on the quality of inverted interface. The measurements of excitation power density PL confirm the intrinsic transition of type II. A red shift of the type-II transition was noted at low temperature with an increased V/III ratio of the polarity A samples and a blue shift for polarity B samples. These findings could be clarified by the opposite field of PZ at the heterostructures of InAlAs/InP resulting from distinct polarity of the InP substrate. We acquired the InP field built-in PZ in the heterostructures from an assessment by the FKO. We have made an explanation of the transition shift from these values. Additionally, the temperature variety shows an anomalous S-shaped dependence that is typical of carrier localization in the material. The optical properties are significantly influenced by the PZ field in our samples. Therefore, the impact of the PZ field on the design and manufacture of greater quality instruments

resulting from a different polarity of InP [1, 5].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89441*

should be taken into consideration.

Badreddine Smiri\*, Faouzi Saidi and Hassen Maaref

Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: badreddinesmiri@gmail.com

Laboratoire des Micro-optoélectroniques et Nanostructures, Faculté des Sciences

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

**Author details**

**189**

**4. Conclusion**

#### **Table 2.**

*Summary of energy gap (Eg) and the piezoelectric field (Fpz) values obtained from photoreflectance PR with different V/III ratio molar.*

#### **Figure 11.**

*Piezoelectric field dependence on the V/III ratio molar for (311) A (closed circles blue) and (311) B (closed circles red) substrate orientation.*

noted an increase in the PZ field as the V/III ratio increases. It increases from 25.44 to 32.86 KV/cm when the V/III ratio increases almost twice [5].

From the surface kinetics aspect, it is possible to understand this difference in the variation of the PZ field with the V/III ratio for (311) A and (311) B orientation. The sign of the PZ charge is based on the atomic composition of the interfaces [38–40]. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between the substrates In planes, alluded to as (N11) A plane, and the planes P, alluded to as (N11) B-planes. The single-bond sites on a (311) surface are P sites and the double-bond sites are In locations. On the contrary, the surface (311) B has an inverse bonding arrangement as shown in **Figure 5** [5, 19]. Therefore, for (311) A-face, less As atoms appear to close the cultivated surface at a small V/III ratio. Because of the stronger bond strength of Al-As than In-As, additional As atoms bond to Al statistically, bringing about more AlAs. Therefore, when V/III decreases, the coefficient of incorporation decreases [5]. By contrast, if the V/III ratio increases, though the tendency of As to combining with Al is still high, because of this oversupply, In atoms have more opportunity to bond with As atoms. In this way, the In incorporation coefficient increases with V/III ratio [5], which creates an increase in the PZ field with V/III ratio for the (311) A-oriented samples (S2 and S2<sup>0</sup> ). Furthermore, we noted the opposite phenomenon of what is occurring for (311) B-face. The PZ field in our samples cultivated on (311) A substrate has the opposite direction than for (311) B [5].

We plotted the type II transition energy with the field for both the A and B polarity substrates in order to estimate the role of the PZ field (see **Figure 11**). The *Effect of Piezoelectric Filed on the Optical Properties of (311) A and (311) B Oriented… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89441*

shift in energy owing to the PZ field has a distinct impact on the termination of the substrates A and B [1, 5]. This is because the PZ field may increase or decrease the space separation of the electron/hole that already exists because of the strain [41]. Consequently, the band structures of the InP/InAlAs/InP samples are plotted schematically of the inset of **Figure 2**. Based on the orientation of the substrate, the band diagrams are shifted to the left side while for (311) A and shifted to the right side for (311) B due to the presence of the PZ field [1, 5]. Finally, based on the discourse in previous parts, it can be concluded that the red shift in the type II recombination for the (311) A and the blue shift for the (311) B orientation with an increasing V/III ratio is related to the meaning of the PZ field. Another possible raison for the shift of type-II transition is the difference of exchange As/P at the InAlAs/InP interface resulting from a different polarity of InP [1, 5].
