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[155] Bożena C, Mirabbos H. UVA- and visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity of three-layer perovskite Dion-Jacobson phase CsBa2M3O10 (M = Ta, Nb) and oxynitride crystals in the removal of caffeine from model wastewater. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 2016;**324**:70-80

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[162] Kim SH, Ngo HH, Shon HK, Vigneswaran S. Adsorption and photocatalysis kinetics of herbicide onto titanium oxide and powdered activated carbon. Separation and Purification Technology. 2008;**58**:335-342

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[164] Torres-Martínez LM, Cruz-López A, Juárez-Ramírez I, Elena Meza-de la Rosa M. Methylene blue degradation by NaTaO3 sol–gel doped with Sm and La. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009;**165**:774-779

[165] Li X, Zang J. Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of lanthanum-doped NaTaO3 with high photocatalytic activity. Catalysis Communications. 2011;**12**:1380-1383

[166] Yiguo S, Wang S, Meng Y, Wang HHX. Dual substitutions of

**25**

*Significant Role of Perovskite Materials for Degradation of Organic Pollutants*

of SrTiO3−xF x with high visible light photocatalytic activities for nitrogen monoxide destruction. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 2003;**13**:2348-2352

[175] Jia A, Liang X, Su Z, Zhu T, Liu S. Synthesis and effect of calcinations temperature on the physical-chemical

[176] Ohno T, Tsubota T, Nakamura Y, Sayama K. Preparation of S, C cationcodoped SrTiO3 and its photocatalytic

Applied Catalysis A. 2005;**288**:74-79

[178] Li P, Liu C, Wu G, Yang H, Lin S, Ren A, et al. Solvothermal synthesis and visible light-driven photocatalytic

degradation for tetracycline of Fe-doped SrTiO3. RSC Advances.

[179] Liu C, Wu G, Chen J, Hang K, Shi W. Fabrication of a visible-lightdriven photocatalyst and degradation of tetracycline based on the photoinduced interfacial charge transfer of SrTiO3/ Fe2O3 nanowires. New Journal of Chemistry. 2016;**40**:5198-5208

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[167] Wang B, Kanhere PD, Chen Z, Nisar J, Biswarup PA. Anion-doped natao3 for visible light photocatalysis. Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

[168] Kanhere PD, Zheng J, Chen Z. Site specific optical and photocatalytic properties of Bi-doped NaTaO3. Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

[169] Liu D-R, Wei C-D, Xue B, Zhang X-G, Jiang Y-S. Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of N-doped NaTaO3 compounds calcined at low temperature. Journal of Hazardous

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2014;**25**:3807-3815

2013;**15**:12386-12393

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[173] Zou F, Zheng J, Qin X,

[171] Da Silva LF, Avansi W,

[170] Zhang J, Jiang Y, Gao W, Hao H. Synthesis and visible photocatalytic activity of new photocatalyst MBI2O4 (M = Cu,Zn). Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

Andres J, Ribeiro C. Long-range and short-range structures of cube-like shape SrTiO3 powders: Microwaveassisted hydrothermal synthesis and photocatalytic activity. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics.

[172] Xie T-H, Sun X, Lin J. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of RhB driven by visible light-induced MMCT of Ti(IV)-O-Fe(II)formed in Fe-doped SrTiO3. Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

Zhao Y, Jiang L, Zhi J, et al. Chemical Communications. 2012;**48**:8514-8516

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*Perovskite and Piezoelectric Materials*

[153] Jang JS, Yoon SS, Borse PH, Lim KT, Hong TE, Jeong ED, et al. Synthesis and characterization of aurivilius phase Bi5Ti3FeO15layered perovskite for Visible light photocatalysis. Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan.

Environmental Chemical Engineering.

Bahnemann D. TiO2 for water treatment:

[159] Friedmann D, Mendice C,

Parameters affecting the kinetics and mechanisms of photocatalysis. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental.

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[162] Kim SH, Ngo HH, Shon HK, Vigneswaran S. Adsorption and

photocatalysis kinetics of herbicide onto titanium oxide and powdered activated carbon. Separation and Purification Technology. 2008;**58**:335-342

[163] Liu JW, Chen G, Li ZH, Zhang ZG. Electronic structure and visible light photocatalysis water splitting property

Cruz-López A, Juárez-Ramírez I, Elena Meza-de la Rosa M. Methylene blue degradation by NaTaO3 sol–gel doped with Sm and La. Journal of Hazardous

of chromium-doped SrTiO3. Journal of Solid State Chemistry.

[164] Torres-Martínez LM,

Materials. 2009;**165**:774-779

[165] Li X, Zang J. Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of lanthanum-doped NaTaO3 with high photocatalytic activity. Catalysis Communications. 2011;**12**:1380-1383

[166] Yiguo S, Wang S, Meng Y, Wang HHX. Dual substitutions of

2006;**179**:3704-3708

2018;**6**:4504-4513

2010;**99**:398-406

2009;**43**:979-988

[154] Naresh G, Mandal TK. Excellent sun-light-driven photocatalytic activity by aurivillius layered perovskites, Bi5–xLaxTi3FeO15 (x = 1, 2). ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.

[155] Bożena C, Mirabbos H. UVA- and visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity of three-layer perovskite Dion-Jacobson phase CsBa2M3O10 (M = Ta, Nb) and oxynitride crystals in the removal of caffeine from model wastewater. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry.

[156] Reddy JR, Kurra S, Guje R, Palla S, Veldurthi NK, Ravi G, et al. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene

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of photocatalytic properties. Advanced Functional Materials.

[157] Xu TG, Zhang C, Shao X, Wu K, Zhu YF. Monomolecular-layer Ba5Ta4O15 nanosheets: Synthesis and investigation

[158] Ramesh G, Jakeer A, Kalyana LY, Seid YA, Tao YT, Someshwar P. Photodegradation of organic dyes and industrial wastewater in the presence of layer-type perovskite materials under visible light irradiation. Journal of

hierarchical microflowers: Hydrothermal synthesis, growth mechanism, and associated visible-light-driven photocatalysis. Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

2008;**112**:17835-17843

2009;**117**:1268-1272

2014;**6**:21000-21010

2016;**324**:70-80

2015;**41**:2869-2875

2006;**16**:1599-1607

**24**

[167] Wang B, Kanhere PD, Chen Z, Nisar J, Biswarup PA. Anion-doped natao3 for visible light photocatalysis. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2014;**118**:10728-10739

[168] Kanhere PD, Zheng J, Chen Z. Site specific optical and photocatalytic properties of Bi-doped NaTaO3. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2011;**115**:11846-11853

[169] Liu D-R, Wei C-D, Xue B, Zhang X-G, Jiang Y-S. Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of N-doped NaTaO3 compounds calcined at low temperature. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010;**182**:50-54

[170] Zhang J, Jiang Y, Gao W, Hao H. Synthesis and visible photocatalytic activity of new photocatalyst MBI2O4 (M = Cu,Zn). Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2014;**25**:3807-3815

[171] Da Silva LF, Avansi W, Andres J, Ribeiro C. Long-range and short-range structures of cube-like shape SrTiO3 powders: Microwaveassisted hydrothermal synthesis and photocatalytic activity. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2013;**15**:12386-12393

[172] Xie T-H, Sun X, Lin J. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of RhB driven by visible light-induced MMCT of Ti(IV)-O-Fe(II)formed in Fe-doped SrTiO3. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2008;**112**:9753-9759

[173] Zou F, Zheng J, Qin X, Zhao Y, Jiang L, Zhi J, et al. Chemical Communications. 2012;**48**:8514-8516

[174] Wang J, Yin S, Zhang Q, Saito F, Sato T. Mechanochemical synthesis

of SrTiO3−xF x with high visible light photocatalytic activities for nitrogen monoxide destruction. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 2003;**13**:2348-2352

[175] Jia A, Liang X, Su Z, Zhu T, Liu S. Synthesis and effect of calcinations temperature on the physical-chemical properties and photocatalytic activities of Ni, La coded SrTiO3. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010;**178**:233-242

[176] Ohno T, Tsubota T, Nakamura Y, Sayama K. Preparation of S, C cationcodoped SrTiO3 and its photocatalytic activity under visible light. Applied Catalysis A. 2005;**288**:74-79

[177] Miyauchi M, Takashio M, Tobimastu H. Photocatalytic activity of SrTiO3 codoped with nitrogen and lanthanum under visible light illumination. Langmuir. 2004;**20**:232-236

[178] Li P, Liu C, Wu G, Yang H, Lin S, Ren A, et al. Solvothermal synthesis and visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation for tetracycline of Fe-doped SrTiO3. RSC Advances. 2014;**4**:47615-47624

[179] Liu C, Wu G, Chen J, Hang K, Shi W. Fabrication of a visible-lightdriven photocatalyst and degradation of tetracycline based on the photoinduced interfacial charge transfer of SrTiO3/ Fe2O3 nanowires. New Journal of Chemistry. 2016;**40**:5198-5208

[180] Lan J, Zhou X, Liu G, Yu J, Zhang J, Zhi L, et al. Enhancing photocatalytic activity of one-dimensional KNbO3 nanowires by Au nanoparticles under ultraviolet and visible-light. Nanoscale. 2011;**3**:5161-5167

[181] Jiang L, Qui Y, Yi Z. Potassium niobate nanostructures: controllable morphology, growth mechanism, and photocatalytic activity. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2013;**1**:2878-2885

[182] Yan L, Zhang T, Lei W, Xu Q, Zhou X, Xu P, et al. Catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles supported on KNbO3 microcubes. Catalysis Today. 2014;**224**:140-146

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[188] Haifeng S, Xiukai L, Hideol W, Zhingang Z, Jinhua Y. 3- Propanol photodegradation over nitrogen-doped NaNbO3 powders under visible-light irradiation. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 2009;**70**:931-935

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[196] Ye T-N, Xu M, Fu W, Cai Y-Y, Wei X, Wang K-X, et al. The crystallinity effect of mesocrystalline BaZrO3 hollow nanosheres on charge separation for photocatalysis. Chemical Communications. 2014;**50**:3021-3023

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[206] Jung WY, Hong S-S. Synthesis of LaCoO3 nanoparticles by microwave process and their photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Journal of Industrial and Engineering

[207] Dong B, Li Z, Li Z, Xu X, Song M, Zheng W, et al. Highly efficient LaCoO3 nanofibers catalysts for photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B. Journal of the American Ceramic Society.

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[201] Wang Y, Niu C-G, Liang W, Wang Y, Zhang X-G, Zeng G-M. Synthesis of fern-like Ag/AgCl/CaTiO3 plasmonic photocatalysts and their enhanced visible-light photocatalytic

[202] Shu X, He J, Chen D. Visiblelight-induced photocatalyst based on nickel titanate nanoparticles. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research.

[203] Ding N, Chen X, Wu C-ML, Li H. Adsorption of nucleobase pairs on hexagonal boron nitride sheet: hydrogen bonding versus stacking. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics.

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[205] Alammar T, Hamm I, Grasmik V, Wark M, Mudring A-V. Microwaveassisted synthesis of perovskite SrSnO3 nanocrystals in ionic liquids for photocatalytic applications. Inorganic Chemistry. 2017;**56**(12):6920-6932

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2008;**47**:4750-4753

2013;**15**:20203-20209

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*Perovskite and Piezoelectric Materials*

2014;**224**:140-146

2012;**41**:10194-10198

[182] Yan L, Zhang T, Lei W, Xu Q, Zhou X, Xu P, et al. Catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles supported on KNbO3 microcubes. Catalysis Today.

AgNbO3. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2010;**496**:633-637

2009:2423-2427

Journal. 2012;**239**:322-331

2014;**40**:13813-13817

2007;**8**:963-966

[193] Li L, Zhang M, Tan P, Gu W, Wang X. Synthetic photocatalytic activity of LnFeO3 (Ln=Pr, Y) perovskites under visible-light illumination. Ceramics International.

[194] Jia L, Ding T, Li Q, Tang Y. Study of photocatalytic performance of SrFeO3-x by ultrasonic radiation. Catalysis Communications.

[195] Gaffari M, Tan PY, Oruc ME, Tan OK, Tse MS. Effect of ball milling on the characteristics of nano structure SrFeO3 powder for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation and its reaction kinetics. Catalysis Today. 2011;**161**:70-77

[196] Ye T-N, Xu M, Fu W, Cai Y-Y, Wei X, Wang K-X, et al. The crystallinity effect of mesocrystalline BaZrO3 hollow nanosheres on charge separation for photocatalysis. Chemical Communications. 2014;**50**:3021-3023

[197] Prastomo N, Zakaria NHB, Kawamura G, Muto H, Matsuda A. High surface area BaZrO3 photocatalyst prepared by base-hot-water treatment. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2011;**31**:2699-2705

[198] Li L, Liu X, Zhang Y, Nuhfer NT, Barmak K, Salvador PA, et al. Visiblelight photochemical activity of

[191] Li G, Kako T, Wamg D, Zou Z, Ye Y. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of La-doped AgNbO3 under visible light irradiation. Dalton Transactions.

[192] Wang Y, Gao Y, Chen L, Zhang H. Geothite as an efficient heterogeneous fenton catalyst for the degradation of methyl orange. Chemical Engineering

[183] Li G, Yi Z, Bai Y, Zhang W, Zhang H. Anisotropy in photocatalytic

oxidization activity of NaNbO3 photocatalyst. Dalton Transactions.

[184] Hard template synthesis of

Letters. 2012;**142**:901-906

2009;**131**:3856-3857

2012;**116**:1458-1471

nanocrystalline NaNbO3 with enhanced photocatalytic performance. Catalysis

[185] Katsumata K-I, Cordonier CEJ, Shichi T, FuJishima A. Photocatalytic activity of NaNbO3 thin films. Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[186] Yu J, Yu Y, Zhou P, Xiao W, Cheng B. Morphology-dependent photocatalytic-production activity of CDS. Applied Catalysis B. 2014:156-157

[187] Pai MR, Majeed J, Banerjee AM, Arya A, Bhattacharya S, Rao R, et al. Role of Nd3+ ions in modifying the band structure and photocatalytic properties of substituted indium titanates, In2(1-x)Nd2xTiO5 oxides. Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

[188] Haifeng S, Xiukai L, Hideol W, Zhingang Z, Jinhua Y. 3- Propanol photodegradation over nitrogen-doped NaNbO3 powders under visible-light irradiation. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 2009;**70**:931-935

[189] Paul B, Choo KH. Visible light active Ru-doped sodium niobate perovskite decorated with platinum nanoparticles via surface capping. Catalysis Today. 2014;**230**:138-144

[190] Shu H, Xie J, Xu H, Li H, Gu Z, Sun G, et al. Structural characterization and photocatalytic activity of NiO/

**26**

[199] Cai Z, Zhou H, Song J, Zhao F, Li J. Preparation and characterization of Zn0.9Mg0.1TiO3 via electrospinning. Dalton Transactions. 2011;**40**:8335-8339

[200] Wu G, Xiao L, Gu W, Shi W, Jiang D, Liu C. Fabrication and excellent visible-light-driven photodegradation activity for antibiotics of SrTiO3 nanocube coated CdS microsphere heterojunctions. RSC Advances. 2016;**6**:19878-19886

[201] Wang Y, Niu C-G, Liang W, Wang Y, Zhang X-G, Zeng G-M. Synthesis of fern-like Ag/AgCl/CaTiO3 plasmonic photocatalysts and their enhanced visible-light photocatalytic properties. RSC Advances. 2016;**6**:47873-47882

[202] Shu X, He J, Chen D. Visiblelight-induced photocatalyst based on nickel titanate nanoparticles. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 2008;**47**:4750-4753

[203] Ding N, Chen X, Wu C-ML, Li H. Adsorption of nucleobase pairs on hexagonal boron nitride sheet: hydrogen bonding versus stacking. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2013;**15**:20203-20209

[204] Ma X, Zhang J, Li H, Duan B, Guo L, Que M, et al. Violet blue longlasting phosphorescence properties of Mg-doped BaZrO3 and its ability to assist photocatalysis. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2013;**580**:564-569

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**29**

**Chapter 2**

*Manojit De*

**Abstract**

wastewater treatment

**1. Introduction**

Lead-Free Perovskite

Nanocomposites: An Aspect for

Perovskites possess an interesting crystal structure and its structural properties allow us to achieve various applications. Beside its ferroelectric, piezoelectric, magnetic, multiferroic, etc., properties, these branches of materials are also useful to develop materials for various environmental applications. As the population is increasing nowadays, different type of environmental pollution is one of the growing worries for society. The effort of researchers and scientists focuses on developing new materials to get rid of these individual issues. With modern advances in synthesis methods, including the preparation of perovskite nanocomposites, there is a growing interest in perovskite-type materials for environmental application. Basically, this chapter concludes with a few of the major issues in the recent environment: green energy (solar cell), fuel cell, sensors (gas and for biomedical), and

**Keywords:** perovskite, nanocomposite, fuel cell, sensors, solar cell, heavy metals,

standing of the correlation between structural and chemical compatibility.

Perovskites possess a very interesting crystal structure; are basically a combination of three basic crystal structures (simple cubic structure, body center cubic structure, and face-centered cubic structure). The extraordinary range of structure and properties interplay of perovskites makes them an exceptional research field for different branches like materials science, physics and solid-state chemistry. A wide range of unique functional materials and device ideas can be predicted through a basic under-

The perovskite structure is shown to be the single most adaptable ceramic host. Inorganic perovskite-type oxides are attractive compounds for varied applications due to its large number of compounds, they exhibit both physical and biochemical characteristics and their nano-formulation have been utilized as catalysts in many reactions due to their sensitivity, unique long-term stability, and anti-interference ability. Some perovskite materials are very hopeful applicants for the improvement of effective anodic catalysts performance. Depending on perovskite-phase metal oxides' distinct variety of properties they became useful for various applications they are newly used in electrochemical sensing of alcohols, glucose, hydrogenperoxide, gases, and neurotransmitters. Perovskite organometallic halide showed

Environmental Application

remediation of heavy metals from industrial wastewater.

efficient essential properties for photovoltaic solar cells.
