Preface

Geochemistry is a branch of geological sciences that deals with chemistry rocks and minerals in various igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary processes, from high to low temperatures and in various environments.

Geochemistry is also an important background for a detailed description of rocks' origin and evolution. Geochemistry is also significant for other geological sciences, especially for dating various rock formations, geological processes and exploration of various mineral deposits.

Geochemistry includes thirteen chapters that discuss the chemical composition of various rock complexes, their structural evolution, the methodology of specific geochemical methods (isotopic geology) and use of geochemical methods for the exploration of mineral deposits, structural geology, stratigraphy and lithology.

Chapter 1, "Geochemistry of Granitic Rocks of the Moldanubian Batholith (Central European Variscides)," by Miloš René focuses on detailed geochemistry of four magmatic suites evolved in one of the largest plutonic complexes within the European Variscan Belt.

Chapter 2, "An Overview on the Classification and Tectonic Setting of Neoproterozoic Granites of the Nubian Shield, Eastern Desert, Egypt," by Gaafar A. El Bahariya presents a comprehensive description of granitoid rocks exposed in the Eastern desert of Egypt and their geotectonic classification.

Chapter 3, "Microstructure Features in Paleo and Neoproterozoic Granitic Rocks, Southeastern Region of Brazil," by Leonardo Gonɕalves and Christiane Castro Gonɕalves provides a mineralogical and microstructural description of granitic rocks exposed in the south-eastern region of Brazil, including detailed information on the geochemical evolution of feldspars during magmatic differentiation and high-temperature deformation.

Chapter 4, "Deformation Features and Structures in Some Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks: A Case Study of Central African Fold Belt in Cameroon," by Benjamin Ntieche, Wokwenmendam Nguet, Zakari Nchouwet, Mahomed Azis Mounjouohou and Daouha Mfepat, is a detailed tectonic study of selected magmatic and metamorphic complexes in Central Africa.

Chapter 5, "The Importance of Mechanical Transport, Rock Texture, and Mineral Chemistry in Chemical Weathering of Granites: The Melechov Massif, Czech Republic," by Václav Procházka, Miroslav Žáček, Petr Sulovský, Tomáš Vaculovič, Lenka Rukavičková and Dobroslav Matějka describes the geochemical evolution of selected granitic rocks from the northern part of the Moldanubian batholith, Central European Variscan Belt, during their chemical weathering. The study also partly focuses on the fractionation of the rare-earth elements in these granites.

**II**

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

Cratonic Basin

NW China

*and Changhai Li*

Geochemistry of Radioactive Isotopes

A Case Study of Part of Northwestern Nigeria

*by Salih Muhammad Awadh*

*by Olufemi Sijuade Bamigboye*

Sea Pools of Northeast Asia *by Victor Gdal'evich Ganelin*

*by Haofu Zheng and Bo Liu*

Heterogeneous Stratigraphic Patterns *by Vic Semeniuk and Margaret Brocx*

and Cap Rock Efficiency

around the Island of Ischia

*by Gemma Aiello*

Geochemistry of Isotopes and Exploration Geochemistry **117**

**Chapter 7 119**

**Chapter 8 139**

Sedimentology **165**

**Chapter 9 167**

**Chapter 10 189**

**Chapter 11 211**

**Chapter 12 235**

**Chapter 13 253** Middle Miocene Evaporites from Northern Iraq: Petrography, Geochemistry,

**Chapter 14 275**

Structural Differentiation and Sedimentary System of the Permian Sichuan

Late Neo-Proterozoic Tectono-Sedimentary Evolution of the Tarim Block,

*by Kaibo Shi, Bo Liu, Weimin Jiang, Jinxing Yu, Yue Kong, Tong Li* 

The Onshore Southern Carnarvon Basin in Coastal Western Australia during the Quaternary: Tectonic Setting and Facies-Complicated

*by Ali I. Al-Juboury, Rana A. Mahmood and Abulaziz M. Al-Hamdani*

Bioclastic Deposits in the NW Gulf of Naples (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy): A Focus on New Sedimentological and Stratigraphic Data

Exploration for Fe-Mn Oxides Using Geochemical Signatures in Soil:

Main Features of Sedimentogenesis and Ecogenesis in Late Paleozoic

Chapter 6, "Changes of Granite Rapakivi under the Biofouling Influence," by Dmitry Yu. Vlasov, Elena G. Panova, Marina S. Zelenskaya, Oksana A. Rodina, Alexey D. Vlasov and Katerina V. Sazanova is a detailed study of the influence of biochemical weathering on the destruction of rapakivi granite stones in several Russian and Finish cities. A significant part of this study presents the chemical composition of fresh rocks in comparison with the composition of crusts evolved during the biodegradation of these granitic rocks.

Chapter 7, "Geochemistry of Radioactive Isotopes," by Salih Muhammad Awadh examines the geochemistry of selected isotopes of argon, carbon, kalium, neodymium, rubidium, samarium, strontium, uranium, and thorium, which are predominantly used to date magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rock complexes. The chapter also contains the basic characteristics of radioactivity, radioactive decay, and the methodology of rock dating.

Chapter 8, "Exploration for Fe-Mn Oxides Using Geochemical Signatures in Soil: A Case Study of Part of Northwestern Nigeria," by Olufemi Sijuade Bamigboye focuses on detailed geochemical analyses of soil samples for geochemical exploration of Fe-Mn mineralization evolved in north-western Nigeria. It also presents results of detailed multi-componential geochemical analyses using principal component analysis.

Chapter 9, "Main Features of Sedimentogenesis and Ecogenesis in Late Paleozoic Sea Pools of Northeast Asia," by Victor Gdal'evich Ganelin presents sedimentological analyses of Late Paleozoic sediments of the Taimyr-Kolyma paleogeographic region. The evolution of limestone bodies is characterized using the composition of carbon and oxygen isotope ratios.

Chapter 10, "Structural Differentiation and Sedimentary System of the Permian Sichuan Cratonic Basin," by Haofu Zheng and Bo Liu focuses on detailed sedimentological and structural analyses of the Sichuan basin evolved in the western region of the Yangtze tectonic block. A significant part of this chapter details the tectono-sedimentological study of the Permian carbonate gas reservoirs evolved in this basin.

Chapter 11, "Late Neo-Proterozoic Tectono-Sedimentary Evolution of the Tarim Block, NW China," by Kaibo Shi, Bo Liu, Weimin Jiang, Jinxing Yu, Yue Kong, Tong Li and Changhai Li presents a sedimentology study of the Late Neo-Proterozoic and Early Cambrian sediments. It also characterizes the geochemical evolution of carbonate rocks by fractionation of carbon isotopes. For some sediments enriched inorganic matter, the content of total carbon is presented.

Chapter 12, "The Onshore Southern Carnarvon Basin in Coastal Western Australia during the Quaternary: Tectonic Setting and Facies-Complicated Heterogeneous Stratigraphic Patterns," by Vic Semeniuk and Margaret Broex present very detailed stratigraphy, lithology, and sedimentology of the Quaternary sediments.

Chapter 13, "Middle Miocene Evaporites from Northern Iraq: Petrography, Geochemistry, and Cap Rock Efficiency," by Ali I. Al-Juboury, Rana A. Mahmood, and Abulaziz M. Al-Hamdani examines petrography, geochemistry, and petroleum cap rock potential of middle-Miocene evaporites (gypsum and anhydrite). The gypsum enriched evaporites are characterized by their chemical composition.

**V**

Chapter 14, "Bioclastic Deposits in the NW Gulf of Naples (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy): A Focus on New Sedimentological and Stratigraphic Data around the Island of Ischia," by Gemma Aiello discusses sedimentology and stratigraphic studies of bioclastic deposits evolved in some parts of the Gulf of Naples.

This work was made possible with the support and fruitful suggestions from expert reviewers whose comments and contributions play a recognizable role in finalizing

Institute of Marine Sciences - National Research Council ISMAR-CNR,

**Dr. Miloš René**

**Gemma Aiello**

**Gaafar El Bahariya** Tanta University,

Italy

Egypt

Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics,

the high quality of this book.

Chapter 14, "Bioclastic Deposits in the NW Gulf of Naples (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy): A Focus on New Sedimentological and Stratigraphic Data around the Island of Ischia," by Gemma Aiello discusses sedimentology and stratigraphic studies of bioclastic deposits evolved in some parts of the Gulf of Naples.

This work was made possible with the support and fruitful suggestions from expert reviewers whose comments and contributions play a recognizable role in finalizing the high quality of this book.

> **Dr. Miloš René** Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

**Gemma Aiello** Institute of Marine Sciences - National Research Council ISMAR-CNR, Italy

> **Gaafar El Bahariya** Tanta University, Egypt

**IV**

Chapter 6, "Changes of Granite Rapakivi under the Biofouling Influence," by Dmitry Yu. Vlasov, Elena G. Panova, Marina S. Zelenskaya, Oksana A. Rodina, Alexey D. Vlasov and Katerina V. Sazanova is a detailed study of the influence of biochemical weathering on the destruction of rapakivi granite stones in several Russian and Finish cities. A significant part of this study presents the chemical composition of fresh rocks in comparison with the composition of crusts evolved

Chapter 7, "Geochemistry of Radioactive Isotopes," by Salih Muhammad Awadh examines the geochemistry of selected isotopes of argon, carbon, kalium, neodymium, rubidium, samarium, strontium, uranium, and thorium, which are predominantly used to date magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rock complexes. The chapter also contains the basic characteristics of radioactivity,

Chapter 8, "Exploration for Fe-Mn Oxides Using Geochemical Signatures in Soil: A Case Study of Part of Northwestern Nigeria," by Olufemi Sijuade Bamigboye focuses on detailed geochemical analyses of soil samples for geochemical exploration of Fe-Mn mineralization evolved in north-western Nigeria. It also presents results of detailed multi-componential geochemical analyses using

Chapter 9, "Main Features of Sedimentogenesis and Ecogenesis in Late Paleozoic Sea Pools of Northeast Asia," by Victor Gdal'evich Ganelin presents sedimentological analyses of Late Paleozoic sediments of the Taimyr-Kolyma paleogeographic region. The evolution of limestone bodies is characterized using the composition of carbon

Chapter 10, "Structural Differentiation and Sedimentary System of the Permian Sichuan Cratonic Basin," by Haofu Zheng and Bo Liu focuses on detailed sedimentological and structural analyses of the Sichuan basin evolved in the western region of the Yangtze tectonic block. A significant part of this chapter details the tectono-sedimentological study of the Permian carbonate gas reservoirs evolved in

Chapter 11, "Late Neo-Proterozoic Tectono-Sedimentary Evolution of the Tarim Block, NW China," by Kaibo Shi, Bo Liu, Weimin Jiang, Jinxing Yu, Yue Kong, Tong Li and Changhai Li presents a sedimentology study of the Late Neo-Proterozoic and Early Cambrian sediments. It also characterizes the geochemical evolution of carbonate rocks by fractionation of carbon isotopes. For some sediments enriched

Chapter 12, "The Onshore Southern Carnarvon Basin in Coastal Western Australia during the Quaternary: Tectonic Setting and Facies-Complicated Heterogeneous Stratigraphic Patterns," by Vic Semeniuk and Margaret Broex present very detailed

Geochemistry, and Cap Rock Efficiency," by Ali I. Al-Juboury, Rana A. Mahmood, and Abulaziz M. Al-Hamdani examines petrography, geochemistry, and petroleum cap rock potential of middle-Miocene evaporites (gypsum and anhydrite). The gypsum enriched evaporites are characterized by their chemical composition.

stratigraphy, lithology, and sedimentology of the Quaternary sediments.

Chapter 13, "Middle Miocene Evaporites from Northern Iraq: Petrography,

inorganic matter, the content of total carbon is presented.

during the biodegradation of these granitic rocks.

radioactive decay, and the methodology of rock dating.

principal component analysis.

and oxygen isotope ratios.

this basin.

**1**

Section 1

Geochemistry of Granitic

Rocks

### Section 1
