**6.1 Night vision**

*Models and Technologies for Smart, Sustainable and Safe Transportation Systems*

the tunable transformer that is required to excite the transducer.

**Figure 10** shows the features of ultrasonic system (**Table 3**).

**6. Understanding the design of ADAS**

time-constraints placed on the system.

a slightly different name.

ADAS are briefly discussed below.

positives, the system neglects all inputs that are less than that of the noise. The important parameters related to the specifications of ultrasonic sensor are the frequency, sensitivity, and directivity. The system is further characterized by

A tuning capacitor built into the system is concerned with matching the resonant frequency between the transducer and transformer. The speed of sound in air is affected by air temperature, humidity, and wind. If multiple sensors are applied, they must be placed in sufficient space so that the sensor signals do not interfere.

It is realized that in order to make the ADAS commercially viable, three aspects

The inertial navigation systems identify, measures position, orientation, and velocity measurements. The sensor of RT-Ranges [13] is responsible for creating a real-time network, which is capable of tracking multiple targets, calculating distance, time to collision, and other relative measurements. Targets include primarily road vehicles, vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as cyclists or pedestrians. Euro NCAP (The **European New Car Assessment Programme,)** targets traffic assets and more. Euro NCAP is a European car safety performance assessment programme. Data is available in real-time on a software dashboard captured to verify test outcomes. Vehicle-to-vehicle measurements can be made over a 1 km range. Many similar systems in different parts of the world are increasingly seen, all with

Various system of ADAS associated with various sensors is presented in the **Table 4**. A number of sensors developed during the process of development of

*Various sensors related to their applications. Source: Automotive ADAS Systems, ST Developers Conference,* 

*Sep, 12, 2019, Santa Clara Convention Centre, Mission City Ballroom, Santa Clara, CA.*

on designing, testing and validating are of great importance and challenge to researchers/ scientists and manufacturer. The processing and sharing of information requiring a huge computation effort, within its fusion system in real time situation is a complex and difficult task in view of the computational load and the

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**Table 4.**

During night vision, one is more concerned with the proper visibility where the camera plays an important role. Therefore the camera for this purpose is designed with the use of near or far infrared to improve the perception of the driver in dark conditions. The improved sight vision created by the above near or far- infrared camera is displayed in the monitors of the vehicle. Human Machine interface though poses an issue for correctly showing the road-side picture for timely intervention plays an important role to the driver to enhance the safety to the driver so that the driver is not distracted. **Table 5** *presents available sensors with their properties for night vision.*
