**6.3 Near field collision warning**

There are multiple collision warning systems (12) mentioned on the **Table 6***.* The finest example of the application of near field collision warning is the detection of blind spot, which takes very close proximity of the presence of vehicle. Lidar, radar or vision based sensors are generally used. It may also be acoustical, haptical or optical also. In many cases, the frequency of this kind sensor is found to be 24 GHz. To test and develop blind-spot detection systems, it is necessary to


**Table 5.**

*Available sensor and properties in night vision systems, source: [12].*

## **Figure 11.**

*How it works: Windshield camera tracks lane markings. Source:https://www.extremetech.com/ extreme/165320-what-is-lane-departure-warning-and-how- does-it-work.*


#### **Table 6.**

*Available sensor and properties in night vision systems.*

accurately measure the position and trajectory of targets relative to the vehicle under test (VUT). The system may require the following protocol accuracy:


To evaluate blind-spot detection systems, an RT inertial navigation system and RT- Range S [7] are installed in the vehicle under test. This powerful system is designed to work in conjunction with GNSS-aided inertial navigation products. Automobiles can be equipped with GNSS receivers, which display moving maps and information about location, speed, direction, and nearby streets and points of interest. The manner in which sensor works is based the measurement of real-time distance between the sensor and the identified object. It may include any type of vehicle, blind corner of a junction, pedestrian and bicycle etc.

For real-time testing, range measurements from the RT-Range S Hunter can be used as output via Ethernet or CAN (Controller Area Network) which is a communication hardware that allows communication between parts of a system

**229**

*Driver Assistance Technologies*

differently similar applications).

**6.4 Forward collision warning**

**6.5 Side obstacle detection**

camera sensor and image processing.

**6.6 Curve & speed limit information**

**6.7 Adaptive cruise control (ACC)**

based on LIDAR technology.

type car and truck.

helps in identifying and recognizing the speed limit.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94354*

without the intermediary of a central computer. Or data can be logged internally and analyzed back at base where it can be post-processed and exported in CSV file format (("Comma Separated Values") which is often used to exchange data between

Warning system developed by EATON-VORAD in the USA for trucks and busses [13] as the first step towards the **A**dvanced **D**river **A**ssistance **S**ystems (ADAS) can be considered as Forward Collision Warning System. Forward Collision warning with a frequency of 24 Ghz is first seen in the USA market in 1995. It used to detect the object with signal emitted through either optical or acoustical method to the

This system addresses a side looking short-range radar that operates at 24 GHz. This sensor identifies and detects side obstacles that are signaled with a proper display. As a further option, the system can also be linked to engine control with a view to controlling speed. This function is called "Smart Cruise". More recently, the side obstacle detection System has been introduced also on Volvo cars based on

This system communicates with the driver about speed limits and informed the recommended speed at curves. There are a number of relevant information generated from digital maps, image processing or communication system between the interactions of vehicles and road infrastructure. That is the reason that updated real time data is important to the driver generated from the above which helps in recognizing the speed limit of the road where the vehicle is traveling. It may be mentioned that the details of the road features such exact location of traffic marking, position of street light etc. are available in the form of digital map in ADAS that

This system was introduced firstly inside Japan, and then in Europe for the car market. ACC systems are based on a front looking sensor designed with laser radar, (LIDAR) or microwave radar with a maximum detection range of around 100 m. The microwave radar sensor operates in the 76–77 GHz bands that have been reserved for application of automotive obstacle detection. Based on front vehicle information, mainly distance and speed, the ACC system regulates own vehicle speed by acting on engine control and braking system. The ACC is an extension of the standard Cruise. Control system, with the extra capability to adapt the speed of the vehicle to the speed of the preceding one. This function was firstly introduced in Japan on 1995

Europe experienced the emergence of lidar and microwave technology in the following years which led the introduction of these technologies in the Mercedes car during the year 1999. It is noteworthy to mention that the automatic cruise control system (ACC) was seen fitted with truck manufactured by Mercedes automobile industry. Presently around twenty automobile manufacturers are producing this

driver when the object happens to be close to the path of collision.
