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## IntechOpen Book Series Artificial Intelligence Volume 6

Professor Marian Găiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty of "Dunarea de Jos University" of Galati in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Găiceanu has served as a Ph.D. supervisor in Electrical Engineering. Since 1996, he has been employed at "Dunarea de Jos University" of Galati where he is currently a professor. He is also a member of the *Na-*

*tional Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates; an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and member of the Senate of Dunarea de Jos University.*  Since March 2016, Dr. Găiceanu has been head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania. Dr. Găiceanu has conducted several projects in the area of power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and Polytechnic of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is an IEEE member and cofounder-member of IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at *Energies*, academic editor for IntechOpen, and member of the *Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science* and *Sustainability* editorial boards. He has also served as general chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, ISEEE, in the last five editions.

#### **Editor of Volume 6: Marian Găiceanu**

Department of Automatic Control and Electrical Engineering, "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galati, Galati, Romania

#### **Book Series Editor: Marco A. Aceves-Fernandez**

Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro Faculty of Engineering, Querétaro, México

### Scope of the Series

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today´s highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful mean for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This book series is intended for researchers and students alike, as well as all those interested in this fascinating field and its applications, in particular in areas related to the topics on which it is focused.

Contents

**Section 1**

Car Pathway. M2M Era *by Marian Găiceanu*

*by Christian Wolmar*

Multirotor UAVs

Vehicle Propulsion *by Richard A. Guinee*

*and Shriniwas Arkatkar*

Navigation: A Comparative Study

**Section 3**

**Section 2**

The Long Journey of the Driverless Car

*by Denis Kotarski, Petar Piljek and Josip Kasać*

**Preface XI**

Towards Self-Driving Vehicles **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 11**

Design Issues **19**

**Chapter 3 21**

**Chapter 4 39**

Enabling Technologies **99**

**Chapter 5 101**

**Chapter 6 129**

Visibility-Based Technologies and Methodologies for Autonomous Driving *by Said Easa, Yang Ma, Ashraf Elshorbagy, Ahmed Shaker, Songnian Li* 

Selected Issues and Constraints of Image Matching in Terrain-Aided

*by Piotr Turek, Stanisław Grzywiński and Witold Bużantowicz*

Introductory Chapter: European Union towards Self-Driving

Design Considerations for Autonomous Cargo Transportation

Novel Application of Fast Simulated Annealing Method in Brushless Motor Drive (BLMD) Dynamical Parameter Identification for Electric

## Contents



Preface

More than 90 percent of transportation accidents are caused by drivers and pedestrians.

Autonomous Driving (EAD) has become a potential solution. The Vision Zero project is a plan from the European Union that aims to achieve a highway system with no fatalities or serious injuries involving road traffic by 2050. One aspect of this plan involves the use of Autonomous Driving (AD). Introducing AD will eliminate car insurance, technical inspections, and maintenance expenses for individuals. Therefore, as road assurance

The book creates a bridge between companies in the AD field and people by eliminating possible risks through technological development. People fear AD, making social acceptance of this technology difficult to achieve. Examples of AD include the recent collaboration of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Toyota Research Institute (TRI) to create the MapLite AD navigation system for rural and suburban roads. The use of intelligent control and sensor fusion algorithms for driverless control makes AD possible and safe in cloudy, foggy, snowy, rainy, or sleet conditions. In Boston, WaveSense makes radar for AD to "see" underground via non-invasive penetration technology. As such, innovative road

The challenges of AD include finding viable solutions to barriers to all levels of autonomy, supporting AD development, and distributing control algorithms in a comprehensive way. AD includes both inland and ocean water transport, and can refer to autonomous cars, flying cars, unmanned aerial systems, autonomous underwater vehicles, unmanned surface vehicles, and more. It is important to note that the network communication in AD is vulnerable to cyberattacks. Therefore robust and safe management of sensing technologies is integral. Also essential is the adoption of new standards for mass-producing

The book is organized into four sections containing two chapters each: "Towards

The editor gives special thanks to the staff at IntechOpen, including Author Service Managers, Ms. Marijana Francetic and Ms. Rebekah Pribetic, and Commissioning Editors, Sandra Maljavac, and Anja Filipovic, for their contributions to the editorial

space, agriculture, and industrial and home automation.

Self-Driving Vehicles"; "Design Issues"; "Enabling Technologies"; and "Future Mobility". The book examines and discusses the applications of AD in transportation, logistics,

Department of Automatic Control and Electrical Engineering,

**Marian Găiceanu**

Galati, Romania

"Dunărea de Jos" University of Galati,

To increase safety on the road and decrease environmental pollution, Electrical

and parking spaces increase, care costs and pollution will decrease.

infrastructure can be used to avoid inappropriate surface conditions.

driverless vehicles.

process.
