*HIT is indented hardness HV is Vickers hardness EIT is elastic modulus hmax is the maximum depth of penetration Welastic and Wtotal are the energies of the reversible elastic deformation and the total deformation, respectively and ηIT (%) is the yield of the elastic zone.*

**Table 1.**

**49**

(**Table**

*Advanced Polypropylene and Composites with Polypropylene with Applications in Modern…*

**iPP Powders (%) iPP with Fe 82.8 nm iPP with Fe 2695 nm**

3 67.2 56.1 5 70.0 62.5 8 72.8 65.2

**λ, W/(mK) iPP with Fe 82.8 nm**

3 0.127 0.14 5 0.129 0.145 8 0.134 0.14

λ, characterizes the ability of a material to transmit heat

caused by phonon scattering processes, including phonon-phonon scattering, boundary scattering, and defect or impurity scattering [26, 27]. In composite materials, phonon scattering is mainly due to the existence of an interfacial thermal barrier, which results from the acoustic mismatch or the damage of surface layer between the filler and polymer matrix. In order to lower the thermal resistance or enhance the thermal conductivity of the composite, measures should be taken to reduce the interfacial thermal barrier, which is closely related to the filler dispersion and the filler-matrix interaction. Many theoretical studies have studied the thermal conductivity dependence of composite polymers on the amount of metal filler or on the volume fraction of the filler, emphasiz

ing the increase in thermal conductivity with the increase in the volume of the filler [28]. Experimental studies in the inorganic filler/polymer composites have shown that the thermal conductivity increases with the filler content, but very high filling load is used to obtain high thermal conductivity. Large amounts of filler affect and worsen the mechanical properties. Filler size and shape are important factors that influence thermal conductivity and other properties. At the same particle size, smaller particle size leads to a lower interparticle distance and more chances for the formation of the thermal conductive pathway. A significant increase in the thermal conductivity of iPP filled with

combined filler, with total constant filler content of 7.5%, was highlighted [29]. The thermal conductivity values of the composites are very close. The lowest thermal conductivity is that of pure iPP and for iPP with 3% concentration of pow

ders with size of 82.8 nm. But other observations can be made: it is observed that the largest increase in values of thermal conductivity is obtained for 8% concentration of Fe powders with size of 82.8 nm. It is very important that this composite has the best thermal endurance [25]. The thermal conductivity values show approximately the same increase for 3, 5, and 8% concentration for Fe powders with size of 2695 nm.

The electrical conductivity in alternating electrical current was determined

**4**). It is known that the thermal conductivity and the electrical conductivity

**3**). The thermal resistance is mainly

**λ, W/(mK) iPP with Fe 2695 nm**



*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91783*

*Shore hardness scale D for the composite materials studied.*

**Powders (%)**

*4.5.2 Thermal conductivity*

55.1

**Table 2.**

**λ, W/(mK) iPP**

0.127

**Table 3.**

Thermal conductivity,

*4.5.3 The electrical conductivity*

are in a close correlation.

when subjected to a temperature difference (**Table**

*Dependence of the thermal conductivity (λ) on the concentration of metallic powders.*

*Advanced Polypropylene and Composites with Polypropylene with Applications in Modern… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91783*


#### **Table 2.**

*Composite Materials*

**48**

**HIT (MPa)** 114.7 ± 17.1 104.3 ± 14.1

110.7 ± 5.6 115.8 ± 9.6

10.9 ± 0.9

1.5 ± 0.07 *HIT is indented hardness HV is Vickers hardness EIT is elastic modulus hmax is the maximum depth of penetration Welastic and Wtotal are the energies of the reversible elastic deformation and the* 

22.9 ± 0.2

10.4 ± 0.5

1.4 ± 0.01

23.5 ± 0.1

9.8 ± 1.3

1.4 ± 0.07

23.9 ± 0.9

iPP iPP with 8% Fe 2695 nm

iPP with 3% Fe 82.2 nm

iPP with 8% Fe 82.2 nm

**Table 1.** *total deformation, respectively and ηIT (%) is the yield of the elastic zone.*

**HV** 10.8 ± 1.6

1.4 ± 0.16

**EIT (GPa)**

**hmax (ηm)**

23.7 ± 0.5

**Welastic (μJ)**

2.4 ± 0.9 3.2 ± 0.1 3.1 ± 0.4 3.0 ± 0.4

**Wtotal (μJ)**

8.3 ± 0.1 8.7 ± 0.1 8.8 ± 0.01

8.8 ± 0.1

34.4 ± 4.9

34.9 ± 5.2

37.0 ± 0.1

**ηIT (%)**

28.6 ± 1.1

*Shore hardness scale D for the composite materials studied.*


#### **Table 3.**

*Dependence of the thermal conductivity (λ) on the concentration of metallic powders.*

#### *4.5.2 Thermal conductivity*

Thermal conductivity, λ, characterizes the ability of a material to transmit heat when subjected to a temperature difference (**Table 3**). The thermal resistance is mainly caused by phonon scattering processes, including phonon-phonon scattering, boundary scattering, and defect or impurity scattering [26, 27]. In composite materials, phonon scattering is mainly due to the existence of an interfacial thermal barrier, which results from the acoustic mismatch or the damage of surface layer between the filler and polymer matrix. In order to lower the thermal resistance or enhance the thermal conductivity of the composite, measures should be taken to reduce the interfacial thermal barrier, which is closely related to the filler dispersion and the filler-matrix interaction. Many theoretical studies have studied the thermal conductivity dependence of composite polymers on the amount of metal filler or on the volume fraction of the filler, emphasizing the increase in thermal conductivity with the increase in the volume of the filler [28]. Experimental studies in the inorganic filler/polymer composites have shown that the thermal conductivity increases with the filler content, but very high filling load is used to obtain high thermal conductivity. Large amounts of filler affect and worsen the mechanical properties. Filler size and shape are important factors that influence thermal conductivity and other properties. At the same particle size, smaller particle size leads to a lower interparticle distance and more chances for the formation of the thermal conductive pathway. A significant increase in the thermal conductivity of iPP filled with combined filler, with total constant filler content of 7.5%, was highlighted [29].

The thermal conductivity values of the composites are very close. The lowest thermal conductivity is that of pure iPP and for iPP with 3% concentration of powders with size of 82.8 nm. But other observations can be made: it is observed that the largest increase in values of thermal conductivity is obtained for 8% concentration of Fe powders with size of 82.8 nm. It is very important that this composite has the best thermal endurance [25]. The thermal conductivity values show approximately the same increase for 3, 5, and 8% concentration for Fe powders with size of 2695 nm.

#### *4.5.3 The electrical conductivity*

The electrical conductivity in alternating electrical current was determined (**Table 4**). It is known that the thermal conductivity and the electrical conductivity are in a close correlation.


#### **Table 4.**

*Dependence of the electrical conductivity* σ *(Ω−<sup>1</sup> m<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> ) of iPP composites with 3, 5, and 8% concentration of Fe powders for ~2 × 104 Hz.*


#### **Table 5.**

*Variation of the crystallinity and melting temperatures Tm with the content and sizes of powders.*

As observed from the electrical conductivity measurements, the conductivity for the frequency ~2 × 104 Hz shows an increase with an order of magnitude, the highest values being at 8% concentration of Fe powders. For the investigated samples, the electrical conductivity increases (both in pure and in iPP with Fe powders) at increasing frequency. Increases of the loss factors were obtained with the increase of the metallic powder content, while the variations of the electrical permittivity were very small [30].

#### *4.5.4 Incorporation of metallic powders into polymers*

Incorporation of metallic powders into polymers is expected to impact the crystallization degree and the melting characteristics. DSC analyses were conducted to investigate the behavior of the studied materials. The melting temperatures and the crystallinity were determined from DSC thermograms (**Table 5**). The decrease of crystallinity with the amount of powders, if they are of the same type and are identical in size, was observed. This shows that the particles introduced into the iPP penetrate not only in the amorphous but also in the crystalline domains. The highest decrease was in all cases at 8% concentration of powder.

Crystallinity clearly depends on the size of the particles introduced: the larger the particles, the less they affect the crystallinity of the iPP. The decreases are highest in the case of small particles because they enter more easily in the crystalline domains. Interesting changes occur in melting temperatures. Generally melting temperature increases with the increase in powder content and at 8% concentration, temperature has the highest value.

#### *4.5.5 SEM analysis*

**Figure 5(a** and **b)** shows the morphological analyses for iPP with 8% concentration of powders with size of 82.2 nm, and **Figure 6(a** and **b)** shows the

**51**

**Figure 5.**

*50,000× (b).*

or in areas with defects.

*Advanced Polypropylene and Composites with Polypropylene with Applications in Modern…*

morphological analysis for iPP with 8% concentration of powders with size of 2695 nm. A relatively uniform distribution of Fe particles with size of 82.2 nm is

*SEM analysis of iPP with 8% concentration of Fe powders with size of 82.2 nm: 20,000× (a) and* 

are initiated by the voids resulting from partial detachment of the matrix.

This confirms that extrusion preparation allows good dispersion of Fe particles in the PP matrix, a fact confirmed by other authors [18]. In this case the existence of some agglomerations of particles is observed. For the most part, these agglomerates

Examination of **Figure 6** shows that the larger particles with size of 2695 nm penetrate first into the amorphous zone and then into the crystalline zone. This fact is in accordance with the crystallinity values obtained for these nanopolymers. In the figure agglomeration of particles also appears, especially in the amorphous areas

observed. They even entered the crystalline areas.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91783*

*Advanced Polypropylene and Composites with Polypropylene with Applications in Modern… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91783*

#### **Figure 5.**

*Composite Materials*

σ (Ω−<sup>1</sup> m<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

**Table 4.**

*powders for ~2 × 104*

the frequency ~2 × 104

**Table 5.**

*4.5.4 Incorporation of metallic powders into polymers*

decrease was in all cases at 8% concentration of powder.

tion, temperature has the highest value.

As observed from the electrical conductivity measurements, the conductivity for

*Variation of the crystallinity and melting temperatures Tm with the content and sizes of powders.*

**Concentration (%) Powder size (nm) Crystallinity (%) Tm (°C)** iPP — 53.46 170.4 Fe 2695 50.01 170.5 Fe 2695 49.06 170.7 Fe 2695 41.51 171.9 Fe 82.2 48.10 170.4 Fe 82.2 49.14 169.9 Fe 82.2 36.03 171.00

**iPP Powder (%) iPP and Fe 82.2 nm iPP and Fe 2695 nm**

1.2 × 10<sup>−</sup><sup>4</sup> 3 1.49 × 10<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup> 1.46 × 10<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup>

 *m<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>*

m<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

5 1.53 × 10<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup> 1.49 × 10<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup> 8 1.56 × 10<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup> 1.53 × 10<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup>

) σ (Ω−<sup>1</sup>

*) of iPP composites with 3, 5, and 8% concentration of Fe* 

 m<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> )

) σ (Ω−<sup>1</sup>

*Dependence of the electrical conductivity* σ *(Ω−<sup>1</sup>*

 *Hz.*

values being at 8% concentration of Fe powders. For the investigated samples, the electrical conductivity increases (both in pure and in iPP with Fe powders) at increasing frequency. Increases of the loss factors were obtained with the increase of the metallic powder content, while the variations of the electrical permittivity were very small [30].

Incorporation of metallic powders into polymers is expected to impact the crystallization degree and the melting characteristics. DSC analyses were conducted to investigate the behavior of the studied materials. The melting temperatures and the crystallinity were determined from DSC thermograms (**Table 5**). The decrease of crystallinity with the amount of powders, if they are of the same type and are identical in size, was observed. This shows that the particles introduced into the iPP penetrate not only in the amorphous but also in the crystalline domains. The highest

Crystallinity clearly depends on the size of the particles introduced: the larger the particles, the less they affect the crystallinity of the iPP. The decreases are highest in the case of small particles because they enter more easily in the crystalline domains. Interesting changes occur in melting temperatures. Generally melting temperature increases with the increase in powder content and at 8% concentra-

**Figure 5(a** and **b)** shows the morphological analyses for iPP with 8% concentration of powders with size of 82.2 nm, and **Figure 6(a** and **b)** shows the

Hz shows an increase with an order of magnitude, the highest

**50**

*4.5.5 SEM analysis*

*SEM analysis of iPP with 8% concentration of Fe powders with size of 82.2 nm: 20,000× (a) and 50,000× (b).*

morphological analysis for iPP with 8% concentration of powders with size of 2695 nm. A relatively uniform distribution of Fe particles with size of 82.2 nm is observed. They even entered the crystalline areas.

This confirms that extrusion preparation allows good dispersion of Fe particles in the PP matrix, a fact confirmed by other authors [18]. In this case the existence of some agglomerations of particles is observed. For the most part, these agglomerates are initiated by the voids resulting from partial detachment of the matrix.

Examination of **Figure 6** shows that the larger particles with size of 2695 nm penetrate first into the amorphous zone and then into the crystalline zone. This fact is in accordance with the crystallinity values obtained for these nanopolymers. In the figure agglomeration of particles also appears, especially in the amorphous areas or in areas with defects.

#### **5. Conclusions**

Bio PP materials for sutures show very good water resistance and present more important phenomenon of degradation in the presence of water for a longer period of time, over 40 days. Bio PP shows much more severe destruction of the crystalline domains in sodium solution in water. Bio PP meshes show the same degradation phenomena as those of bio PP sutures. For the samples that were introduced into water with beechwood, reduced degradation was obtained, variations comparable to those for samples introduced only in water.

An improvement in the elastic properties of the composite materials (iPP-Fe powder) was observed. In all cases studied, the increase in Shore hardness was

**53**

**Author details**

Doina Elena Gavrila1

\*, Victor Stoian1

\*Address all correspondence to: gavrila@physics.pub.ro

INCDIE, ICPE-CA, Bucharest, Romania

provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Physics Department, University "Politehnica", Bucharest, Romania

2 National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

, Alina Caramitu2

and Sorina Mitrea<sup>2</sup>

*Advanced Polypropylene and Composites with Polypropylene with Applications in Modern…*

achieved. The phenomenon of percolation has not been obtained. Thermal conductivity has little variations. It is noted that the highest Shore hardness values are obtained for composite iPP-Fe 82.8 nm, for 8% Fe concentration. This material also has the best thermal endurance. For applications in the field of biosensor construc-

tion, particles with dimensions of the order of nanometers are required.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91783*

*Advanced Polypropylene and Composites with Polypropylene with Applications in Modern… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91783*

achieved. The phenomenon of percolation has not been obtained. Thermal conductivity has little variations. It is noted that the highest Shore hardness values are obtained for composite iPP-Fe 82.8 nm, for 8% Fe concentration. This material also has the best thermal endurance. For applications in the field of biosensor construction, particles with dimensions of the order of nanometers are required.

#### **Author details**

*Composite Materials*

**52**

**5. Conclusions**

**Figure 6.**

to those for samples introduced only in water.

Bio PP materials for sutures show very good water resistance and present more important phenomenon of degradation in the presence of water for a longer period of time, over 40 days. Bio PP shows much more severe destruction of the crystalline domains in sodium solution in water. Bio PP meshes show the same degradation phenomena as those of bio PP sutures. For the samples that were introduced into water with beechwood, reduced degradation was obtained, variations comparable

*SEM analysis of iPP with 8% concentration of Fe powders with size of 2695 nm: 1000× (a) and 5000× (b).*

An improvement in the elastic properties of the composite materials (iPP-Fe powder) was observed. In all cases studied, the increase in Shore hardness was

Doina Elena Gavrila1 \*, Victor Stoian1 , Alina Caramitu2 and Sorina Mitrea<sup>2</sup>

1 Physics Department, University "Politehnica", Bucharest, Romania

2 National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering INCDIE, ICPE-CA, Bucharest, Romania

\*Address all correspondence to: gavrila@physics.pub.ro

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

#### **References**

[1] Maddah HA. Polypropylene as a promising plastic a review. American Journal of Polymer Science. 2016;**6**(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.5923/jajps.20160601.01

[2] Harutun GK. Handbook of Polypropylene and Polypropylene Composites. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2009. ISBN: 0-8247-4064-5

[3] Bostaca M, Gavrila DE. Studies on the use of polypropylene as alternative material to polyvinylchloride to improve human health and the state of environment. In: Abstracts 4th International Colloquium "Physics of Materials" PM4; Univ. "Politehnica" Bucharest, Romania. 2014. p. 102

[4] Bostaca M, Gavrila DE. Humidity in the composite material polyamidepolypropylene. In: Proceedings of DEIS, Conference on Solid Dielectrics; 30 June-4 July 2013; Bologna. Vol. 2. pp. 702-705

[5] Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT. Natural Fibers, Biopolymers and Biocomposites. London: CRC Press Taylor Francis; 2005. ISBN 0-8493-1741-X

[6] Meyers MA, Po-Yu C, Yu-Min Lin A, Seki Y. Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties. Progress in Materials Science. 2008;**53**:1-206

[7] Chandra R, Rustgi R. Biodegradable polymers. Progress in Polymer Science. 1998;**23**:1273

[8] Hogan CB. Abiotic factor. In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington, D.C.: National Council for Science and the Environment; 2010

[9] Dunson WA. The role of abiotic factors in community organization. The American Naturalist. 1991;**138**(5):1067- 1091. DOI: 10.1086/285270. JSTOR2462508

[10] Vasiliadou ES, Lemoniadou AA. Production of biopropylene using biomass-derived sources. In: Atwood A, editor. Sustainable Inorganic Chemistry. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley; 2016. pp. 129-139

[11] Gavrila DE, Stoica V. Analysis of degradation of polymer materials biopolypropylene and polyglycolidecaprolactone used in surgical sutures. In: Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference on e-Health and Bioengineering (EHB 2019); 21-23 November 2019; Iasi, Romania: IEEE Xplore Database; www.cnas.ro>map>id

[12] Harloff J. Application of Polymers for Surgical Sutures (MSE 430) 17 April 1995. Department of Materials Science and Engineering: University of Pennsylvania; 1995

[13] Patel H, Ostergard DR, Sternschuss G. Polypropylene mesh and the host response. International Urogynecology Journal. 2012;**23**(6):660-679

[14] Iakovlev VV, Guelcher SA, Bendavid R. Degradation of polypropylene in vivo: A microscopic analysis of meshes explanted from the patient. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials. 2017;**105**(2):237-248

[15] Wang J. Electrochemical biosensors: Towards point-of-care cancer diagnostics. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2006;**21**:1887-1892

[16] Hosu OA. New strategies in sensor design with analytical and bio analytical applications [thesis]. Cluj-Napoca: University of Medicine and Pharmacy; 2017

[17] Hanemann T, Vinga-Szabo D. Nanoparticles composites materials. Materials. 2010;**3**:3468-3517

**55**

*Advanced Polypropylene and Composites with Polypropylene with Applications in Modern…*

[26] Bermann R. The thermal

of particulate-filled polymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science.

[28] Mamunya YP, Davydenko VV, Pissis P, Lebedev EV. Electrical and thermal conductivity of polymers filled with metal powders. European Polymer

[29] Krause B, Potschke P. Electrical and thermal conductivity of polypropylene filled with combinations of carbon fillers. In: Proceedings of the Regional Conference Graz. 2015. p. 040003

[30] Maharramov AM, Ramazanov MA,

Journal. 2002;**38**:1887-1897

Sultanova JR, Hajiyeva FV, Hasanova UA. The structure and dielectric properties of nanocomposites based on isotactic polypropylene and iron nanoparticles. Journal of Optoelectronics and Biomedical Materials. 2016;**8**(3):113-118

1953;**2**(5):103-140

1973;**17**:3819-3820

conductivity of dielectric solids at low temperature. Advances in Physics.

[27] Nielsen LE. Thermal conductivity

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91783*

[18] Kale C, Dhoka P, Goyal RK. Effect of processing route on electrical properties of polymer/iron composites.

Journal of Electronic Materials.

[19] Gungor A. The physical and mechanical properties of polymer composites filled with Fe powder. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2006;**99**(5):2438-2442. DOI: 10.1002/

[20] Lu C, Wang Q. Preparation of ultrafine PP/iron composite powders through pan milling. Journal of Materials Processing Technology.

[21] Delogu F, Gorassi G, Sorrentino A. Fabrication of polymer nano composites via ball milling: Present status and future perspectives. Progress in Materials Science. 2017;**86**:75-126

[22] Tasdemir M, Ozkan Gulsoy H. Mechanical properties of polymers filled with iron powders. International Journal of Polymeric Materials. 2008;**57**(3):258- 265. DOI: 10.1080/00914030701473636

[23] Bogoeva-Gaceva G, Raka L, Dimzoski B. Thermal stability of PP/ organo-clay nanocomposites produced in single-step mixing procedure. Advanced Composites Letters. 2008;**17**(5):161-164. DOI: 10.1177/096369350801700503

[24] Caramitu AR, Mitrea S,

[25] Gavrila DE, Caramitu A, Mitrea S, Paun C, Zburlea M. Effect of iron and aluminum powders on the properties of composites with isotactic polypropylene. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference (ISFEE); 1-3 Nov. 2018. pp. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/

2019;**56**(1):103-109

ISFEE.2018.8742420

Marinescu V, Ursan GA, Aradoaie M, Lingvay I. Dielectric behavior and morphostructural characteristics/ metal nano powders. Materiale Plastice.

2016;**45**(8):4148-4153

2004;**145**(1):336-344

app.22637

*Advanced Polypropylene and Composites with Polypropylene with Applications in Modern… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91783*

[18] Kale C, Dhoka P, Goyal RK. Effect of processing route on electrical properties of polymer/iron composites. Journal of Electronic Materials. 2016;**45**(8):4148-4153

[19] Gungor A. The physical and mechanical properties of polymer composites filled with Fe powder. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2006;**99**(5):2438-2442. DOI: 10.1002/ app.22637

[20] Lu C, Wang Q. Preparation of ultrafine PP/iron composite powders through pan milling. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2004;**145**(1):336-344

[21] Delogu F, Gorassi G, Sorrentino A. Fabrication of polymer nano composites via ball milling: Present status and future perspectives. Progress in Materials Science. 2017;**86**:75-126

[22] Tasdemir M, Ozkan Gulsoy H. Mechanical properties of polymers filled with iron powders. International Journal of Polymeric Materials. 2008;**57**(3):258- 265. DOI: 10.1080/00914030701473636

[23] Bogoeva-Gaceva G, Raka L, Dimzoski B. Thermal stability of PP/ organo-clay nanocomposites produced in single-step mixing procedure. Advanced Composites Letters. 2008;**17**(5):161-164. DOI: 10.1177/096369350801700503

[24] Caramitu AR, Mitrea S, Marinescu V, Ursan GA, Aradoaie M, Lingvay I. Dielectric behavior and morphostructural characteristics/ metal nano powders. Materiale Plastice. 2019;**56**(1):103-109

[25] Gavrila DE, Caramitu A, Mitrea S, Paun C, Zburlea M. Effect of iron and aluminum powders on the properties of composites with isotactic polypropylene. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference (ISFEE); 1-3 Nov. 2018. pp. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/ ISFEE.2018.8742420

[26] Bermann R. The thermal conductivity of dielectric solids at low temperature. Advances in Physics. 1953;**2**(5):103-140

[27] Nielsen LE. Thermal conductivity of particulate-filled polymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 1973;**17**:3819-3820

[28] Mamunya YP, Davydenko VV, Pissis P, Lebedev EV. Electrical and thermal conductivity of polymers filled with metal powders. European Polymer Journal. 2002;**38**:1887-1897

[29] Krause B, Potschke P. Electrical and thermal conductivity of polypropylene filled with combinations of carbon fillers. In: Proceedings of the Regional Conference Graz. 2015. p. 040003

[30] Maharramov AM, Ramazanov MA, Sultanova JR, Hajiyeva FV, Hasanova UA. The structure and dielectric properties of nanocomposites based on isotactic polypropylene and iron nanoparticles. Journal of Optoelectronics and Biomedical Materials. 2016;**8**(3):113-118

**54**

*Composite Materials*

**References**

[1] Maddah HA. Polypropylene as a promising plastic a review. American Journal of Polymer Science. 2016;**6**(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.5923/jajps.20160601.01

[10] Vasiliadou ES, Lemoniadou AA. Production of biopropylene using biomass-derived sources. In: Atwood A, editor. Sustainable Inorganic Chemistry. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley;

[11] Gavrila DE, Stoica V. Analysis of degradation of polymer materials biopolypropylene and polyglycolidecaprolactone used in surgical sutures. In: Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference on e-Health and Bioengineering (EHB 2019); 21-23 November 2019; Iasi, Romania: IEEE Xplore Database; www.cnas.ro>map>id

[12] Harloff J. Application of Polymers for Surgical Sutures (MSE 430) 17 April 1995. Department of Materials Science and Engineering: University of

2016. pp. 129-139

Pennsylvania; 1995

[13] Patel H, Ostergard DR,

Urogynecology Journal. 2012;**23**(6):660-679

2017;**105**(2):237-248

2017

[14] Iakovlev VV, Guelcher SA, Bendavid R. Degradation of

[15] Wang J. Electrochemical biosensors: Towards point-of-care cancer diagnostics. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2006;**21**:1887-1892

polypropylene in vivo: A microscopic analysis of meshes explanted from the patient. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials.

[16] Hosu OA. New strategies in sensor design with analytical and bio analytical applications [thesis]. Cluj-Napoca: University of Medicine and Pharmacy;

[17] Hanemann T, Vinga-Szabo D. Nanoparticles composites materials.

Materials. 2010;**3**:3468-3517

Sternschuss G. Polypropylene mesh and the host response. International

[2] Harutun GK. Handbook of Polypropylene and Polypropylene Composites. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2009. ISBN: 0-8247-4064-5

[3] Bostaca M, Gavrila DE. Studies on the use of polypropylene as alternative material to polyvinylchloride to improve human health and the state of environment. In: Abstracts 4th International Colloquium "Physics of Materials" PM4; Univ. "Politehnica" Bucharest, Romania. 2014. p. 102

[4] Bostaca M, Gavrila DE. Humidity in the composite material polyamidepolypropylene. In: Proceedings of DEIS, Conference on Solid Dielectrics; 30 June-4 July 2013; Bologna. Vol. 2.

[5] Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT. Natural Fibers, Biopolymers and Biocomposites. London: CRC Press Taylor Francis; 2005. ISBN

[6] Meyers MA, Po-Yu C, Yu-Min Lin A, Seki Y. Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties. Progress in Materials Science. 2008;**53**:1-206

[7] Chandra R, Rustgi R. Biodegradable polymers. Progress in Polymer Science.

[8] Hogan CB. Abiotic factor. In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington, D.C.: National Council for Science and

[9] Dunson WA. The role of abiotic factors in community organization. The American Naturalist. 1991;**138**(5):1067-

the Environment; 2010

1091. DOI: 10.1086/285270.

JSTOR2462508

pp. 702-705

0-8493-1741-X

1998;**23**:1273

**57**

**Chapter 4**

**Abstract**

**Keywords:** <sup>1</sup>

**1. Introduction**

Synthesis and Characterization of

Electrical and Electronic Domain

Polyaniline (PANI) and its block copolymer (PANI-PEO2000) has been prepared under effect of Maghnite-H+ (Algerian MMT) in different weight percentage (wt %) by cationic polymerization method. The structure of PANI and PANI-PEO2000 is

and block copolymer is confirmed by difference scanning calorimetry and analysis thermogravimetry. So after this results we can suggest that our heterogeneous catalyst called maghnite (Algerian MMT) can modified the morphology and the physical chemical properties of polyaniline (PANI) and its homolog block polyaniline-b-poly ethylene oxide (PANI-b-PEO2000) in the mild conditions under microwave irradiation.

HNMR, green catalyst, green chemistry, conducting polymer,

Polyaniline (PANI) and its block copolymer (PANI-PEO) are the best promising material in conducting polymers, because of environmental stability, easy processing, and economical efficiency [1, 2]. PANI has been used for electrode of light emitting diode, Li ion rechargeable battery and corrosion protection [3, 4]. Nanocomposites (PANI-MMT) and (PANI-PEO-MMT) are interesting due to the special properties as abundance, low cost of MMT and attractive features such as a large surface area and ion- exchange properties [5, 6]. The clay is supplied by a local company known as ENOF Maghnia (Algeria) [7, 8]. Microwave heating has been found to be particularly advantageous for reactions under "dry" media [9, 10]. Microwave it's rapidly method in modern chemistry because offer a certain number of advantage, that it can be completed in a few seconds or minutes and without a solvent [2, 11]. Absence of solvent reduces the risk of explosions when reaction takes place in a microwave oven [12, 13]. The absence of solvent reduces the risk of

HNMR spectra. The thermal stability of homopolymer

PANI and Block Copolymer

PANI-b-PEO Catalyzed by

Maghnite (AlgerianMMT):

*Abdelkader Rahmouni, Fatima Zohra Zeggai,* 

*Mohammed Belbachir, Bachari Khaldoun* 

*and Redouane Chebout*

predicted by the FT-IR and 1

polyaniline, maghnite-H +, DSC, PEO

#### **Chapter 4**
