**3.2 Formulated oil results**

Based on the tests conducted, the formulated oil (FO) is PO + 2.5 wt% SBR+ 2.5 wt% TBHQ +0.85 wt% SiO2.

**Figure 6.**

*Variation in WSD with the blending of different weight percentages of SiO2 with PO.*

**211**

**4. Conclusion**

**Figure 8.**

**Table 4.**

COF than SAE20W40.

*Biolubricant from Pongamia Oil*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93477*

PO and is comparable with that of SAE20W40.

*Evaluated properties and results of the FO compared with SAE20W40.*

**Figure 8** represents the dynamic viscosity v/s temperature curve of the formulated oil and was found to be comparable with that of reference oil SAE 20W40. The evaluated properties and results of FO compared with SAE20W40 is as shown in **Table 4**. The COF of FO is found to be comparatively lower than that of SAE20W40. This implies that the frictional effect produced by FO will be much lower than the latter. The viscosity index of the FO shows much improved results than that of SAE20W40. This ensures the use of FO at wide range of temperatures. The WSD of the FO is much closer to that of SAE20W40. Therefore, the FO has almost similar anti-wear effects as that of SAE20W40. Increase in dynamic viscosity after HOOT at 40°C indicates that the oxidation stability of the FO is superior that

**Properties FO SAE20W40 [9]** COF 0.092 0.107 Wear scar diameter 0.48 mm 0.47 mm Viscosity index 227.4 135.57 Increase in dynamic viscosity after HOOT at 40°C 5.4 cP 3 cP

*Dynamic viscosity v/s temperature curve comparison of formulated oil and SAE 20W40.*

The project was aimed on formulating a bio-lubricant from a non-edible vegetable oil as base stock. In addition to non-edible nature, pongamia oil (PO) was chosen as the base oil due to its high oleic acid content. SBR, TBHQ and SiO2 nanoparticle additives are added to PO for improving its viscosity, oxidation stability and antiwear properties respectively. The final base oil and additive combination of the formulated oil (FO) is PO + 2.5 wt% SBR + 2.5 wt% TBHQ +0.85 wt% SiO2. Rheological studies show that the performance of the FO is identical to the dynamic viscosity trend of SAE20W40 and possess a superior viscosity index than SAE 20 W40. HOOT indicates that the oxidation stability of FO is much closer to that of SAE20W40. Tribological studies indicate that FO possess identical WSD and lower

**Figure 7.** *Variation in COF with the blending of different weight percentages of SiO2 with PO.*

#### **Figure 8.**

*Tribology in Materials and Manufacturing - Wear, Friction and Lubrication*

Tribological properties were evaluated with the help of a four ball tester equipment [25]. Coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD) are the parameters used to evaluate tribological properties. From **Figure 6**, it is noted that with the addition of nanoparticles, the WSD is reduced [26–29]. The WSD is found to be decreased by 18.31% with the blending of 0.85% weight percentage of SiO2. The small size of SiO2 makes improvement in the tribological properties by reducing friction and wear by rolling, mending, and protective film formation [30]. From **Figure 7**, it is noted that with the addition of nanoparticles, the COF is increasing for PO blends with SiO2. However, in comparison with SAE20W40, the

Based on the tests conducted, the formulated oil (FO) is PO + 2.5 wt% SBR+

*3.1.3 Analysis of tribological properties*

COF value of PO blends is considerably low.

**3.2 Formulated oil results**

2.5 wt% TBHQ +0.85 wt% SiO2.

**210**

**Figure 7.**

**Figure 6.**

*Variation in COF with the blending of different weight percentages of SiO2 with PO.*

*Variation in WSD with the blending of different weight percentages of SiO2 with PO.*

*Dynamic viscosity v/s temperature curve comparison of formulated oil and SAE 20W40.*


#### **Table 4.**

*Evaluated properties and results of the FO compared with SAE20W40.*

**Figure 8** represents the dynamic viscosity v/s temperature curve of the formulated oil and was found to be comparable with that of reference oil SAE 20W40.

The evaluated properties and results of FO compared with SAE20W40 is as shown in **Table 4**. The COF of FO is found to be comparatively lower than that of SAE20W40. This implies that the frictional effect produced by FO will be much lower than the latter. The viscosity index of the FO shows much improved results than that of SAE20W40. This ensures the use of FO at wide range of temperatures. The WSD of the FO is much closer to that of SAE20W40. Therefore, the FO has almost similar anti-wear effects as that of SAE20W40. Increase in dynamic viscosity after HOOT at 40°C indicates that the oxidation stability of the FO is superior that PO and is comparable with that of SAE20W40.
