**3. Types of wear**

#### **3.1 Abrasive Wear**

Removal of material by the mechanical action of an abrasive is known as abrasive wear (**Figure 1**). Abrasives are substances which are usually harder than the abraded surface and have an angular profile. Examples: sand particles between contact surfaces, the damage of crankshaft journals in reciprocating compressors. Abrasive wear is ordinarily ordered by the kind of contact and the contact condition. The sort of contact decides the method of abrasive wear. The two methods of abrasive wear are known as two-body and three-body abrasive wear. Two-body wear happens when the sand or hard particles eliminate material from the contrary surface. The basic similarity is that of material being eliminated or dislodged by a cutting or plowing activity. Three-body wear happens when the particles are not constrained, and are allowed to roll and slide down a surface. The contact condition decides if the wear is delegated open or shut. An open contact condition happens when the surfaces are adequately uprooted to be free of each other. There are various components which influence abrasive wear and therefore the way of material removal. A small number of unique components have been proposed to illustrate the way where the outer material is eliminated.

**281**

recognized.

over the entire worn surface.

*(d) 1.5 wt% CNF, (e) 2.0 wt% CNF and (f) 2.5 wt% CNF [1].*

**3.2 Adhesive wear**

**Figure 2.**

*Wear: A Serious Problem in Industry*

**Figure 1.**

*Abrasive wear of industrial parts.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94211*

Khanam et al. [1] investigated about the abrasive wear resistance of CNF enforced epoxy nanocomposites at different percentage of CNF concentration. It has been observed (**Figure 2**) that the neat epoxy composite revealed deep plowing line, many microcracks and surface covered with wear debris of detached matrix

*SEM image of worn surface after abrasive wear test of (a) neat epoxy, (b) 0.5 wt% CNF, (c) 1.0 wt% CNF,* 

When one surface slides over the other interaction between the high spots produces occasional particles of wear debris. Mild adhesion is the expulsion of films, for example, oxides at a lower rate. Severe adhesion is the evacuation of metal because of tearing, breaking, and liquefying of metallic intersections (**Figure 3**).

Adhesive wear can be found between surfaces during frictional contact and by and large alludes to undesirable dislodging and connection of wear debris and material mixes starting with one surface then onto the next. Two glue wear types can be

This prompts scraping or annoying of the surfaces and even seizure.

*Wear: A Serious Problem in Industry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94211*

**Figure 1.** *Abrasive wear of industrial parts.*

*Tribology in Materials and Manufacturing - Wear, Friction and Lubrication*

The **Table 1** represents the various wear problems occur in the industries.

of material

Erosion with one supply of erodent being continuously renewed in a gas or fluid

Three body abrasion (solid abrasive-solid) with an ongoing supply of new abrasive particles

Adhesive wear and abrasion, but with one component in the wear process being continuously renewed

Adhesive wear, but with a wear rate that can be very variable depending on the detailed operating conditions

Adhesive wear between two consistent components

Abrasion, with supply of abrasive continuously renewed by movement of bed Valves controlling flow of crude oil laden with sand Gas pumping equipment

Digger teeth. Rotors of powder mixes. Extrusion dies

Pivot pins in construction machinery. Scraper blades in plaster mixing machines. Shaft seals for fluids containing abrasives

Tools used in manufacture, such as punching and pressing tools, sintering dies

Piston rings and cylinder liners. Coupling teeth and splines. Fretting between machine components

Brakes and clutches. Dry rubbing bearings. Artificial

and cutter blades

hip joints

for bricks and tiles

**Sl no. Industrial wear problems Significant characteristic Examples**

Removal of material by the mechanical action of an abrasive is known as abrasive wear (**Figure 1**). Abrasives are substances which are usually harder than the abraded surface and have an angular profile. Examples: sand particles between contact surfaces, the damage of crankshaft journals in reciprocating compressors. Abrasive wear is ordinarily ordered by the kind of contact and the contact condition. The sort of contact decides the method of abrasive wear. The two methods of abrasive wear are known as two-body and three-body abrasive wear. Two-body wear happens when the sand or hard particles eliminate material from the contrary surface. The basic similarity is that of material being eliminated or dislodged by a cutting or plowing activity. Three-body wear happens when the particles are not constrained, and are allowed to roll and slide down a surface. The contact condition decides if the wear is delegated open or shut. An open contact condition happens when the surfaces are adequately uprooted to be free of each other. There are various components which influence abrasive wear and therefore the way of material removal. A small number of unique components have been proposed to illustrate

**2. Industrial wear problems**

1. The wear of surfaces by

of fluid

2. The wear of surfaces

3 Wear of metal surfaces in mutual rubbing contact, with abrasive particles

present

4. The wear of metal

hard particles in a stream

by hard particles in a compliant bed of material

components in rubbing contact with a sequence of other solid components

components in mutual and repeated rubbing contact

rubbing contact between metals and non metals

5. The wear of pairs of metal

6. Component wear from

*Examples of industrial wear problems.*

**280**

the way where the outer material is eliminated.

**3. Types of wear**

**Table 1.**

**3.1 Abrasive Wear**

#### **Figure 2.**

*SEM image of worn surface after abrasive wear test of (a) neat epoxy, (b) 0.5 wt% CNF, (c) 1.0 wt% CNF, (d) 1.5 wt% CNF, (e) 2.0 wt% CNF and (f) 2.5 wt% CNF [1].*

Khanam et al. [1] investigated about the abrasive wear resistance of CNF enforced epoxy nanocomposites at different percentage of CNF concentration. It has been observed (**Figure 2**) that the neat epoxy composite revealed deep plowing line, many microcracks and surface covered with wear debris of detached matrix over the entire worn surface.
