**2.2 Experimental procedure**


**205**

*Biolubricant from Pongamia Oil*

**Category Item** Base oil Pongamia oil Commercial oil SAE20W40

**Materials**

additive

**Instruments**

plate

**Table 1.**

MCR 102)

Magnetic Stirrer with hot

Rheometer (Anton Par

Thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA)

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

Viscosity improver

magnetic stirrer.

*Materials and instruments used for the analysis.*

for calculations.

**2.3 Tests conducted**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93477*

Antioxidant additive Tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ )

Antiwear additive SiO2 nanoparticle

**Device Description**

c.BLENDING OF ANTIWEAR ADDITIVES TO PO: The PO is blended with nanoparticles of SiO2 (Particle Size: 15–40 nm) to improve its tribological properties viz. wear scar diameter and coefficient of friction. The blend is prepared by adding SiO2 in 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 wt% respectively to PO using a

Used to blend additives in oil sample

Redwood viscometer It is a device used to measure the kinematic viscosity of oil samples

Four ball tester Device used to study the tribological properties of oil samples

Hot air oven Used for hot oil oxidation test of oil samples

temperature

changed over time

Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) & ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)

It is a device used to measure the dynamic viscosity of oil samples

It is used to continuously measure mass while the temperature of a sample is

It is used to measure the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of

a.*TOTAL ACID NUMBER (TAN):* The TAN of the PO is obtained by titration method. It is a measure of acidity of the oil that is done by dissolving the PO in toluene and then titrating it against potassium hydroxide (KOH) using phenol-

phthalein as indicator. ASTM D664 standard was used for calculations.

c.*SAPONIFICATION VALUE:* Saponification value denotes the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide needed to saponify 1 gof fat according to the conditions specified. It is a calculation of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present. ASTM D5558-95 standard was used

indicator. ASTM D2896 standard was used for calculations.

b.*TOTAL BASE NUMBER:* The TBN of the PO is obtained by titration method. It is a measure of basicity of the oil done by dissolving PO in chlorobenzene and then titrating it against hydrochloric acid (HCl) using phenolphthalein as


#### **Table 1.**

*Tribology in Materials and Manufacturing - Wear, Friction and Lubrication*

comparison to mineral oil base stocks [8].

current work are to:

**2. Methodology**

**2.1 Materials and methods**

**2.2 Experimental procedure**

magnetic stirrer.

help of a magnetic stirrer having hot plate.

However, these synthetic oil based lubricants are much expensive than the mineral oil based lubricants [5]. The improper after-use disposals of the available lubricants are creating severe environmental issues by polluting the water bodies [6]. Developing an efficient lubricant from a non-edible plant oil base stock is an effective solution to the above issues, as they are biodegradable, renewable and environment friendly [7]. Vegetable oil base stocks also possess high thermal stability, low volatility, good biodegradability, non-toxicity and good lubrication properties in

The present article aims at developing a lubricant from a non-edible vegetable oil. In the current work, pongamia oil (PO) is selected as the base stock due to its high oleic acid content and non-edible nature [9–14]. Formulated oil (FO) is developed by blending suitable additives in PO. Rheological, oxidative and tribological properties of PO and FO are evaluated and compared against the properties of a commercially available lubricant SAE20W40. Hence the primary objectives of the

• To develop a suitable bio-lubricant from a non-edible vegetable oil viz. PO.

• To compare the FO with a commercially available lubricant viz. SAE20W40.

Rheological properties, oxidative stability and tribological properties of the PO with and without the addition of suitable additives are studied. Various PO blends with the additives are prepared using a magnetic stirrer. Rheological properties (dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity and viscosity index) of the oil blends are evaluated by using a rheometer (Anton Par MCR 102) having parallel plate geometry and redwood viscometer. Oxidation stability of the sample is determined using hot oil oxidation test (HOOT) in a dark oven. Tribological properties viz. wear scar diameter (WSD) and coefficient of friction (COF) are acquired with the help of a four-ball tester apparatus. Worn-out portions of the ball specimens are examined initially using an optical microscope and later by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Chemical properties of the PO such as total acid number, total base number, iodine value, saponification value are also analyzed as per ASTM Standards (**Table 1**).

a.BLENDING OF POLYMERIC ADDITIVES TO PO: In the present study SBR and EVA were selected as the viscosity improver additives. The PO is blended with these polymer additives to enhance the rheological properties. The

samples of 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 SBR and EVA in PO are prepared separately with the

b.BLENDING OF ANTIOXIDANT ADDITION TO PO: The PO is blended with TBHQ to enhance the oxidative stability. 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 wt% of antioxidant TBHQ is blended with PO respectively. The blends are prepared using a

• To add suitable additives to PO and enhance its various properties.

**204**

*Materials and instruments used for the analysis.*

c.BLENDING OF ANTIWEAR ADDITIVES TO PO: The PO is blended with nanoparticles of SiO2 (Particle Size: 15–40 nm) to improve its tribological properties viz. wear scar diameter and coefficient of friction. The blend is prepared by adding SiO2 in 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 wt% respectively to PO using a magnetic stirrer.
