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*Tribology in Materials and Manufacturing - Wear, Friction and Lubrication*

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**235**

**Chapter 13**

Friction

cause for these behaviours.

**1. Introduction**

**Abstract**

Wear Protective Effects of

Tribolayer Formation for Copper

Based Alloys in Sliding Contacts:

Alloy Dependent Sliding Surfaces

High sliding wear resistance is generally attributed to high hardness and high mechanical strength. Novel near net shape process technologies such as metal injection moulding (MIM) or lost foam casting (LF) lack forming processes that typically increase strength. Consequently, the materials exhibit large-grained microstructures with low defect densities. Commercial copper alloys (CuSn8, CuNi9Sn6, CuSn12Ni2) well known for good sliding properties were produced using MIM and LF and characterised in the current study. Their wear and friction behaviour was compared to conventionally produced variants in a lubricated, reciprocating sliding test against steel. The results showed an equal or superior wear resistance and lower friction levels for large-grained microstructures evolving in MIM and LF. SEM, FIB and EBSD studies revealed a tribolayer on the surface and a tribologically transformed layer (TTL), composed of a nano-crystalline zone or partially rotated grains, and selective hardening of grains. The extent of the TTL was different for alloys that were chemically identical but exhibited different initial microstructures. Innovative production routes investigated here showed no tribological drawbacks, but present the potential to increase lifetime, as nano-crystalline zones may render the sample more prone to wear. We present a hypothesis on the

**Keywords:** Cu-alloys, net-shape forming processes, wear behaviour, tribologically

Innovative technologies that enable production of new materials and complex composites unfortunately do not find their way into engineering application. This is due to a widespread, fundamental lack of trust in new materials or materials produced via non-conventional production processes [1]. With growing awareness

transformed layers, nano-crystalline zone, deformation induced processes

and Their Effects on Wear and

*Ulrike Cihak-Bayr, Robin Jisa and Friedrich Franek*
