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34249 26/03/2003.

**169**

**Chapter 9**

**Abstract**

*Debashis Puhan*

taken their first steps.

solid lubricant

**1. Introduction**

Lubricant and Lubricant Additives

Lubricants have been used by humans for thousands of years in their simple machines such as wheel-axle bearings and sledges. Modern machines are much more complicated and are composed of many different machine elements which are in relative motion under varying loads, speeds and temperatures. Industrial lubricants are significant for all kinds of industries whether machine building, chemical, textile, wood, food-processing, automotive, or wind power. Today's lubricants have evolved to a complex mixture of chemical structures that ensure not only lower friction but also provide various other functionality such as lower wear, improved heat transfer, sealing, as well as control of soot, impurities, sludge and deposit formation in the mechanical equipment. Lubricant research and development has become indispensable in automotive engines and drive trains as these have been rapidly advancing towards smaller sizes, increased power, better fuel economy and lesser emissions. Development of lubricant additives and lubricant formulation has led to extended service intervals, enhanced fuel efficiency and improved machine durability. Future trends of lubricant development and use in the Industry 4.0 era and rise of electric vehicles look promising where several stakeholders already have

**Keywords:** lubricant, lubrication, lubricant additives, base oil, greases,

engines, petroleum-based lubricants witnessed a growth.

Lubricants have been in use for hundreds of centuries and are essential to our survival. Natural lubricants such as saliva and synovial fluid lubricate the food for easy mastication and reduce wear and tear of our joints respectively. Cooking oils prevent sticking of food onto frying pans and baking trays at the same time as conducting heat. Ancient Egyptians used lubricants to slide large stone blocks for building the great pyramids while the Romans used lubricant on the axles of their chariots [1]. Ancient lubricants were plant and animal based natural oils. With the onset of industrial revolution and our reliance on metal-based machinery and

Modern lubricants are far more complex and perform various other functions in addition to lubricating such as cleaning, cooling, and sealing. The primary function of most lubricants is to reduce friction and this property is known as lubricity. A lubricant can be used in solid form, semi-solid, liquid form or gaseous form. Examples of solid lubricants are graphite and Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), semi-solid lubricants are greases, and liquid are automobile engine oil. Depending on the requirements of a said application, the physical state of lubricant is chosen. For example, in space environments where liquid lubrication is not feasible due to
