**Theodore V. Hromadka II**

Distinguished Professor, Department of Mathematical Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA

### **Prasada Rao**

**1**

**Chapter 1**

**Abstract**

Hydrometeorology: Review

of Past, Present and Future

*Mansour Almazroui, Essam Heggy, Zekai* Ş*en* 

*Mohammad Valipour, Sayed M. Bateni, Nicolas R. Dalezios,* 

Hydrometeorology aims at measuring and understanding the physics, chemistry,

energy and water fluxes of the atmosphere, and their coupling with the earth surface environmental parameters. Accurate hydrometeorological records and observations with different timelines are crucial to assess climate evolution and weather forecast. Historical records suggest that the first hydrometeorological observations date back to *ca* 3500 BC. Reviewing these observations in the light of our modern knowledge of the dynamic of atmospheres is critical as it can reduce the ambiguities associated to understanding major fluctuations or evolutions in the earth climate. Today, the ambiguities in hydrometeorological observations have significantly improved due to the advances in monitoring, modeling, and forecasting of processes related to the land-atmosphere coupling and forcing. Numerical models have been developed to forecast hydrometeorological phenomena in short-, medium- and long-term horizons, ranging from hourly to annual timescales. We provide herein a synthetic review of advances in hydrometeorological observations from their infancy to today. In particular, we discuss the role of hydrometeorological records, observations, and modeling in assessing the amplitude and time-scale

**Keywords:** hydrometeorology, sustainability, weather monitoring tools,

In general, hydrometeorology deals with monitoring the energy and water fluxes between the atmosphere and earth [1–4]. Hydrometeorology has evolved as a special discipline of both meteorology and hydrology, linking the fundamental knowledge of meteorologists with the needs of hydrologists to assess the water and energy cycles at local, regional, and global scales [1–4]. In hydrometeorology, meteorological data are incorporated into hydrological models to predict water and energy exchanges between the land surface and atmosphere, weather, climate, and natural hazards such as wildland fires, storms, droughts, and floods [5–8]. Climatologists focus on seasonal to decadal scales, while hydrometeorologists are

Observation Methods

*and Andreas N. Angelakis*

for climate change and global warming.

climate, forecasting, innovations

**1. Introduction**

Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA **Chapter 1**
