**9. Conclusion**

As is summarized in this chapter, there are several treatment options for psoriasis and exciting novel targets (e.g. PDE4 and JAK) are being investigated as potential topical treatment options. Also, combination topical products and combination of topical and phototherapy have been shown to provide more effective treatment options. The epidermal hyperproliferation in psoriatic patients may increase the variability in drug penetration across the skin. Hence novel drug delivery approaches such as liposomes, iontophoresis, and electroporation are being investigated for improved delivery. Recent research has emphasized the importance of treatment adherence in the management of psoriasis. Adherence to treatment is likely to be a far more important determinant of success than are small differences in drug delivery, especially in actual clinical use as opposed to the well controlled environment of clinical trials. Several guidances have been developed to optimize topical treatment of psoriasis and hence enable more effective management of psoriasis. Since patients prefer a less messy vehicle, adherence and outcomes are likely to be better with the more novel formulation options such as foams and sprays compared with the traditionally recommended ointment.
