**6. References**


psoriasis drugs have been found to have a therapeutic effect on ROS-induced oxidative stress, further favoring the ROS aspect of psoriasis pathogenesis (Zhou et al, 2009). A primary example is dimethylfumarate (DMF), which is known to up-regulate glutathione (Ghashghaeinia et al, 2010) and the induction of NADPH:quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) (Begleiter et al, 2004), two antioxidative pathways in the cell. Vitamin D analogues also increase the production and activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which

Chronic psoriasis has a complex pathogenesis, involving both epidermal barrier and immune mediated dysfunction. While much of the recent advances have been in the area of the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis, the role of epidermal disruption as an initiating event and perpetuating cause of psoriasis certainly warrants further investigation and understanding. In this chapter, we have highlighted wound healing studies that support the key role of epidermal dysfunction in psoriasis and the koebner phenomenon. In particular, the role of nuclear receptor S100 proteins and the protective role of TAK1 against ROS induced stress were highlighted and discussed. It is noteworthy that the wound healing studies using novel organotypic skin cocultures have been crucial in further enhancing our understanding of the epidermal dysfunction in psoriasis and complementing existing *in vivo*

The work done in authors' laboratories is supported by National Medical Research Council

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**4. Conclusion** 

models.

**5. Acknowledgment** 

(IRG10MAY017).

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**Psoriatic Skin Models: A Need for the** 

Jessica Jean, Martha Estrella Garcia-Pérez and Roxane Pouliot

*Recherche FRSQ du Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec* 

*Centre LOEX de l'Université Laval, Génie Tissulaire et Régénération : LOEX - Centre de* 

Skin is composed of three layers: epidermis, dermis and hypodermis (Sugihara *et al.*, 1991). Epidermis is divided into five layers namely, *stratum basale*, *spinosum*, *granulosum*, *lucidum*, and *corneum* (Bragulla & Homberger, 2009, Nagarajan *et al.*, 2009). The differentiation process implies that keratinocytes are transformed through the different cell layers to reach their complete maturation in the *stratum corneum* (Harding, 2004). In this process, various proliferation and differentiation markers are expressed in a well-orchestrated sequence of events (Fig. 1). When the differentiation process is negatively affected, skin pathologies such

as psoriasis can appear (Rashmi *et al.*, 2009, Karlsson *et al.*, 2004).

**1. Introduction** 

Fig. 1. Differentiation process

**1.1 Skin** 

**Pharmaceutical Industry** 

*Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval* 

*Canada* 

Zouboulis, C.C. (2009). The skin as an endocrine organ. *Dermato-endocrinology,* Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 250-252. **4** 
