**8. Policy recommendation and management approaches**

There are some recommendations:


### **9. Conclusions**

*Landscape Architecture - Processes and Practices Towards Sustainable Development*

which has a direct effect on the ecology and ecosystem.

**7.3 Causes and effects of the LULC changes**

• The presence of the Bay of Bengal.

reducing soil porosity are:

because of two major reasons:

in the 1960s to the 1980s.

i.The use of huge amount of polythene

salt creates an invisible layer in the soil.

soil. Consequently, the porosity is reducing.

vegetation, reducing productivity, biodiversity, and wild varieties.

Bangladesh. Two of those are:

it is evident that the LULC is changed frequently in the coastal area of Bangladesh,

There are many reasons of the frequent changes of LULC in the coastal

1.**Increasing salinity level:** the reason behind increasing salinity level are:

• Lack of proper management of agricultural land and irrigation system

• Moreover, soil porosity is reducing in this area. Therefore, groundwater infiltration is lowering, which increases waterlogging in the area. As a result, both the soil and water salinity is increasing continuously. Three major reasons

• Lack of proper management and dredging of river reduce the current of the river, which in turn increases seawater intrusion both in surface water and groundwater gradually. As a result, salinity covers more area progressively.

ii.Shrimp cultivation: sometime shrimp cultivators are using salt in the shrimp cultivation pond to avoid some virus and other diseases. This

iii.Some projects like tree plantation (eucalyptus tree, etc.). Leaves of those trees are not easily decomposable, which create a layer in the

• Due to poor management of the embankment and sluice gate that was built

• Some paddy fields were converted to shrimp cultivation ponds [31]. As a result, the salinity level of the surrounding paddy field of the shrimp cultivation pond increased, which lead to reduced agricultural production.

Frequent changes of LULC have a long-term effect on the paddy field and other

**7.4 How the ecological and socioeconomic condition of the area responded to** 

LULC in the coastal area of Bangladesh had been changed frequently since the 1960s. The major agricultural conversions were rice to shrimp and shrimp to rice cultivation. Even though both rice and shrimp cultivation create vital

2.**Decreasing agricultural production:** agricultural production is decreasing

**30**

**those changes**

Naturally, LULC will change over the time for the seek of development. If LULC is altered totally and frequently, it will damage the ecology and ecosystem of the area. Consequently, the nature will be imbalanced, causing disaster for the area. Therefore, we should use the technology to design the proper land-use pattern considering the natural value of that area rather than going against the nature. Accordingly, both the nature and human being will get benefited from this technology-based planning, and thus, the development will be sustainable.

*Landscape Architecture - Processes and Practices Towards Sustainable Development*
