**4. Methodology**

Primary and secondary data for this study were extracted from the responses in the questionnaire, analysis of observation chart and the analysis of the spatial data. Quantitative data include the drivers of urban expansion, residents' demography, locational convenience and commuting frequency. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive method. Spatial data that is, satellite images were acquired from Google Earth while shape-files of the study areas were extracted from the state government's archive. Analogue spatial data were converted to digital and brought into ArcGIS environment in to reference them geographically.

## **5. Results and discussion**

### **5.1 Land use changes between 2006 and 2016**

It can be observed in **Figures 2a**, **b** and **3a**, **b** and that both Ikorodu and Ibeju-Lekki have experienced noticeable spatial expansion in terms of residential development between years 2006 and 2016. Ikorodu could be seen to have developed more in areal extent than Ibeju-Lekki as shown by **Figure 3** that greater percentage of the latter is still undeveloped. Ikorodu has less undeveloped area of land mass having experienced a surge in housing development within the study timeline. Urban expansion in both locations is motivated by different factors. Analysis of agricultural and residential land use in the study areas is presented in **Table 1**.

### **5.2 Chronological change in land use in the study area**

Prior to 1980, peripheral settlements in the study areas were predominantly green areas used mainly for agriculture, conservation, water catchment, forest

### **Figure 2.**

*(a) Extent of residential expansion in 2006. (b) Extent of residential expansion in 2016. Development trend in Ikorodu study area 2006–2016. Source: Field work (2017).*

**51**

**Figure 3.**

*\**

*body.*

**Table 1.**

*Disparity in Peri-Urbanisation Process in Lagos, Nigeria DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93530*

*Ibeju-Lekki study area 2006–2016. Source: Field work (2017).*

*Source: Lagos State Ministry of Lands (2005).*

and wild palm trees as shown by the analysis in **Table 1**. In Ikorodu, between years 1980 and 2000, agriculture became the major player in land use with gradual land conversion for residential purpose taking 8799.78 and 4049.27 hectares in Ikorodu and Ibeju-Lekki respectively. Residential land use continued to rise exponentially from 622.23 hectares in the year preceding 1980 to 17,972.62 hectares in 2002. Till date, agriculture and residential land uses have been the major forces behind the peri-urbanisation process in Ikorodu. The increase in residential land use in Ikorodu peri-urban is as a result of housing deficit in the neighbouring metropolitan area like Ikeja (the capital of the host state, Lagos). A gradual push into the peri-urban settlements by the saturation of core metropolitan Lagos due to rapid population growth and as a result of rural-urban drift led to residential development in all

*Other land uses: civic, commercial, business, conservation, water catchment, marshlands, fishing port, forest and wild palm trees, industrial, institutional, new ocean terminal, parks, open space, recreation and tourism, water* 

*(a) Extent of residential expansion in 2006. (b) Extent of residential expansion in 2016. Development trend in* 

**Land use Pre-1980 1980–2000 2000 2002 Ikorodu** Agricultural — 18,236.94 17,268.72 21,084.94 Residential 622.23 8799.78 12,492.33 17, 972.62 Other land uses 36,321.19 9906.70 7182.36 7885.85 **Ibeju-Lekki**

Agricultural 54,774.96 20,804.16 46,109.26 — Residential — 4049.27 6932.13 11,243.00 Other land uses 1830.06 31,751.60 3563.63 45,362.02

The growth pattern in Ibeju-Lekki differs in terms of land use from that of Ikorodu. It has less land conversion. Also, residential land use in Ibeju-Lekki is not pronounced until 1980 when usage increased to 4049.27 hectares, and subsequently 6932.13 and 11,243.00 hectares in the year 2000 and year 2002 respectively. Periurbanisation in Ibeju-Lekki is a response to the development of the highways. Pioneering towns like Awoyaya and Abijo developed as a result of their closeness to the metropolitan centre of Lagos Island. Linear settlements grew along the

Lagos peri-urban settlements from year 1980.

*Pre-2006 agricultural and residential land use analysis in the study area.*

*Disparity in Peri-Urbanisation Process in Lagos, Nigeria DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93530*

### **Figure 3.**

*Landscape Architecture - Processes and Practices Towards Sustainable Development*

of the total land mass of Lagos State. It is situated at approximately latitude 40°15′ North latitude 40°17′ North and longitude 13,015′ East and 13,020′ East. According to the National Population Commission [27] census, Ibeju-Lekki had a population

Primary and secondary data for this study were extracted from the responses in the questionnaire, analysis of observation chart and the analysis of the spatial data. Quantitative data include the drivers of urban expansion, residents' demography, locational convenience and commuting frequency. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive method. Spatial data that is, satellite images were acquired from Google Earth while shape-files of the study areas were extracted from the state government's archive. Analogue spatial data were converted to digital and brought

It can be observed in **Figures 2a**, **b** and **3a**, **b** and that both Ikorodu and Ibeju-Lekki have experienced noticeable spatial expansion in terms of residential development between years 2006 and 2016. Ikorodu could be seen to have developed more in areal extent than Ibeju-Lekki as shown by **Figure 3** that greater percentage of the latter is still undeveloped. Ikorodu has less undeveloped area of land mass having experienced a surge in housing development within the study timeline. Urban expansion in both locations is motivated by different factors. Analysis of agricultural and residential land use in the study areas is presented in **Table 1**.

Prior to 1980, peripheral settlements in the study areas were predominantly green areas used mainly for agriculture, conservation, water catchment, forest

*(a) Extent of residential expansion in 2006. (b) Extent of residential expansion in 2016. Development trend in* 

, which equals one quarter

about 20 km wide and has a land area of about 646 km<sup>2</sup>

of 117,481 out of Lagos State's total of 9,113,605 (**Figure 1**).

into ArcGIS environment in to reference them geographically.

**4. Methodology**

**5. Results and discussion**

**5.1 Land use changes between 2006 and 2016**

**5.2 Chronological change in land use in the study area**

*Ikorodu study area 2006–2016. Source: Field work (2017).*

**50**

**Figure 2.**

*(a) Extent of residential expansion in 2006. (b) Extent of residential expansion in 2016. Development trend in Ibeju-Lekki study area 2006–2016. Source: Field work (2017).*


*Source: Lagos State Ministry of Lands (2005).*

*\* Other land uses: civic, commercial, business, conservation, water catchment, marshlands, fishing port, forest and wild palm trees, industrial, institutional, new ocean terminal, parks, open space, recreation and tourism, water body.*

### **Table 1.**

*Pre-2006 agricultural and residential land use analysis in the study area.*

and wild palm trees as shown by the analysis in **Table 1**. In Ikorodu, between years 1980 and 2000, agriculture became the major player in land use with gradual land conversion for residential purpose taking 8799.78 and 4049.27 hectares in Ikorodu and Ibeju-Lekki respectively. Residential land use continued to rise exponentially from 622.23 hectares in the year preceding 1980 to 17,972.62 hectares in 2002. Till date, agriculture and residential land uses have been the major forces behind the peri-urbanisation process in Ikorodu. The increase in residential land use in Ikorodu peri-urban is as a result of housing deficit in the neighbouring metropolitan area like Ikeja (the capital of the host state, Lagos). A gradual push into the peri-urban settlements by the saturation of core metropolitan Lagos due to rapid population growth and as a result of rural-urban drift led to residential development in all Lagos peri-urban settlements from year 1980.

The growth pattern in Ibeju-Lekki differs in terms of land use from that of Ikorodu. It has less land conversion. Also, residential land use in Ibeju-Lekki is not pronounced until 1980 when usage increased to 4049.27 hectares, and subsequently 6932.13 and 11,243.00 hectares in the year 2000 and year 2002 respectively. Periurbanisation in Ibeju-Lekki is a response to the development of the highways. Pioneering towns like Awoyaya and Abijo developed as a result of their closeness to the metropolitan centre of Lagos Island. Linear settlements grew along the

major highways while the growth of the inner periphery was in response to land speculation. With land reclassification and government acquisition of land for development, infrastructure limited was necessary thus aiding the opening of the inner periphery for mixed use development. Residential segregation and residents' socio-demography influenced the settlement patterns. Various types of settlements also grew in response topography, culture and political reasons.
