**4. Landscape sustainability index model: agroforestry pattern** *Dusung*

The study was carried out in 8 villages of South Leitimur and Leihutu on Ambon Island. Data were obtained through site survey based on vegetation conditions formed from farming patterns of monocultures, semi-monocultures, and mixed plants that make up the *dusung* agroforestry. The sample selection is determined based on the spatial distribution of the landscape according to the representative land samples' location. The Land classification is determined based on the weighted parameter values from the researches.. The data taken in each sample include length and width of the land, area covered by stands, inventory of vegetation types according to potential, the grouping of plant types based on *dusung* farming patterns, and the layout of the planting system representing a mosaic landscape of *dusung* at various heights, such as flat, hills and mountains. The analysis is limited to the stand measurement model due to resource sharing as well as the climatic and growth factors that affect plant productivity, thereby making its survival possible. Furthermore, based on the land sample surveyed, information classification was carried out regarding the landscape conditions of the *dusung* agroforestry pattern for each respondent, such as the land owner (farmer) in each sample village location. This model is related to the development of the vegetation constituent components on the landscape, therefore, the model stratification approach is based on the ratio of the area of land for effective cultivation of plants to a suitable growing place. The stratification is divided into 3 classes, namely lowland *dusung* pattern, hilly and mountainous plains. The approach to growing places and distribution of tree species is based on the total number of land productivity according to the potential for each harvest season divided by the area of land. A regression approach is used to determine the relationship between the dependent and independent variables in accordance with the model class. The independent variable that has the main effect on the dependent makes the agroforestry system's key information. This information makes it easy to design and manipulate the actions intended to manage the agroforestry system. Therefore, the *dusung* agroforestry pattern model's determination with the distribution of productive plant species is alternatively carried out using an alternative design. Furthermore, to facilitate further analysis of the landscape model of the *dusung* agroforestry pattern in the agroforestry system, the land sample was divided into 3 clusters based on land area and composition of monoculture, semi-monoculture, and mixed crop types. They are also based on the landscape where they grow from the coast to the mountains, namely:


**7**

**Table 3.**

*Designation of Traditional Agroforestry Clusters for Handling Climate Change Based…*

• Cluster 3 is located on an area of land with a composition of mixed types of farming, which occupies a landscape characterized by hilly to mountain-

Until now, the production of types of plants in the *dusung* pattern is still contributing as a source of community income with several factors, namely (1) the potential for cultivated plants, (2) the production value of the harvest, (3) the area of *dusung* land ownership of the farmer and (4) the area of each village. The farming characteristics of the *dusung* pattern are used to carry out cluster analysis based on the division of the type of area and according to the potential of the *dusung* land

Meanwhile, the Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis was used to measure the sustainability index and sustainability level [7]. Furthermore, the MDS method can be used to determine the position of the point of sustainability, which is visualized through the horizontal and vertical axes. The point position can be visualized on the horizontal axis, in accordance with the value of the sustainability index using the rotation process. The sustainability index is the value of each dimension that

The value of each dimension's sustainability index can be visualized simultaneously in the form of a kite diagram. Similarly, the symmetrical diagrams of kites are determined by each dimension's sustainability index, namely economic, social, cultural, ecological, legal, institutional, infrastructure, and technology. The cluster approach can also be described through the spatial analysis of the *dusung* farming patterns formed in lowlands, hilly, and mountainous plains. Spatial descriptive research, with land units, are used for analysis or mapping. Furthermore, this research spatially and temporally describes land cover and its effects on small

• The area of land owned by farmers • Area of land that is privately owned by the family and leased (m2

• Total annual crop commodity produced • Production capacity of each type of crop during the

• Total production of monoculture crops • Production capacity of each type of crop during the

• *Dusung* farmers' income contribution • Average *dusung* farm income (IDR / year)

**Index Values (%) Category Remarks** 0.00–25.00 Bad Not sustainable 25.01–50.00 Less Less sustainable 50.01–75.00 Sufficient Sufficiently sustainable 75.01–100.00 Good Good Sustainable

*Assessment categories based on the index value of the sustainability status.*

• The area of dusung land cover is obtained from the results

• Production capacity of each type of crop during the

of satellite image analysis (ha)

or ha)

harvest season (kg/ha/yr)

harvest season (kg/ha/yr)

harvest season (kg/ha/yr)

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96016*

by determining the variables as shown in **Table 2.**

describes its level [8], as shown in **Table 3.**

**Variable Remarks**

• Area of *dusung* land type in each

• Total production of mixed crop

*Forms of cluster analysis variables.*

sampling village

commodities

**Table 2.**

ous plains.

*Designation of Traditional Agroforestry Clusters for Handling Climate Change Based… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96016*

• Cluster 3 is located on an area of land with a composition of mixed types of farming, which occupies a landscape characterized by hilly to mountainous plains.

Until now, the production of types of plants in the *dusung* pattern is still contributing as a source of community income with several factors, namely (1) the potential for cultivated plants, (2) the production value of the harvest, (3) the area of *dusung* land ownership of the farmer and (4) the area of each village. The farming characteristics of the *dusung* pattern are used to carry out cluster analysis based on the division of the type of area and according to the potential of the *dusung* land by determining the variables as shown in **Table 2.**

Meanwhile, the Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis was used to measure the sustainability index and sustainability level [7]. Furthermore, the MDS method can be used to determine the position of the point of sustainability, which is visualized through the horizontal and vertical axes. The point position can be visualized on the horizontal axis, in accordance with the value of the sustainability index using the rotation process. The sustainability index is the value of each dimension that describes its level [8], as shown in **Table 3.**

The value of each dimension's sustainability index can be visualized simultaneously in the form of a kite diagram. Similarly, the symmetrical diagrams of kites are determined by each dimension's sustainability index, namely economic, social, cultural, ecological, legal, institutional, infrastructure, and technology. The cluster approach can also be described through the spatial analysis of the *dusung* farming patterns formed in lowlands, hilly, and mountainous plains. Spatial descriptive research, with land units, are used for analysis or mapping. Furthermore, this research spatially and temporally describes land cover and its effects on small


#### **Table 2.**

*Agroforestry - Small Landholder's Tool for Climate Change Resiliency and Mitigation*

elements of justice and humanity [6].

air humidity, and land quality, (2) economically sustainable for farmers with the ability to meet all the necessities of life. The *dusung* system is regulated to produce all year round crops, such as coconut, cocoa, nutmeg, and walnuts as well as some are seasonal ones, including cloves, durians, duku, gandaria, *etc*., (3) fair and humane as *dusung* is capable of providing benefits to people without basic dignity of all living things, such as plants, animals, and humans. Regulations regarding business (picking up those that fall on the ground) and *sasi* (harvesting rules) contain

**4. Landscape sustainability index model: agroforestry pattern** *Dusung*

The study was carried out in 8 villages of South Leitimur and Leihutu on Ambon Island. Data were obtained through site survey based on vegetation conditions formed from farming patterns of monocultures, semi-monocultures, and mixed plants that make up the *dusung* agroforestry. The sample selection is determined based on the spatial distribution of the landscape according to the representative land samples' location. The Land classification is determined based on the weighted parameter values from the researches.. The data taken in each sample include length and width of the land, area covered by stands, inventory of vegetation types according to potential, the grouping of plant types based on *dusung* farming patterns, and the layout of the planting system representing a mosaic landscape of *dusung* at various heights, such as flat, hills and mountains. The analysis is limited to the stand measurement model due to resource sharing as well as the climatic and growth factors that affect plant productivity, thereby making its survival possible. Furthermore, based on the land sample surveyed, information classification was carried out regarding the landscape conditions of the *dusung* agroforestry pattern for each respondent, such as the land owner (farmer) in each sample village location. This model is related to the development of the vegetation constituent components on the landscape, therefore, the model stratification approach is based on the ratio of the area of land for effective cultivation of plants to a suitable growing place. The stratification is divided into 3 classes, namely lowland *dusung* pattern, hilly and mountainous plains. The approach to growing places and distribution of tree species is based on the total number of land productivity according to the potential for each harvest season divided by the area of land. A regression approach is used to determine the relationship between the dependent and independent variables in accordance with the model class. The independent variable that has the main effect on the dependent makes the agroforestry system's key information. This information makes it easy to design and manipulate the actions intended to manage the agroforestry system. Therefore, the *dusung* agroforestry pattern model's determination with the distribution of productive plant species is alternatively carried out using an alternative design. Furthermore, to facilitate further analysis of the landscape model of the *dusung* agroforestry pattern in the agroforestry system, the land sample was divided into 3 clusters based on land area and composition of monoculture, semi-monoculture, and mixed crop types. They are also based on the landscape where they grow from the coast to the

• Cluster 1 is located on an area of land with a composition of monoculture types of agricultural crops that occupy a landscape characterized by lowlands.

• Cluster 2 is located on an area of land with a composition of semi-monoculture farming types that occupy a landscape characterized by low to hilly lands.

**6**

mountains, namely:

*Forms of cluster analysis variables.*


#### **Table 3.**

*Assessment categories based on the index value of the sustainability status.*

**Figure 2.** *Land suitability for agriculture and estate.*

**Figure 3.** *Land cover in Leitimur Selatan District.*

islands' protection function. Spatial analysis was processed using a Geographical Information System, with outputs including land cover maps and suitability maps for *dusung* agroforestry patterns as shown in **Figures 2** and **3**. Most of the villages studied were classified as good (score average 89.2) and moderate (mean score 69.7), with none in the poor and bad categories.
