**1. Introduction**

The adequate management of the biodiversity and biological resources of natural products in a sustainable manner is one of the efforts used to maintain their benefits in such a way that they do not cause damage to the ecosystem. The application of a forest management system is based on the principle of sustainability by increasing the overall land yield. This is also achieved by sequentially combining the production of agricultural crops (including trees), forest plants, and animals on the same land unit, using management methods that are culturally appropriate to local residents, are a feature of the traditional agroforestry [1].

Environmental damage occurs due to biophysical or ecological related global climate change, such as resource depletion, deforestation, and agricultural and forestry land degradation in rural landscapes. Ecosystem diversity is similar to the landscape, which consists of various patches and corridors (such as rice fields, moor, crops, grazing fields, lakes/reservoirs/poolponds, plantations, mixed gardens, residential areas, rivers, irrigation channels, village roads, footpaths, *etc*. Therefore, the diversity of agricultural landscapes (agrobiodiversity), forestry (Agro-forestry), fisheries (Agro-Fishery), and livestock (Agro-Silvopasture) supports biodiversity when facing climate change as a central issue.

Agroforestry has two main functions, namely (1) Socio-economic function, which reflects human efforts in trying to meet their needs in the social and economic fields. It is generally, in the form of forest products, food plants, animal husbandry, *etc*. (2) Environmental function, in the form of components, is inseparable from agroforestry and acts as a system that includes hydrological, ecological, and conservation functions. This is usually the form of services, quantified using existing parameters, such as using agroforestry functions to prevent soil erosion through land cover and canopy strata, storing groundwater reserves, and using carbon binding to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and conserving or protecting certain flora and fauna.

The current impact of climate change that threatens all bio-ecology and natural resources has encouraged people worldwide to carry out processes of mitigation and adaptation to deal with the occurrence of various natural disasters. This is because of the degradation of natural resources, pollution, and loss of biodiversity which disturbs and increases the vulnerability of health systems to damages, thereby reducing resilience. All forms of agricultural systems on large and small islands in Indonesia are sensitive to climate change variations [2].

The sustainability of ecosystems, especially in small islands, is determined by the land's biodiversity. In Asian society, including Indonesia, traditional farming practices known as agroforestry have been passed down from generation to generation. They have been proven to be able to develop and fill the context of sustainable agricultural development. Applying a forest management system based on the principle of sustainability increases the overall land yield. This is achieved by combining the production of agricultural crops (including tree crops), forest plants, and animals on the same land unit. Furthermore, various methods and management efforts are culturally applied as appropriate local populations for the current traditional agroforestry [3].

Agroforestry models have become a prioritized choice in cropping systems because they have several advantages compared to forestry and agricultural systems (monoculture). This advantage can be seen from the multiple products produced throughout the management of both wood and non-timber, including environmental services. The development of an agroforestry system is dependent on the structure of the constituent components. A decrease is experienced in the annual crop products when the agroforestry system component dominates the number of trees. Therefore, silvicultural action in agroforestry is the key to success. In addition, the agronomic regime chosen also has a positive correlation to tree development. The spatial dynamics in an agroforestry system are determined by how these constituent components use existing resources. It is important to ensure a balance between the interests of trees and seasonal plants using the resource sharing system. Agroforestry dynamics directly affect seasonal crop cultivation, with some able to provide support for seasonal crop cultivation throughout the year. However, it needs to be noted that other agroforestry models have limitations, therefore, the presence of seasonal crops can only be carried out at certain times, such as during the rainy season.

**3**

*lycopersicum), etc.*

*Designation of Traditional Agroforestry Clusters for Handling Climate Change Based…*

The land's carrying capacity can be represented by the condition or level of fertility of the site. Therefore a fertile land tends to possess a better carrying capacity and vice versa. The principle of the agroforestry model in terms of land management that needs to be understood is the addition of other plants or trees as a single system with various components [4]. In agroforestry systems, the fallow period is highly dependent on spatial dynamics, which tend to depend on the type of constituent. The selection of constituent tree species in an agroforestry system needs to consider the characteristics or basic information, such as physiognomy,

Agroforestry can be grouped into two systems, namely simple and complex [3]. In a simple agroforestry system, trees are intercropped with one or more seasonal crops. Meanwhile, a complex agroforestry system permanently involves various types of trees that are intentionally or naturally planted. The main characteristic of complex agroforestry is its physical appearance and the dynamics similar to forest ecosystems, therefore, it is also known as agroforest. Generally, they are massive mosaic forests that consist of several 1–2 ha plantations owned by individuals or

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96016*

distribution, and application of silvicultural recipes.

dry season as a form of practice building *dusung.*

groups and located far from their homes and village boundaries.

**2. Traditional "***Dusung***" agroforestry patterns in the Maluku Islands**

The traditional land-use practices by communities in Maluku Province in terms of culture and customs are proven to answer ecological, economic, and socio-cultural problems, such as the land use pattern known as *dusung*. This process is used to plant short-term subsistence agricultural crops (vegetables, tubers, and spices), fruit crops (*Durio* sp., Lansium sp., *Myristica* sp., *Mangifera* sp., *Nephellium* sp., *etc.*), and forestry plants (*Pterocarpus* sp., *Paraserianthes* sp., *Anthosephalus, Alstonia* sp., *etc.*) in the long run. The condition of small islands in Maluku is geophysically undulating to hilly areas and dominated by dry land agroecosystems. The developed agricultural pattern is a "multi cropping" or "mixed" agroforestry system obtained by combining tree crops, such as plantation, industrial and forest plants in several strata. Food crops are also obtained as intercrops, usually carried out by the community at the end of the rainy season and into the

The combination of plants in *dusung* agroforestry is characterized by several forms of land use, which are also different in each agroecosystem because they have *dusung* types from the simplest composition to the more complex ones. The cropping pattern of annual crops is the main business, while forest plants are secondary. The main types of perennial crops are coconut (*Cocos nucifera*), cloves (*Eugenia aromatica*), nutmeg (*Myristica fragrans*), sago (*Metroxylon sago*) and fruit trees such as durian (*Durio zibetinus*), langsat (*Lancium* sp), duku (*Lancium domesticum*), advocate (*Anona muricata*), gandaria (*Buea macrophylla*), mangosteen (*Garcinia manggostana*), mango (*Mangifera* spp) and guava (*Eugenia jambolana*), *etc.* Furthermore, there are several types of forestry plants, such as samama wood (*Anthosepalus macrophylla*), pule (*Alstonia scholaris*), salawaku (*Paraserianthes falcataria*), forest guyawas (*Duabanga mollucana*), and community planted wood such as teak (*Tectona grandis*), titi (*Gmelina mollucana) and lenggua (Pterocarpus indicus).* Annual crops are dominated by cassava (Manihot utilisima), sweet potato (*Xanthosoma sagittifolium*), taro (*Calocasia esculenta*), bananas (*Musa* spp), peanuts (*Arachis hypogea*), corn (*Zea mays*), *etc*.Vegetable plants cultivated are genemo (*Gnetum gnemon*), spinach (*Amarantus* sp), long beans (*Vigna sinensis*), mustard greens (*Brasisca* sp), eggplant (*Solannum tuberesum*), cucumber (*Cucurbita* sp), tomato (*Solannum* 

#### *Designation of Traditional Agroforestry Clusters for Handling Climate Change Based… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96016*

The land's carrying capacity can be represented by the condition or level of fertility of the site. Therefore a fertile land tends to possess a better carrying capacity and vice versa. The principle of the agroforestry model in terms of land management that needs to be understood is the addition of other plants or trees as a single system with various components [4]. In agroforestry systems, the fallow period is highly dependent on spatial dynamics, which tend to depend on the type of constituent. The selection of constituent tree species in an agroforestry system needs to consider the characteristics or basic information, such as physiognomy, distribution, and application of silvicultural recipes.

Agroforestry can be grouped into two systems, namely simple and complex [3]. In a simple agroforestry system, trees are intercropped with one or more seasonal crops. Meanwhile, a complex agroforestry system permanently involves various types of trees that are intentionally or naturally planted. The main characteristic of complex agroforestry is its physical appearance and the dynamics similar to forest ecosystems, therefore, it is also known as agroforest. Generally, they are massive mosaic forests that consist of several 1–2 ha plantations owned by individuals or groups and located far from their homes and village boundaries.
