**Acknowledgements**

*Agroforestry - Small Landholder's Tool for Climate Change Resiliency and Mitigation*

**Nutrient (% DM)** *Acacia karroo* **leaves** *Setaria verticillata* **hay** Dry matter 97.1 ± 2.01 96.2 ± 0.40 Organic matter 92.1 ± 0.21 91.4 ± 0.12 Crude protein 12.7 ± 2.02 7.9 ± 1.12 Fat 2.4 ± 0.10 0.8 ± 0.01 Ash 7.9 ± 0.40 8.6 ± 0.31 Acid detergent fibre 32.5 ± 3.02 50.7 ± 4.01 Neutral detergent fibre 38.0 ± 4.01 77.9 ± 3.02 Condensed tannins# 2.0 ± 0.01 ND Total Phenolics## 1.95 ± 0.001 ND

that diets with higher *V. karroo* inclusion levels had higher intakes and relative palatability rankings by goats, regardless of the higher condensed tannin and phenolic levels. Inclusion of *V. karroo* leaf meals improved nutrient digestibility and growth rate of goats. *V. karroo* leaf meal inclusion did not adversely affect goat meat tenderness, juiciness, flavour, taste, aroma and overall acceptability. Reduction in internal parasites and methane gas emission were also recorded in goats fed with

*The nutritional composition of* Vachellia karroo *leaves and* Setaria verticillate *grass hay.*

*: Condensed tannins as percentage DM leucocyanidin equivalent ##: Expressed as tannic acid equivalent (%);* 

Climate change has become a threat to smallholder crop and livestock productivity in many rural areas of South Africa. To address this challenge, coordinated efforts in the implementation of workable technologies needs to be pursued. However, agricultural practices and technologies communicated to farmers in previous years by diverse stakeholders have not produced the desired results. In some situation, the information received has reduced farmers' awareness about the fact that their physical well-being depends, to a large degree on the way the natural

From the information gathered from the farmers, it is deduced that the general

For successful scaling out of this farming practice in the Limpopo Province, thorough training of participating farmers and all the relevant stakeholders will be required. Relevant research into management practices required for successful agroforestry interventions is also critical to the successful adoption of agroforestry in the province. Planting *Moringa oleifera* at a relatively high density increased biomass production. A planting density of 435,000 plants ha−1 resulted in higher biomass accumulation at all sampling intervals. Moringa can thus, be planted by farmers at higher densities on their fields in an agroforestry system. Moringa can be harvested at a height of 50 cm above ground level, which facilitates mechanical harvesting, and

lack of knowledge about the benefits of woody perennial species in an agroecosystems does not encourage the adoption of agroforestry. Several farmers view the presence of trees on farmlands as an interfering, rather than a beneficial component. Additionally, in some rural communities, where members are aware of the benefit of certain tree foliage in livestock feed, farmers could not comprehend how

the management operations should extend to the tree species.

**56**

tanniniferous *V. karroo.*

*#*

**Table 3.**

*ND: Not detected*

**3. Concluding remarks**

resources are managed.

The authors express their gratitude to the Department of Science and Innovation, The National Research Foundation and the VLIR-IUC programme for their financial support for the conduct of the study. The contribution made by the Limpopo Department of Agriculture and Rural Development is also acknowledged.
