**4.3 Composite climate strategies**

The Composite climate is characterized by three seasons. A hot and dry season, usually the longest period, is followed by a wet and warm season, the monsoon period. In the third season, the winter time, depending on the altitude, temperatures can drop far below the comfort level, especially at night, whereas daytime temperatures are moderate and the solar radiation intense.

It is necessary to maximize the shade throughout the year as well as improving the air movement. Proper humidity levels have to be maintained in dry seasons. These are the main objectives for landscape design in a composite climate zone. Some of the landscape design interventions that should be used in a composite climate zone are as flows:


Wide trellises with deciduous vines can be used as shade structures on the north & south sides of a building to provide additional help for solar protection. It also develops comfortable outdoor spaces (**Figures 11** and **12**).

### **4.4 Temperate climate strategies**

Temperate climates are generally defined as environments with moderate rainfall spread across the year or portion of the year with sporadic drought, mild to warm summers and cool to cold winters.

It is necessary to consider more substantial seasonal variations to effectively accommodate the climatic conditions of temperate regions. It is a good method to increase shade during the summer and the warming effect of the sun in winter. Winter winds should be prevented while summer winds have to be directed towards the buildings. Some of the elements that can be used in a prototypical landscape design for these climate regions are:


**83**

outer space for summer use.

*Deciduous trees cutting off summer solar radiation. Source: Co-author.*

allow breezes to pass through.

reduces glare.

techniques.

*Energy-Efficient Landscape Design*

**Figure 11.**

**Figure 12.**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94904*

*Window shaded by trellises with deciduous vines. Source: Co-author.*

• An overhead trellis with deciduous vines can be provided adjacent to the southern façade as it adds additional shade to the building. It also creates a shaded

• Light-colored outdoor paving materials reduce the heat absorption and cooler air temperature can be maintained during the warm weather climate. It also

• It is necessary to channel prevailing winds with wind channeling & deflection

• Low vegetation has to be kept away from the building to prevent dampness &

*Energy-Efficient Landscape Design DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94904*

*Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environment*

temperatures are moderate and the solar radiation intense.

The Composite climate is characterized by three seasons. A hot and dry season, usually the longest period, is followed by a wet and warm season, the monsoon period. In the third season, the winter time, depending on the altitude, temperatures can drop far below the comfort level, especially at night, whereas daytime

It is necessary to maximize the shade throughout the year as well as improving the air movement. Proper humidity levels have to be maintained in dry seasons. These are the main objectives for landscape design in a composite climate zone. Some of the landscape design interventions that should be used in a composite

• Water features are effective strategies for cooling effect during dry seasons in a

• Deciduous trees with high canopy & terrace gardens can be used on the west & east sides of a building. This provides solar protection during morning &

• Light-colored paving materials can be used around the building as this reduces the glare & heat absorption. Channeling prevailing winds with wind channel-

Wide trellises with deciduous vines can be used as shade structures on the north & south sides of a building to provide additional help for solar protection. It also

Temperate climates are generally defined as environments with moderate rainfall spread across the year or portion of the year with sporadic drought, mild to

It is necessary to consider more substantial seasonal variations to effectively accommodate the climatic conditions of temperate regions. It is a good method to increase shade during the summer and the warming effect of the sun in winter. Winter winds should be prevented while summer winds have to be directed towards the buildings. Some of the elements that can be used in a prototypical landscape

• Use of high-canopy deciduous trees with high branches on the west & east sides. This allows penetrating warming rays from the lower sun in the winter as

• Use of low-branching evergreen tree clusters to block cold winds from north-

• Dense evergreen shrubs can be used on the north, west, and east sides of a building to create an insulating air space between the building & vegetation.

• Distance between the building and windbreak on the north side should not be

afternoon. It also allows air movement underneath the canopies.

ing & deflection techniques helps to maximize the air movement.

develops comfortable outdoor spaces (**Figures 11** and **12**).

well as it protects from the high summer sun.

This helps to reduce heat loss during the winter.

more than four times the height of the windbreak

west or north-east during the winter.

**4.3 Composite climate strategies**

climate zone are as flows:

composite climate zone.

**4.4 Temperate climate strategies**

warm summers and cool to cold winters.

design for these climate regions are:

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**Figure 11.** *Window shaded by trellises with deciduous vines. Source: Co-author.*

**Figure 12.**

*Deciduous trees cutting off summer solar radiation. Source: Co-author.*

