**3.2 Second phase of extensive urbanization: the emergence of condoms in peripheral neighborhoods**

The private real estate sector with national and international capital started to gain relevance in Mozambique mainly in the 2000s, imposing a new financing model within the constitution of a commercial financial system<sup>2</sup> . As we know, a post-colonial Mozambican urbanization had little accommodative solution to the

<sup>2</sup> To see: https: //viveremmocambique2017.blogspot.com/2018/07/morar-em-mocambique-tete\_23.html.

*Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environment*

**Figure 3.** *A duplex residence on the outskirts of the city of Lichinga. Source: [22].*

#### **Figure 4.**

*Transformation of the peripheral urban spaces of the city of Tete (*Vale dos Embondeiros Condominium with its wide streets and its various Embondeiros*). Source: [24].*

housing problem of senior state officials and a group with rising purchasing power3 . These have been used since the 2000s, symbols of consumption of the real estate machine. According to **Figures 4, 5** and **6**<sup>4</sup> .

In the 2000s, many civil construction companies, homebuilders, appeared at a time when urbanization was intensifying and the job market with high wages was expanding while many foreign professionals and large corporations entered Mozambique [27]. Ten years after the end of the civil war, the country was becoming safe to attract workers and international capital. In this phase, the transition

**109**

**Figure 5.**

**Figure 6.**

*Source: [26].*

*Extensive African Urbanization: The Case of the Mozambican Periphery*

*Transformation of the peripheral urban spaces of the city of Nacala. [25].*

from the rentier property model in the urban nucleus to the renterist real estate promotion model, aimed at condominiums in the peripheries, which generate gentrification and dispersion of high-end condominiums and houses (duplexes), which cohabit, takes place. With irregular occupations [28]. The new architectural landscape is influenced by forces of globalization that produce a hegemonic rationality through the pragmatic discourse of the civil construction industry sector in the real estate market, in order to meet the needs of the restricted social segment, gathering

*Transformation of the peripheral urban spaces of the city of Maputo, Bairro T4, in the Khurula condominium.* 

The foreign capital flows that enter the real estate circuit of Mozambique, generate questions for social interests and critical thoughts for studies on urbanism and financialization, at a time when the right to urban infrastructure and services faces new challenges with the increase of selected private investment, marked as conditional on real estate financing, such as: a regular salary or income, a low level of performance, with the financing charges; payment of life insurance [19];

the necessary conditions for indebtedness with institutions [29, 30].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94540*

<sup>3</sup> To see: http://hikersbay.com/africa/mozambique/hotel/mz/condominio-veloso.html?lang=pt.

<sup>4</sup> To see:https://www.jumia.co.mz/arrenda-se-moradia-t4-no-condominio-khurula-pid6726355.

*Extensive African Urbanization: The Case of the Mozambican Periphery DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94540*

#### **Figure 5.**

*Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environment*

housing problem of senior state officials and a group with rising purchasing power3

. In the 2000s, many civil construction companies, homebuilders, appeared at a time when urbanization was intensifying and the job market with high wages was expanding while many foreign professionals and large corporations entered Mozambique [27]. Ten years after the end of the civil war, the country was becoming safe to attract workers and international capital. In this phase, the transition

These have been used since the 2000s, symbols of consumption of the real estate

*Transformation of the peripheral urban spaces of the city of Tete (*Vale dos Embondeiros Condominium

<sup>3</sup> To see: http://hikersbay.com/africa/mozambique/hotel/mz/condominio-veloso.html?lang=pt. <sup>4</sup> To see:https://www.jumia.co.mz/arrenda-se-moradia-t4-no-condominio-khurula-pid6726355.

machine. According to **Figures 4, 5** and **6**<sup>4</sup>

with its wide streets and its various Embondeiros*). Source: [24].*

*A duplex residence on the outskirts of the city of Lichinga. Source: [22].*

.

**108**

**Figure 3.**

**Figure 4.**

*Transformation of the peripheral urban spaces of the city of Nacala. [25].*

#### **Figure 6.**

*Transformation of the peripheral urban spaces of the city of Maputo, Bairro T4, in the Khurula condominium. Source: [26].*

from the rentier property model in the urban nucleus to the renterist real estate promotion model, aimed at condominiums in the peripheries, which generate gentrification and dispersion of high-end condominiums and houses (duplexes), which cohabit, takes place. With irregular occupations [28]. The new architectural landscape is influenced by forces of globalization that produce a hegemonic rationality through the pragmatic discourse of the civil construction industry sector in the real estate market, in order to meet the needs of the restricted social segment, gathering the necessary conditions for indebtedness with institutions [29, 30].

The foreign capital flows that enter the real estate circuit of Mozambique, generate questions for social interests and critical thoughts for studies on urbanism and financialization, at a time when the right to urban infrastructure and services faces new challenges with the increase of selected private investment, marked as conditional on real estate financing, such as: a regular salary or income, a low level of performance, with the financing charges; payment of life insurance [19];

#### *Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environment*

among other requirements to optimize capital accumulation and the difficulties of the peripheries in response to universal requirements for urban rights [31].

Law governing the construction of condominiums - Decree of 17/2013 [32], contributes to the increase in the production of real estate, while expanding real estate speculation and its effects, with a stock of land or empty lots waiting to be transformed into goods, as a basis for creating fictitious capital [33]. To use as Marina Fix's words [31], there is a strategy for using empty spaces, a promise of gains in the anticipated future or that can be created on land purchased and imported as obstacles to access infrastructures and urban services of frequent use time [34]. Extent to which closed condominiums have the capacity to install their equipment such as: water pump, transformers and energy generators and other facilities [32], public investment in infrastructure and urban services are discouraged, excluding the needy population. That resides in limited spaces. Therefore, the expansion of condominiums and the luxury duplex is creating a movement of social and housing differentiation in the peripheries [35]. "Capital transforms the spaces it finds in the spaces of production and accumulation (…). It is the only way to produce, destroy and recreate new bases, spaces and conditions for its expansion, construction and expansion of markets and expanded horizons for valorization" [31].

Among the residents who live in high-end condominiums are foreigners of various nationalities. Condominium flows are associated with the need for international capital, if they are captured and accumulated in the real estate circuit [36].

Currently, in urban Mozambique, most luxury residences are located in peripheral neighborhoods, privileged spaces for gentrification and metamorphosis of the landscape that was once dominant, in the caniço [19, 37].

Accelerated urban periphery results partly from the presence of empty spaces, low prices on the ground and irregular development and flexibility in the urban land market that integrates the process of capital accumulation by real estate [13].

A "link between the land market and the capital market is a resource of financial capitalism" [31], p. 3. The gentrification process results in part from the accumulation of capital by real estate agents that meet the specific purpose of the gentifiers ("middle class" and "upper middle class", who are filtering them out - relatively wealthy) at the expense of broad social interest [38].

Final considerations.

As pointed out, in the years before 1990 as peripheries they were places devalued by individuals with high purchasing power [4]. Since then, peripheral spaces have expanded as places covered by these citizens and attract service ventures - stores, banks, ATMs and small businesses, benefits for the interests of new residents that, in turn, justify the growth of public investments in these areas. You can also check in several cities or at florists of equipment such as bus terminals or shopping centers and specific activities that exist only in the central area. Meanwhile, the value of urban land increases with new condominium developments.

Therefore, a real estate construction industry generates in the peripheries a speculation of land that motivates the old residents to sell their land (lots). Therefore, according to Maria Monica Arroyo, as urban peripheries they are configurating mosaics of multiple combinations of temporalities, diversities, opposition, showing many ways of doing, feeling and living [39].

The second phase of the transformation of peripheral urban spaces is being accompanied by the growing role of the private circuit of private capital (national and international), driven by real estate developers and developers interested only in profits. For Atkison and Bridge [40], this reality is the starting point of a new urban colonialism. The increase in habitual high-standard demand in the peripheries, which creates fragmentation and disconnection, is a reflection of the lack of a national housing policy to understand all classes, but also an unremitting pursuit of

**111**

**Author details**

Mozambique

Joaquim Miranda Maloa

Department of Geosciences at Rovuma University - Niassa Extension, Lichinga,

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

\*Address all correspondence to: joaquimmaloa@gmail.com

provided the original work is properly cited.

*Extensive African Urbanization: The Case of the Mozambican Periphery*

increasingly attuned to the pace of the globalized world [39].

market with harmful consequences for a low-income population.

profits through the commercial market. The process confirms that urban areas are

What is currently happening in Mozambique is a true capitalist production in the cities [41], achieved by the self-financing of those with a high purchasing power, especially for those with variable income between 8 and 15 years old, and can use part of monthly resources in a house in the condominium. This combination between the real estate industry and the neoliberal economy transforms as peripheries and, at the same time, food and gentrification, changes such as social inequalities, urban poverty and urban segregation. This shows an expansion of a real estate

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94540*

### *Extensive African Urbanization: The Case of the Mozambican Periphery DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94540*

*Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environment*

the peripheries in response to universal requirements for urban rights [31].

expansion of markets and expanded horizons for valorization" [31].

landscape that was once dominant, in the caniço [19, 37].

wealthy) at the expense of broad social interest [38].

urban land increases with new condominium developments.

many ways of doing, feeling and living [39].

Final considerations.

capital, if they are captured and accumulated in the real estate circuit [36].

among other requirements to optimize capital accumulation and the difficulties of

Law governing the construction of condominiums - Decree of 17/2013 [32], contributes to the increase in the production of real estate, while expanding real estate speculation and its effects, with a stock of land or empty lots waiting to be transformed into goods, as a basis for creating fictitious capital [33]. To use as Marina Fix's words [31], there is a strategy for using empty spaces, a promise of gains in the anticipated future or that can be created on land purchased and imported as obstacles to access infrastructures and urban services of frequent use time [34]. Extent to which closed condominiums have the capacity to install their equipment such as: water pump, transformers and energy generators and other facilities [32], public investment in infrastructure and urban services are discouraged, excluding the needy population. That resides in limited spaces. Therefore, the expansion of condominiums and the luxury duplex is creating a movement of social and housing differentiation in the peripheries [35]. "Capital transforms the spaces it finds in the spaces of production and accumulation (…). It is the only way to produce, destroy and recreate new bases, spaces and conditions for its expansion, construction and

Among the residents who live in high-end condominiums are foreigners of various nationalities. Condominium flows are associated with the need for international

Currently, in urban Mozambique, most luxury residences are located in peripheral neighborhoods, privileged spaces for gentrification and metamorphosis of the

Accelerated urban periphery results partly from the presence of empty spaces, low prices on the ground and irregular development and flexibility in the urban land market that integrates the process of capital accumulation by real estate [13]. A "link between the land market and the capital market is a resource of financial capitalism" [31], p. 3. The gentrification process results in part from the accumulation of capital by real estate agents that meet the specific purpose of the gentifiers ("middle class" and "upper middle class", who are filtering them out - relatively

As pointed out, in the years before 1990 as peripheries they were places devalued by individuals with high purchasing power [4]. Since then, peripheral spaces have expanded as places covered by these citizens and attract service ventures - stores, banks, ATMs and small businesses, benefits for the interests of new residents that, in turn, justify the growth of public investments in these areas. You can also check in several cities or at florists of equipment such as bus terminals or shopping centers and specific activities that exist only in the central area. Meanwhile, the value of

Therefore, a real estate construction industry generates in the peripheries a speculation of land that motivates the old residents to sell their land (lots). Therefore, according to Maria Monica Arroyo, as urban peripheries they are configurating mosaics of multiple combinations of temporalities, diversities, opposition, showing

The second phase of the transformation of peripheral urban spaces is being accompanied by the growing role of the private circuit of private capital (national and international), driven by real estate developers and developers interested only in profits. For Atkison and Bridge [40], this reality is the starting point of a new urban colonialism. The increase in habitual high-standard demand in the peripheries, which creates fragmentation and disconnection, is a reflection of the lack of a national housing policy to understand all classes, but also an unremitting pursuit of

**110**

profits through the commercial market. The process confirms that urban areas are increasingly attuned to the pace of the globalized world [39].

What is currently happening in Mozambique is a true capitalist production in the cities [41], achieved by the self-financing of those with a high purchasing power, especially for those with variable income between 8 and 15 years old, and can use part of monthly resources in a house in the condominium. This combination between the real estate industry and the neoliberal economy transforms as peripheries and, at the same time, food and gentrification, changes such as social inequalities, urban poverty and urban segregation. This shows an expansion of a real estate market with harmful consequences for a low-income population.
