**4. Conclusion**

The changes and regional spreads over the years enable projections about the future of that region. Analyzing, understanding and managing the changes both physical and social are necessary in order to protect and ensure the continuity of areas such as wetlands, agricultural areas, forest areas that have special importance in ensuring urban resilience.

Determination of landscape change, it provides the relationship between landscape structure and process. Any change that will occur will affect the landscape structure and will lead to changes in living environments and to a large extent shrink.

Zekeriyakoy, when it was a village until the 1980s, has been in the process of a radical change especially since 1987 and it has become an important center of

**Figure 6.** *Distribution of land use in 2006.*

**181**

**Figure 10.**

*Distribution of land use in 2018.*

**Figure 8.**

**Figure 9.**

*Land use map in 2018.*

*Distribution of land use in 2012.*

*An Urban Paradox: Urban Resilience or Human Needs DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95271*

**Figure 7.** *Land use map in 2012.*

*An Urban Paradox: Urban Resilience or Human Needs DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95271*

**Figure 8.** *Distribution of land use in 2012.*

*Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environments*

The changes and regional spreads over the years enable projections about the future of that region. Analyzing, understanding and managing the changes both physical and social are necessary in order to protect and ensure the continuity of areas such as wetlands, agricultural areas, forest areas that have special importance

Determination of landscape change, it provides the relationship between landscape structure and process. Any change that will occur will affect the landscape structure and will lead to changes in living environments and to a large

Zekeriyakoy, when it was a village until the 1980s, has been in the process of a radical change especially since 1987 and it has become an important center of

**180**

**Figure 7.**

**Figure 6.**

*Distribution of land use in 2006.*

*Land use map in 2012.*

**4. Conclusion**

extent shrink.

in ensuring urban resilience.

**Figure 9.** *Land use map in 2018.*

**Figure 10.** *Distribution of land use in 2018.*

**Figure 11.** *Land use map in 2019.*

**Figure 12.** *Distribution of land use in 2019.*

attraction especially after the Marmara Earthquake in 1999. Together with the physical change, the greatest change has been experienced in the social structure. The area has become a region where there are sites with expensive villas and preferred by the residents in high-income group who prefer close to the city center and a quiet environment. The earthquake in 1999 played a major role in this change, which has been observed since 2000. Single-storey or 2-storey villas and sites on solid ground have become an attractive living space for high-income groups. Thus, there has been a major change in the socio-economic structure of Zekeriyaköy.

Zekeriyaköy, which entered the rapid urbanization process due to its proximity to the city center and ease of transportation, suffered significant losses in forest and agricultural lands during this period. In particular, urban stains such as residential areas were created instead of agricultural land, and thus a large part of fertile agricultural land became unusable. In approximately 20 years, 89.4 hectares of agriculture and 58.1 hectares of forest area have been lost. The majority of these areas have turned into independent villas and closed sites.

**183**

**Table 2.**

*Land cover amounts between 2000 and 2019.*

*An Urban Paradox: Urban Resilience or Human Needs DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95271*

while serious reductions are experienced (**Table 2**).

strain area is 22,1 ha and the change rate is 4,85%.

tural land decreased as 45.4 ha (**Table 3**) (**Figure 13**).

hectares of forest area.

with an integrated approach.

(**Figure 14**).

rapidly.

There is a significant amount of change between the years 2000-2019. It is observed that forest areas remain the largest area in this 20-year period of change,

Between 2000 and 2019, the greatest spatial change in landscape changes in Zekeriyaköy occurred in urban stain areas. Urban stain areas increased by 47.5 ha between 2000 and 2016 and the change rate was 14.37%. Between 2006 and 2012, it increased by 45,3 ha and the change rate was 11,98%. Between 2012 and 2018, urban strain area is 32,6 ha and the change rate is 7,69%. Between 2018 and 2019, urban

Between 2000 and 2012, agricultural land decreased. The majority of urban stains were spread in agricultural areas. The greatest change in the agricultural fields was experienced between 2006 and 2012. Between 2006 and 2012, agricul-

As a result of the studies, urban stains have increased in the last 19 years in Zekeriyaköy as 147.5 ha. 89.4 hectares of this increase was due to the decrease of 58.1

In addition, it is observed that this serious increase in housing problem is very intense in certain regions, but there is a serious risk of spreading to the whole region

This study is important in terms of how the field has changed in 20 years and the problems that this change will cause for the future. It is possible to control the urbanization pressure on the villages close to cities and to protect the identity of the villages or to protect them together with natural landscape areas and to plan them

The importance of forest areas and agricultural areas was further understood during the Covid 19 pandemic process. These areas will ensure the resistance of cities to disasters. The study area became an escape area after a major earthquake in Istanbul. However, if the development and population increase continue in the region, the loss of forest and agricultural areas will continue

One of the biggest problems of today is the increasing urban population and it has spread metropolises and the surrounding villages, rural areas and cities. Although it is known that agriculture is the struggle to save our future today, agricultural areas are rapidly being transformed into structured areas.

It is necessary to look for answers to questions about who is responsible for this situation or how it can be prevented. Of course, whoever is responsible are not urban people who moved to a safer area after a disaster. The main problem is that the urban does not have a functioning plan and cannot be protected. Nowadays, pandemic and disasters caused by climate change require the preparation and implementation of an emergency action plan. In addition, citizens should be informed about the importance of natural resources such as agricultural areas,

**Years Urban fabric (ha) Agriculturel area (ha) Forests area (ha) Total (ha)** 330,6 161,4 587,6 1079,6 378,1 143,1 558,4 1079,6 423,4 97,7 558,5 1079,6 456 97,7 525,9 1079,6 478,1 72 529,5 1079,6

*Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environments*

attraction especially after the Marmara Earthquake in 1999. Together with the physical change, the greatest change has been experienced in the social structure. The area has become a region where there are sites with expensive villas and preferred by the residents in high-income group who prefer close to the city center and a quiet environment. The earthquake in 1999 played a major role in this change, which has been observed since 2000. Single-storey or 2-storey villas and sites on solid ground have become an attractive living space for high-income groups. Thus, there has been a major change in the socio-economic structure of

Zekeriyaköy, which entered the rapid urbanization process due to its proximity

to the city center and ease of transportation, suffered significant losses in forest and agricultural lands during this period. In particular, urban stains such as residential areas were created instead of agricultural land, and thus a large part of fertile agricultural land became unusable. In approximately 20 years, 89.4 hectares of agriculture and 58.1 hectares of forest area have been lost. The majority of these

areas have turned into independent villas and closed sites.

**182**

**Figure 11.**

**Figure 12.**

Zekeriyaköy.

*Distribution of land use in 2019.*

*Land use map in 2019.*

There is a significant amount of change between the years 2000-2019. It is observed that forest areas remain the largest area in this 20-year period of change, while serious reductions are experienced (**Table 2**).

Between 2000 and 2019, the greatest spatial change in landscape changes in Zekeriyaköy occurred in urban stain areas. Urban stain areas increased by 47.5 ha between 2000 and 2016 and the change rate was 14.37%. Between 2006 and 2012, it increased by 45,3 ha and the change rate was 11,98%. Between 2012 and 2018, urban strain area is 32,6 ha and the change rate is 7,69%. Between 2018 and 2019, urban strain area is 22,1 ha and the change rate is 4,85%.

Between 2000 and 2012, agricultural land decreased. The majority of urban stains were spread in agricultural areas. The greatest change in the agricultural fields was experienced between 2006 and 2012. Between 2006 and 2012, agricultural land decreased as 45.4 ha (**Table 3**) (**Figure 13**).

As a result of the studies, urban stains have increased in the last 19 years in Zekeriyaköy as 147.5 ha. 89.4 hectares of this increase was due to the decrease of 58.1 hectares of forest area.

In addition, it is observed that this serious increase in housing problem is very intense in certain regions, but there is a serious risk of spreading to the whole region (**Figure 14**).

This study is important in terms of how the field has changed in 20 years and the problems that this change will cause for the future. It is possible to control the urbanization pressure on the villages close to cities and to protect the identity of the villages or to protect them together with natural landscape areas and to plan them with an integrated approach.

The importance of forest areas and agricultural areas was further understood during the Covid 19 pandemic process. These areas will ensure the resistance of cities to disasters. The study area became an escape area after a major earthquake in Istanbul. However, if the development and population increase continue in the region, the loss of forest and agricultural areas will continue rapidly.

One of the biggest problems of today is the increasing urban population and it has spread metropolises and the surrounding villages, rural areas and cities. Although it is known that agriculture is the struggle to save our future today, agricultural areas are rapidly being transformed into structured areas.

It is necessary to look for answers to questions about who is responsible for this situation or how it can be prevented. Of course, whoever is responsible are not urban people who moved to a safer area after a disaster. The main problem is that the urban does not have a functioning plan and cannot be protected. Nowadays, pandemic and disasters caused by climate change require the preparation and implementation of an emergency action plan. In addition, citizens should be informed about the importance of natural resources such as agricultural areas,


**Table 2.**

*Land cover amounts between 2000 and 2019.*

#### *Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environments*


#### **Table 3.**

*Area change rates between 2000 and 2019.*

#### **Figure 13.**

*Distribution of land uses of Zekeriyaköy.*

**185**

**Author details**

Turkey

Nilüfer Kart Aktaş1

\* and Nazlı Yıldız Dönmez<sup>2</sup>

2 Msc. Landscape Architect, Istanbul, Turkey

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: niluferk@istanbul.edu.tr

1 Department of Landscape Architecture, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Istanbul,

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

*An Urban Paradox: Urban Resilience or Human Needs DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95271*

and natural resources.

forest areas and water resources. The future of the city and its citizen depends on the protection of natural resources and this conservation awareness should be created. It should not be forgotten that the most important need of human is shelter, nutriment and water. This will only be possible by preserving the balance of nature

**Figure 14.** *Distribution of density of urban fabric in Zekeriyaköy in the last 19 years.*

*An Urban Paradox: Urban Resilience or Human Needs DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95271*

*Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environments*

**Class Years Amount of change Increase/**

Urban fabric 2000-2006 47,5 ↑ 14,37%

Agricultural area 2000-2006 18,3 ↓ 11,33%

Forest area 2000-2006 29,2 ↓ 4,97%

2006-2012 45,3 ↑ 11,98% 2012-2018 32,6 ↑ 7,69% 2018-2019 22,1 ↑ 4,85%

2006-2012 45,4 ↓ 31,73% 2012-2018 0 — 0% 2018-2019 25,7 ↓ 26,31%

2006-2012 0,1 ↑ 0,01% 2012-2018 32,6 ↓ 5,19% 2018-2019 0 — 0%

**decrease**

**Change rate**

**184**

**Figure 14.**

**Table 3.**

**Figure 13.**

*Area change rates between 2000 and 2019.*

*Distribution of land uses of Zekeriyaköy.*

*Distribution of density of urban fabric in Zekeriyaköy in the last 19 years.*

forest areas and water resources. The future of the city and its citizen depends on the protection of natural resources and this conservation awareness should be created. It should not be forgotten that the most important need of human is shelter, nutriment and water. This will only be possible by preserving the balance of nature and natural resources.
