**3. Traffic safety management**

In previous section, we have traffic flow analysis at Paldi junction. From **Figure 12**, we see clear real vehicle behavior by Drone and each four direction of vehicle movement is controlled by traffic signal. In terms of traffic signal in India, the fixed cycle control method is used, which is typical signal control method in all India. There are several traffic signal control such as actuated control type and spatial control type. The actuated control type is to change traffic signal timing based on its waiting length of each direction of road. And spatial control time is to change traffic signal timing synchronized with multiple traffic signals nearby. In case of small number of vehicles, the fixed cycle control type is able to manage. But in accordance with number of vehicle growth, the waiting signal time becomes longer and it makes more que length of each roads. It is necessary to consider their traffic signal control sometime near future.

However there is more fundamental issues in Indian traffic signal. It is relatively quite small installation in major cities. **Figure 13** shows the number of traffic signal installation in major cities in the world [8].

From **Figure 13**, the number of traffic signal installation is quite small compared with other advanced countries, Japan, USA, UK, Singapore etc. In previous research about quantitative traffic safety analysis by Tsuboi.T [9], it is introduced "enhanced Smeed's Law", which is exposition of Smeed's Law. The Smeed's Law is able to explain the relationship between traffic fatality number, population, and number of vehciles [10]. The Smeed's Law equation is provide by Eq. (6) and the enhance Smeed's Law equation is provide by Eq. (7).

$$D = \mathbf{3} \times \mathbf{10}^{-4} \left( np^2 \right)^{\frac{1}{3}} \tag{6}$$

where *D* is the number of fatalities, *n* is the number of vehicle registrations, and *p* is the population.

$$D\_{t \ast 1} = D\_t \left( \mathbf{1} + \frac{\mathbf{1}}{\mathbf{3}} N\_t + \frac{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{3}} p\_t \right) e^{-\gamma \mathbf{1}\_t} \tag{7}$$

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**Figure 16.**

**Figure 14.**

**Figure 15.**

*Traffic Flow Analysis and Management DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95087*

*Indian fatality analysis by Smeed's law and enhanced Smeed's law.*

*Japanese fatality analysis by Smeed's law and enhanced Smeed's law.*

*Indian fatality analysis with Japanese traffic safety policy.*

When we use γ parameter based on Japanese experience by Japanese traffic safety policy, it is able to expand to Indian fatality analysis in future. **Figure 16** shows the expectation analysis results of Indian fatality under Japanese traffic safety policy.

where Dt, *Nt*, *Pt*, and *St* are the number of fatality, vehicles, population, and signal installation at time *t*. γ is an exponential constant of installation of signal.

By Smeed's Law and enhanced Smeed's Law, we have comparison results of Indian fatality in **Figure 14**.

Based on Japanese fatality record, **Figure 15** shows each Smeed's Law result and enhanced Smeed's Law result.

**Figure 13.** *Traffic signal installation comparison.*

When we use γ parameter based on Japanese experience by Japanese traffic safety policy, it is able to expand to Indian fatality analysis in future. **Figure 16** shows the expectation analysis results of Indian fatality under Japanese traffic safety policy.

#### **Figure 14.**

*Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environment*

installation in major cities in the world [8].

Smeed's Law equation is provide by Eq. (7).

1

+

*p* is the population.

Indian fatality in **Figure 14**.

enhanced Smeed's Law result.

of vehicle movement is controlled by traffic signal. In terms of traffic signal in India, the fixed cycle control method is used, which is typical signal control method in all India. There are several traffic signal control such as actuated control type and spatial control type. The actuated control type is to change traffic signal timing based on its waiting length of each direction of road. And spatial control time is to change traffic signal timing synchronized with multiple traffic signals nearby. In case of small number of vehicles, the fixed cycle control type is able to manage. But in accordance with number of vehicle growth, the waiting signal time becomes longer and it makes more que length of each roads. It is necessary to consider their traffic signal control sometime near future.

However there is more fundamental issues in Indian traffic signal. It is relatively quite small installation in major cities. **Figure 13** shows the number of traffic signal

From **Figure 13**, the number of traffic signal installation is quite small compared with other advanced countries, Japan, USA, UK, Singapore etc. In previous research about quantitative traffic safety analysis by Tsuboi.T [9], it is introduced "enhanced Smeed's Law", which is exposition of Smeed's Law. The Smeed's Law is able to explain the relationship between traffic fatality number, population, and number of vehciles [10]. The Smeed's Law equation is provide by Eq. (6) and the enhance

> ( ) 1

where *D* is the number of fatalities, *n* is the number of vehicle registrations, and

1 2 <sup>1</sup> 3 3 *ts D D N pe t t tt*

= ++

where Dt, *Nt*, *Pt*, and *St* are the number of fatality, vehicles, population, and signal installation at time *t*. γ is an exponential constant of installation of signal. By Smeed's Law and enhanced Smeed's Law, we have comparison results of

Based on Japanese fatality record, **Figure 15** shows each Smeed's Law result and

4 2 *D np* 3 10 <sup>3</sup> <sup>−</sup> = × (6)

(7)

−γ

**124**

**Figure 13.**

*Traffic signal installation comparison.*

*Indian fatality analysis by Smeed's law and enhanced Smeed's law.*

#### **Figure 15.**

*Japanese fatality analysis by Smeed's law and enhanced Smeed's law.*

**Figure 16.** *Indian fatality analysis with Japanese traffic safety policy.*


#### **Table 2.**

*Traffic safety policy in Japan.*

In **Figure 16**, there are several case studies—Business as Usual (BaU) which means there is nothing special to do with traffic safety, CASE 1 which follows Japanese traffic safety phase 2 level, and CASE 3 which follows Japanese traffic safety phase 3 level. Each level of Japanese safety policy is shown in **Table 2**.

From this case study, we understand that expansion of traffic signal installation is necessary but it is not enough to reduce the number of fatality in India.

### **4. Summary and discussion**

In this chapter, we started how to measure and collect Indian traffic data and visualize its condition with somehow in quantitative value. And we use ordinal traffic video monitoring camera which has been used in worldwide in general. At the same time, we are able to use high technology tool such as drone in this book. But there are other several technologies available day by day like Artificial Intelligent (AI) and Deep Leering so on. But here is important things for traffic flow analysis is that transportation is a kind of human activities. Therefore, we cannot ignore the real people life during this research activities, we have many chance to talk and exchange information with local government and stakeholders of public transportation organization. One of interesting reason of Ahmedabad traffic congestion seems to be occurred in the evening because of people evening activities after their work, it is shopping, dinner with friends, not straight to go home. In current road infrastructure in India, there is no well-developed for transportation infrastructure, one of officer mentioned about public parking space problem. The lack of vehicle parking space in their roads, so when people goes to restaurant in the evening, there

**127**

**Figure 18.**

**Figure 17.**

*Traffic flow characteristics in Ahmedabad June 2015.*

*Comparison time-based traffic volume between 2015 and 2019.*

*Traffic Flow Analysis and Management DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95087*

road becomes narrow by vehicle parking.

is no appropriate parking space, they park their vehicle along the street. Then its

so much changed but just number of vehicles is 1.3 time in **Figure 18**.

From this story, the traffic congestion is not always by just more vehicles. There is other fundamental reason such as lack of proper parking space in the city. This is unbalance between economic growth and infrastructure preparation. In **Figure 17**, we have four years ago traffic data in Ahmedabad. The condition of each area is not *Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environment*

Before 1964 Level 1 Under development for traffic management

1964 Level 2 1st policy plan

1970 Level 3 2nd policy plan

1980 Level 4 3rd policy plan

1987 Level 5 4th policy plan

1996 Level 6 5th policy plan

**Year Level Major action & item Note**

Signal implementation

Vehicle sensing installation Sensitive type traffic signal

Central control system for signal Overall Japan Control center for signal control ditto Traffic regulation & more installation ditto Education for traffic ditto

In **Figure 16**, there are several case studies—Business as Usual (BaU) which means there is nothing special to do with traffic safety, CASE 1 which follows Japanese traffic safety phase 2 level, and CASE 3 which follows Japanese traffic safety phase 3 level. Each level of Japanese safety policy is shown in **Table 2**.

Traffic signal algorithm improved Traffic information display Network among centers

Congestion control system (VICS) Optimized algorithm (MODERATO)

ITS system development

From this case study, we understand that expansion of traffic signal installation

In this chapter, we started how to measure and collect Indian traffic data and visualize its condition with somehow in quantitative value. And we use ordinal traffic video monitoring camera which has been used in worldwide in general. At the same time, we are able to use high technology tool such as drone in this book. But there are other several technologies available day by day like Artificial Intelligent (AI) and Deep Leering so on. But here is important things for traffic flow analysis is that transportation is a kind of human activities. Therefore, we cannot ignore the real people life during this research activities, we have many chance to talk and exchange information with local government and stakeholders of public transportation organization. One of interesting reason of Ahmedabad traffic congestion seems to be occurred in the evening because of people evening activities after their work, it is shopping, dinner with friends, not straight to go home. In current road infrastructure in India, there is no well-developed for transportation infrastructure, one of officer mentioned about public parking space problem. The lack of vehicle parking space in their roads, so when people goes to restaurant in the evening, there

is necessary but it is not enough to reduce the number of fatality in India.

**4. Summary and discussion**

**126**

**Table 2.**

*Traffic safety policy in Japan.*

is no appropriate parking space, they park their vehicle along the street. Then its road becomes narrow by vehicle parking.

From this story, the traffic congestion is not always by just more vehicles. There is other fundamental reason such as lack of proper parking space in the city. This is unbalance between economic growth and infrastructure preparation. In **Figure 17**, we have four years ago traffic data in Ahmedabad. The condition of each area is not so much changed but just number of vehicles is 1.3 time in **Figure 18**.

**Figure 17.** *Traffic flow characteristics in Ahmedabad June 2015.*

**Figure 18.** *Comparison time-based traffic volume between 2015 and 2019.*
