**5.1 Drug design for rare allele diseases**

These are the diseases of people of all ages. Before the development of antibiotics, most people died of infectious diseases around age 50. First, antibiotics, penicillin (discovered by Alexander Fleming), was used for treating wounds before the WWII. As I said above, enormous funds were made available by the army to develop large-scale antibiotics to treat wounded soldiers returning from the battle ground during WWII. During the following decades, novel class of aminoglycoside antibiotics were discovered, which are valuable therapeutic agents. Some of them are streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, paromomycin, apramycin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin, gentamicin, etc. Dozens of their water/fat-soluble derivatives were synthesized. They are considered broad spectrum antibiotics because they inhibit the growth of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria causing deadly diseases and save human life. All aminoglycoside antibiotics are relatively small, basic, and water-soluble molecules that form stable salts. Most aminoglycoside antibiotics are products of fermentation of filamentous actinomycetes of the genus *Streptomyces*.
