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## Meet the editors

Professor Isam Jaber AL-Zwaini was born on 4 January 1963, in Baghdad, Iraq. After graduating from AL-Mustansiryia College of Medicine in 1987, he worked as a house officer in different hospitals in Baghdad for 15 months, followed by military services for 3 years. He started his pediatric study in 1991 and gained the Fellowship of Iraqi Commission for Medical Specializations in 1996. He worked as a lecturer in the Department of

Pediatrics, AL-Anbar Medical College, from 1996 to 2001 when he obtained the title of Assistant Professor. In 2005, he began working in the Department of Pediatrics at AL-Kindy Medical College, University of Baghdad and obtained the title of Professor in 2008. He became an associate member of the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health, UK, in 2007. He served as head of the pediatric department at AL-Anbar and AL-Kindy Medical Colleges for many years. He has published more than thirty scientific papers in different pediatric fields and has a special interest in pediatric hematology, neurology, and nutrition

Zaid Rasheed Al-Ani obtained his Bachelor of Medicine from Basrah University in 1978, and a specialty from the Arabic Board in Pediatrics (CABP) at Baghdad University in 1992. He is currently a Professor of Pediatrics. He was on the senior pediatrics teaching staff at College of Medicine, Anbar University, where he taught and trained both undergraduate and graduate pediatrics students in nutrition, immunization, and gastroenterology. In

1992, he worked as a senior consultant pediatrician at Al-Ramadi MCH Teaching Hospital. In 2010 he served as the director and project designer of the "Western Iraqi Center for Congenital Anomalies Registry and Surveillance" in Al-Ramadi city. He is a member of several scientific discussion committees for theses of DCH, CABP, and PhD candidates. He has published more than thirteen papers in reputed journals, attended several international and local medical conferences, and is an editor and reviewer for different international journals.

Walter L. Hurley is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois in Urbana, Illinois, USA. His research focuses on a broad range of topics related to the biology of lactation. His studies examine aspects of comparative milk composition, immunoglobulin transport through colostrum, lactation physiology, and mammary gland development, function, and involution in cattle and swine. He has

been the recipient of a number of recognitions for his teaching, and has shared his experience and knowledge of the concepts of teaching and learning with many national and international audiences. His online, open-access Lactation Biology course (Coursera, Lactation Biology) includes more than 120 short videos, offering learners fundamental information about the biology of lactation.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

Development and General Health

*by Jayashree Purkayastha*

Feeding Practices *by Whitney N. Hamilton*

**Section 3**

**Preface XI**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Factors Influencing Maternal Decision on Infant Feeding Methods **17**

**Chapter 2 19**

**Chapter 3 35**

Breast Feeding: Ocular and Hematopoietic Effects **49**

**Chapter 4 51**

**Chapter 5 63**

Introductory Chapter: Impact of First 1000 Days Nutrition on Child

*by Isam Jaber AL-Zwaini, Zaid Rasheed AL-Ani and Walter Hurley*

Breastfeeding in Normal Newborn: Basic Concepts

Factors Influencing Maternal Decision-Making on Infant

Relationship between Ocular Morbidity and Infant Nutrition

*by Edgar Ledesma-Martinez, Vanihamin Domínguez-Meléndez,* 

*Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez and Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio*

*by Erdinc Bozkurt and Hayrunisa Bekis Bozkurt*

Caseins as Regulators of Hematopoiesis

### Contents



Preface

Feeding during the first two years of life is very important for the nutrition and growth of an infant. The World Health Organization (WHO) ranks feeding as one of the most effective interventions for improving a child's health. It has a great effect on early morbidity and mortality and a long-term effect on the health and future of individuals and the public. Breastfeeding, formula feeding, and complementary food introduction constitute the main parts of feeding during infancy. Breastfeeding, especially when done exclusively for the first six months, has many benefits for the infant, mother, and the public in general. Formula feeding, although associated with disadvantages and problems, can be life saving for infants who need it. Introduction of complementary food at the proper time is important to meet growth requirements and prevent common nutritional problems. This book covers infant feeding and

The first chapter is an introductory chapter written by the editors that discusses the impact of the first 1000 days of nutrition on child health and development. The concept of the first 1000 days refers to the period from conception through the age of 2 years. This period is crucial for the growth and development of fetus and child and the child's long-term health outcomes. Many factors influence this period including maternal health, breast and complementary feeding, and socioeconomic factors. Biological and metabolic development may be permanently affected by nutritional interventions, leading to adaptive pathophysiological alteration later in childhood and/or adulthood, such as the development of non-communicable disease like diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases, cancers, and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as obesity. In other words, children and adult health risks may be programmed by nutritional status during this period. As such, this chapter concentrates on the effects of the first 1000 days of nutrition on the development of obesity, respiratory diseases, and the brain, as well as the role of

The second chapter by Dr. Jayashree Purkayastha discusses the basic concepts of breastfeeding in normal newborns. Breastfeeding is complete nutrition for the baby and beneficial to both baby and mother. Mothers should be prepared for breastfeeding and motivated antenatally. Breastfeeding should be initiated within one hour of normal delivery and four hours of cesarean section. Colostrum is secreted within the first two days of life and is highly immunogenic to the baby. Mature milk comes by day 10 of life. Foremilk is rich in protein and vitamins and hindmilk is rich in fat. Proper technique should be followed for successful breastfeeding. Reflexes in the mother while breastfeeding are prolactin and oxytocin reflexes and reflexes in the baby are rooting, sucking, and swallowing. In the case of early discharge from the hospital, adequacy of breastfeeding should be checked at three to five days of life. Breastfeeding develops bonding between the baby and the mother, as well as promotes infant brain growth. Human milk is suitable for the baby and contains less protein and minerals than cow's milk. It also has less solute load, which is better for the immature kidneys of a baby. Breastfeeding should be performed on demand for a minimum of eight times per day. Common feeding problems in the mother

nutrition over eight chapters organized into five sections.

probiotics and epigenetics.
