**1. Introduction**

82 Carcinogenesis, Diagnosis, and Molecular Targeted Treatment for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

[60] Berenblum I, Armuth V: Two independent aspects of tumor promotion. *Biochim Biophys* 

[61] Cook PJ, Doll R, Fellingham SA: A mathematical model for the age distribution of

[62] Armitage P, Doll R: The age distribution of cancer and a multi-stage theory of

[63] Hirayama T: Descriptive and analytical epidemiology of nasopharyngeal cancer. *IARC* 

[64] Stich HF, Kieser D: Use of DNA repair synthesis in detecting organotropic actions of

[65] Mirvish SS, Chu C, Clayson DB: Inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of

[66] Zhang XF, Tan X, Zeng G, Misse A, Singh S, Kim Y, Klaunig JE, Monga SP: Conditional

[67] Matsumoto K, Huang J, Viswakarma N, Bai L, Jia Y, Zhu YT, Yang G, Borensztajn J, Rao

[68] Cataisson C, Ohman R, Patel G, Pearson A, Tsien M, Jay S, Wright L, Hennings H,

keratinocyte CXCR2 in skin carcinogenesis. *Cancer Res* 2009, 69(1):319-328. [69] Kataoka K, Kim DJ, Carbajal S, Clifford JL, DiGiovanni J: Stage-specific disruption of

stages of mouse skin tumorigenesis. *Carcinogenesis* 2008, 29(6):1108-1114. [70] Waalkes MP, Ward JM, Diwan BA: Induction of tumors of the liver, lung, ovary and

[71] Tang F, Zou F, Peng Z, Huang D, Wu Y, Chen Y, Duan C, Cao Y, Mei W, Tang X *et al*:

[72] Pan S, Sun Q, Wang J, Wen D, Peng X. Induction of rat nasopharyngeal carcinoma with Nitrosamine compound in lab research. *Chinese Sci Bullet,*1978; 28: 756–9. [73] Yao K, Pan S, Huang J, Wen D. Further investigation of experimental induction of

[74] Chen Z, Pan S, Sun Q, Yao K. Renewal of nasopharyngeal squamous epithelium of rats

[75] Le J, Pan S, Yao S. The mechanism of organ specific carcinogenicity of N,N'- Dinitrosopiperazine in rats. Bulletin of Hunan Medical College, 1982,7(2)129-135 [76] Wen D, Pan S, Yao K. Histochemistry investigation of non-specific acid esterase during

carcinoma. Bulletin of Hunan Medical College, 1982,7(1)18-2

but not dermal cancers. *Carcinogenesis* 2004, 25(1):133-141.

rat esophageal epithelium and related tissues by carcinogenic N-nitroso

beta-catenin loss in mice promotes chemical hepatocarcinogenesis: role of oxidative stress and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha/phosphoinositide 3-kinase

MS, Zhu YJ *et al*: Transcription coactivator PBP/MED1-deficient hepatocytes are not susceptible to diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in the mouse.

Yuspa SH: Inducible cutaneous inflammation reveals a protumorigenic role for

Stat3 demonstrates a direct requirement during both the initiation and promotion

adrenal in adult mice after brief maternal gestational exposure to inorganic arsenic: promotional effects of postnatal phorbol ester exposure on hepatic and pulmonary,

N,N'-Dinitrosopiperazine-mediated ezrin phosphorylation via activating Rho kinase and protein kinase C involves in metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma 6-

nasopharyngeal carcinoma in rats by N,N'-Dinitrosopiperazine. Bulletin of Hunan

treated with N,N'-Dinitrosopiperazine. Bulletin of Hunan Medical College,

carcinogenesis of rat nasopharyngeal epithelium and human nasopharyngeal

chemical carcinogens. *Proc Soc Exp Biol Med* 1974, 145(4):1339-1342.

*Acta* 1981, 651(1):51-63.

*Sci Publ* 1978(20):167-189.

cancer in man. *Int J Cancer* 1969, 4(1):93-112.

carcinogenesis. *Br J Cancer* 1954, 8(1):1-12.

compounds. *Cancer Res* 1978, 38(2):458-466.

signaling. *Hepatology* 2010, 52(3):954-965.

*Carcinogenesis* 2010, 31(2):318-325.

10B cells. *J Biol Chem* 2011.

Medical College, 1981,6(11)1-6

1984,9(4)317-323

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common cancer among Southern Chinese with a male dominance of about 3:1. The age-adjusted incidence for both sexes is less than one per 100, 000 population worldwide. The reported incidence of NPC among men and women in Hong Kong is 20–30 per 100, 000 and 15–20 per 100, 000.(Wei and Sham, 2005) The reported incidence of NPC among men and women in Taiwan is 8.3 per 100 000 and 2.8 per 100 000, respectively.(Bureau of health promotion, Taiwan, 2010) It mainly afflicts people in mid-life. There is now compelling evidences to suggest that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with the development of NPC and is most likely to be involved in the multi-step and multifactorial carcinogenesis of NPC. In this chapter, the role of EBV in pathogenesis of NPC is reviewed briefly, and principle applications of EBV antibodies and circulating EBV DNA as markers of NPC are outlined. Based on current knowledge of EBV antibody responses by NPC and taking available testing technologies into account, serologic screening strategy to facilitate efficient early detection of NPC is formulated.
