**Author details**

Harris Bernstein and Carol Bernstein\* Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

\*Address all correspondence to: bernstein324@yahoo.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**37**

*Origin of DNA Repair in the RNA World DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93822*

2,5-Dimethylfuran from approximately 2.7 billion year-old Rupemba-Belingwe stromatolite, Rhodesia: Potential

1227-1233. DOI:10.1126/

science.1700865. PMID:1700865

[10] van Wolferen M, Shajahan A, Heinrich K, Brenzinger, S, Black IM, Wagner A, Briegel A, Azadi P,

of Sulfolobales mediated by UV-inducible pili and S-layer glycosylation patterns. mBio. 2020;11(2):e03014-19. DOI:10.1128/

mBio.03014-19

*PMID:20967781*

pone.0223875

em.22087

DOI:10.1242/jcs.00952

[15] Chatterjee N, Walker GC. Mechanisms of DNA damage, repair, and mutagenesis. Environ Mol Mutagen.

2017;58(5):235-263. DOI:10.1002/

[16] Tjhung KF, Shokhirev MN, Horning DP, Joyce GF. An RNA polymerase ribozyme that synthesizes its own ancestor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S

Albers SV. Species-specific recognition

[11] Andersen SL, Sekelsky J. Meiotic versus mitotic recombination: two different routes for double-strand break repair: the different functions of meiotic versus mitotic DSB repair are reflected in different pathway usage and different outcomes. *Bioessays. 2010;32(12):1058- 1066. DOI:* 10.1002/bies.201000087*.* 

[12] Ralf C, Hickson ID, Wu L. The Bloom's syndrome helicase can promote the regression of a model replication fork. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(32):22839- 22846. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M604268200

[13] Gildenberg MS, Washington MT. Conformational flexibility of forkremodeling helicase Rad5 shown by full-ensemble hybrid methods. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):e0223875. Published 2019 Oct 18. DOI:10.1371/journal.

[14] Fleck O, Nielsen O. DNA repair. J Cell Sci. 2004;117(Pt 4):515-517.

evidence for remnants of carbohydrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1979;76(1):10-

[1] Schopf, JW. The evolution of the earliest cells. Sci. Am. 1978;239(3):110-139. DOI:10.1038/ scientificamerican0978-110

[2] Sklarew DS, Nagy B.

14. DOI:10.1073/pnas.76.1.10

[3] Woese CR. The primary lines of descent and the universal ancestor. In: Bendall DS editor. Evolution from molecules to men. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1983. p. 209-233. ISBN 978-0-521- 28933-7. (https://archive.org/details/ evolutionfrommol0000unse).

[4] Horning DP, Joyce GF. Amplification

of RNA by an RNA polymerase ribozyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113(35):9786-9791. DOI:10.1073/

[5] Agol VI, Gmyl AP. Emergency services of viral RNAs: Repair and remodeling. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2018;82(2):e00067-17. DOI:10.1128/

[6] Lederberg J. Recombination mechanisms in bacteria. J Cell Physiol. 1955;45 (suppl. 2):75-107. DOI: 10.1002/ jcp.1030450506. PMID:13242626

Theor Biol. 1962;3:335-353.

[7] Bernstein H. On the mechanism of intragenic recombination. I. Phage T4. J

[8] Bernstein H, Hopf FA, Michod RE. The molecular basis of the evolution of sex. *Adv Genet*. 1987;24:323-370. doi:10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60012-7

[9] Hu WS, Temin HM. Retroviral recombination and reverse

transcription. Science. 1990;250(4985):

pnas.1610103113

MMBR.00067-17

**References**

*Origin of DNA Repair in the RNA World DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93822*
