**4. Conclusions**

*Genetic Variation*

are found. If the data obtained is linked to the incidence of sago distribution in Indonesia, it is strongly suspected that only four haplotypes experienced migration from one population to another, which were then given different local names. The sago population with a specific name for the origin of the Papua region which groups together with populations from other places with other names is also a reflection that in the past these sago populations were only one then experienced joint migration with the migration of people from one island to another or from one population to another. If population migration events have occurred hundreds of years ago and are thought to have caused sago palm to spread from sources of diversity to form new populations or join old populations on islands that are sources of diversity, it is still possible because the measure of similarity is cpDNA, which has very conservative sequences [64], a very low mutation rate of between 3.2 x 10–5 and 7.9 x 10–5 [23], is not recombi-

nant [24, 64] and are inherited uniparental [25, 39].

**3.4 Genetic improvement by using marker-assisted breeding (MAB)**

The development of genetics and technology molecular has facilitated our understanding of the genetics underlying the traits sought by plant breeding. The development of molecular markers allows plant breeding to develop faster and more advanced in producing superior organisms. The benefits of DNA markers are for germplasm characterization, selection of desired traits from genomic regions involved in the expression of traits of interest, and single gene transfer. The application of selection using efficient and effective markers to improve polygenic properties certainly requires new technology. Genetic improvement of sago palm may use transformation agrobacterium-mediated and particle bombardment. Successfully introgression *bar* and *gus* gene into sago palm genome [65]. The embryogenic callus was the most appropriate transformation material compared to the via callus, the embryoid stage and the shoots initiated by using *Agrobacterium*mediated. The transformation of the gene gun demonstrated greater efficiency of transformation than those transformed with Agrobacterium when targets were bombarded once or twice with 280 psi helium pressure at a distance of 6 to 8 cm [65]. Therefore, economics interesting genes may introgression into sago palm

The purpose of MAB is to enhance certain characteristics in plant or animal breeding programs. Strategy for rapidly integrating a targeted gene into a wheat genotype in only two generations and restoring 97% or more of the recurrent genotype of the parent by using MAB [66]. Deconvolution of ancestry offers a first step towards selection of suitable admixture profiles at the seed or seedling level, which will support marker-assisted breeding aimed at introgressing wild Vitis species while maintaining the desirable characteristics of elite *V. vinifera* cultivars [67]. Marker-assisted backcrossing can be used in plant breeding to integrate traits into elite cultivars while minimizing the transfer of unwanted alleles from the donor genome [68]. This method includes the selection of foreground as well as context. Foreground selection refers to offspring screening and selection based on the presence or absence of a particular allele associated with a feature of interest. Conversely, selection of offspring on the basis of genomic ancestry estimates is the

The MAB needs to be developed to accelerate and increase the success of the breeders to produce superior seeds. Recently, breeders were developed abundant MAB linked with specific characters of plant genetics. Simple sequence repeat (SSR), namely Md-PG1SSR10kd tightly linked with fruits texture of apple [69] and microsatellites RM5926 and AP5659–5 were developed for detecting rice

**38**

genome in the future.

history selection.

Genetic resources of sago palm in Indonesia were explicated as follows: (1) Characters of sago palm in Indonesia were shown varied based on cpDNA markers and large variation based on RAPD markers. (2) Variation of starch production of sago palm correlated with *Wx* genes variation, (3) Distances barrier and geographies isolation in line of sago palm dispersions in Indonesia (4) Characteristics of genetic were observed does not related with vernacular names those were given by local people (5) Papua islands, Indonesia territorial is proposed the center of sago palm diversities, (6) Papua islands, Sulawesi islands and Kalimantan islands will be the provenance of the diversities (7) Genetic improvement of sago palm might enhanced using molecular marker that link to interesting genes by developing marker-assisted breeding.

### **Acknowledgements**

This work is supported by Research Development Project No.198/SP2H/LT/ DRPM/2020 from the Directorate General of Strengthen Research and Community Service (DRPM-DIKTI), Republic of Indonesia.

## **Author details**

Barahima Abbas Faculty of Agriculture, Post Graduate Program, University of Papua (UNIPA), Manokwari, Indonesia

\*Address all correspondence to: b.abbas@unipa.ac.id

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
