**6. Conclusions**

Genetic specificities of Mediterranean region described in this chapter are a good example of how important role genetic diversity plays in adaptability to local environment. Recognition of these specific genetic traits, of the region, is of considerable clinical importance. Carrier identification, genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis still represent a corner stone in the management of thalassemiasyndromes and various hemoglobiopathies. Due to variable frequencies of different *MEFV* mutations, their genotypes and prevalence should be determined in every population, in order to make reference frameworks for mutation screening when needed.
