Meet the editors

Dr. Rafael Trindade Maia studied biological sciences at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Brazil (2005). He received a master´s degree in Genetics, Conservation, and Evolutionary Biology from the National Institute of Amazonian Research, Brazil, in 2008, and a Ph.D. in Animal Biology from the Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil, in 2013. He is currently an adjunct professor at the Center for the Sustainable Development

for Semiarid (CDSA) at Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Brazil. He has experience with population genetics, bioinformatics, molecular docking, and modeling and molecular dynamics of proteins. He works in science and biology education. Dr. Maia also leads the research groups Computational and Theoretical Biology (CTB) and Education in Sciences and Biology (ESB).

Dr. Magnólia de Araújo Campos is a biologist with a master's degree in Agronomy/Plant Breeding from the Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil, and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences/Molecular Biology from the University of Brasília (2002). She has experience in genomic sciences as a postdoctoral researcher at the Federal University of Lavras/Agronomic Institute (IAC), Brazil. Dr. Campos has been a professor at the Federal University of

Campina Grande (UFCG), Brazil, since 2008. She mainly works on the following topics: genomics, bioinformatics, tissue culture and plant cells, genetic transformation of plants, gene expression during plant-microbe interactions, and expression of heterologous proteins in bacteria.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Preface XI**

About Genetic Variation **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 9**

**Chapter 3 27**

**Chapter 4 45** The Sensitiveness of Expected Heterozygosity and Allelic Richness Estimates

**Chapter 5 59**

Molecular Markers in the Detection of Genetic Polymorphism **83**

**Chapter 6 85**

**Chapter 7 101**

*by Juliano Lino Ferreira, Eveline Teixeira Caixeta, Fernanda Fatima Caniato,* 

*by Arain Saima Mir, Meer Maria, Sajjad Muhammad and Sial Mahboob Ali*

Exploring Plant Genetic Variations with Morphometric and Molecular

*by Bushra Sadia, Faisal Saeed Awan, Fozia Saleem, Javaria Altaf, Abdullah Bin Umar, Muhammad Nadeem, Samra Hameed,* 

*Tesfahun Setotaw, Gustavo César Sant'Ana and Leila Maria Ferreira*

Adaptive Evolution and Addressing the Relevance for Genetic Improvement

Introductory Chapter: Genetic Variation - The Source of Biological Diversity

*by Rafael Trindade Maia and Magnólia de Araújo Campos*

*by Faisal Saeed Awan, Bushra Sadia, Javaria Altaf, Madiha Habib,* 

Genetic Variability through Induced Mutation

for Analyzing Population Genetic Diversity

Genetic Diversity of *Coffea arabica*

*Farwa Ashraf and Mariam Nasir*

**Section 2**

Markers

*by María Eugenia Barrandeguy and María Victoria García*

Potential of Mutation Breeding to Sustain Food Security

*Kiran Hameed and Shabbir Hussain*

of Sago Palm Commodity *by Barahima Abbas*
