Preface

This book addresses the topic of genetic diversity, which is a measure of biodiversity that encompasses genetic variation within species. This book was edited by geneticist researchers and provides academics (professors, graduates, students, scientists) with up-to-date and quality information on the subject.

The work consists of revised chapters and is divided into three sections: Section 1 "About Genetic Variation" (containing five chapters); Section 2 "Molecular Markers in the Detection of Genetic Polymorphism" (containing three chapters); and Section 3 "Genetic Diversity and Health" (containing eight chapters).

This collection of scientific papers was chosen and analyzed to offer readers a broad and integrated view of the importance of genetic diversity in the evolution and adaptation of living beings, as well as practical applications of the information needed to analyze this diversity in different organisms.

Chapter 1, "Introductory Chapter: Genetic Variation - The Source of Biological Diversity", is written by the editors and serves as an introduction to the topics addressed in the book. It presents the main mechanisms of genetic diversity, such as the different types of mutations. The chapter situates the reader on the theme of the book. Chapter 2 systematically addresses biotechnological tools to induce mutations to generate genetic variability in plants of economic interest, with examples and concepts of cutting-edge techniques. Chapter 3 takes a formidable approach to the genetic aspects involved in the evolution and improvement of the sago palm. In Chapter 4, the authors analyze the sensitivity and effectiveness of heterozygosity and allelic richness in estimating the genetic diversity of populations. Chapter 5 is the result of a systematic review of the genetic diversity of the coffee tree (*Coffea arabica*), one of the most important cultivars in the world.

In Chapter 6, the reader will come across an essay on the relevance of the production of mutations in the genetic improvement of cultivars. Chapter 7 analyzes the potential of morphological and molecular markers in the evaluation of the genetic variation of strawberries. Chapter 8 provides an overview of the genetic diversity of one of the most important pathogens in bananas.

In an analysis of the Mediterranean region, the authors of Chapter 9 explore how important the role of genetic diversity is in adapting to the local environment. Chapter 10 presents a fascinating approach to the genetic and molecular aspects of co-evolution between susceptible populations and the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Chapter 11 provides the first report of a new strain of norovirus in Nigeria. Chapter 12 discusses the genetic aspects of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. In Chapter 13, the authors review the genetic bases associated with arthritis. Chapter 14 is an essay on polymorphism in genes related to the hormone Hepcidin. In Chapter 15, the authors use a brief survey to examine the genetic and environmental factors of periodic and episodic attacks of articular inflammation in humans. Finally, Chapter 16 highlights the importance of metagenomics in understanding and coping with pandemic viruses.

**II**

**Chapter 8 127**

Genetic Diversity and Health **143**

**Chapter 9 145**

**Chapter 10 177**

**Chapter 11 199**

**Chapter 12 211**

**Chapter 13 227**

**Chapter 14 247**

**Chapter 15 261**

**Chapter 16 273**

*by Ayesha Noor, Ali Raza Ishaq, Fatima Noor, Tahira Younis, Afshan Syed Abbas,* 

*by Gilberto Manzo-Sánchez, Marco Tulio Buenrostro-Nava, Carlos L. Leopardi,* 

*by Jelena M. Milenković, Dijana R. Stojanović and Jelena G. Najdanović*

Co-Evolution between New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and Genetic Diversity: Insights on Population Susceptibility and Potential Therapeutic

Sequencing of Norovirus in Southern, Nigeria: Prevalent Genotypes

Genetic Diversity of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome

*by Sanghoo Lee, Jinwoo Ahn, Jimyeong Park, Hyeonkyun Na, Youngkee Lee,* 

Genetic Diversity of Fusarium Wilt Disease of Banana

*Mario Orozco-Santos and Mauricio Guzman-Quesada*

*by Mahmood A. Al-Azzawi and Moustafa A. Sakr*

*Yejin Kim, Gayeon Hong and Kyoung-Ryul Lee*

*by Safa A. Faraj and Naeem M. Al-Abedy*

Metagenomics and Pandemic Viruses

Genetics in Osteoarthritis Knee

and Putative GII.4 Novel Recombinants among Children

*by Rajeshwar Nath Srivastava, Amar Chandra Sharma, Sudeepti Ratan Srivastava, Saloni Raj and Lavini Raj*

Serum Hepcidin Hormone Level and Its Genes Polymorphism

Palindromic Rheumatism: Biology and Treatment Options

*by Paulo Vitor Marques Simas and Clarice Weis Arns*

*Fatima Jalal, Rahmawaty Samad, Sara Mumtaz and Faiza Jabeen*

**Section 3**

Innovations

*by Favour Osazuwa*

Adaptation to Mediterranea

In these chapters, the reader will find numerous interesting pieces of information related to the topic of genetic diversity, from unprecedented data to classic concepts and feasible hypotheses.

*Genetic Variation* is an interdisciplinary and integrated work that will contribute to the knowledge of academics from different areas of biological sciences.

> **Rafael Trindade Maia** Center of Sustainable Development for Semiarid, Sumé-Paraiba State, Brazil

> > **Magnólia de Araújo Campos** Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil

> > > **1**

Section 1

About Genetic Variation

Section 1
