IntechOpen Book Series Biochemistry Volume 19

Mahmoud Mansour Ph.D. is a professor of Biochemistry at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia. His specialization includes molecular biology, biochemical pharmacology, pharmacogenetics, and biochemistry. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological studies in cancers (especially hepatic cancer), antioxidants, oxidative stress, proteasome

(and its role in the treatment of hepatic cancer), experimental gastroenterology, clinical gastroenterology, and diabetes. He has published more than 60 papers in peer-reviewed journals. He received the State Encouragement award from the Scientific Research Academy, (1998). Fourteen of his students were appointed as full university professors in Egypt and Saudi Arabia.

### **Editor of Volume 19: Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour**

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia

**Book Series Editor: Miroslav Blumenberg** NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA

## Scope of the Series

Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics, to ecology, medicine and population biology. Biochemistry studies macromolecules proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids –their building blocks, structures, functions and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins and hormones, which play roles in the life process. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting the methods of classical chemistry, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the 'big data' omics systems.

Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying and examining individual components of a biological system; in exemplary words of Efraim Racker, (1913 - 1991) "Don't waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes." Today however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe fully a particular biological system. The "big data" metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the proteins comprising e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment e.g., bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address both the current research on biomolecules, and the emerging trends with great promise.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

*by Neelima Dhingra*

*by Luma Majeed Ahmed*

**Preface XI**

Biological Application of Oxidoreductase **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 17**

**Chapter 3 31**

Oxidoreductase as a Therapeutic Target **53**

**Chapter 4 55**

**Chapter 5 71**

**Chapter 6 93**

**Chapter 7 107**

The Impact of Oxidoreductases-Related MicroRNAs in Glucose Metabolism

*by Mariana Gomes Morais, Francisca Guilherme Carvalho Dias,* 

Steroidal 5α-Reductase: A Therapeutic Target for Prostate Disorders

Monoamine Oxidase A (MAO-A): A Therapeutic Target in Lung Cancer

Bulk and Nanocatalysts Applications in Advanced Oxidation Processes

*by Chandreyee Datta, Sukhamoy Dhabal and Ashish Bhattacharjee*

Role of Subcellular ROS in Providing Resilience to Vascular Endothelium *by Sarah R. Aldosari, Maan A. Awad, Frank W. Sellke and Md. Ruhul Abid*

Biological Application and Disease of Oxidoreductase Enzymes

*by Mezgebu Legesse Habte and Etsegenet Assefa Beyene*

of Renal Cell Carcinoma and Prostate Cancer

*and Rui Manuel de Medeiros Melo Silva*

*João Alexandre Velho Prior, Ana Luísa Pereira Teixeira* 

Applications of Oxidoreductases

*by Sandhya Rani Gogoi*

## Contents


#### **Chapter 8**

Oxidoreductases: Significance for Humans and Microorganism *by Hussein Mahdi Kareem*

#### **Chapter 9**

Neurodegeneration: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Therapy *by Mrinal K. Poddar, Apala Chakraborty and Soumyabrata Banerjee*

Preface

Oxidation-reduction reactions in our body are catalyzed by a class of enzymes called oxidoreductase. The mechanism is based on the transfer of electrons from one molecule (the oxidant) to another molecule (the reductant). Oxidoreductases catalyze reactions similar to the following, A− + B → A + B− where A is the oxidant and B is the reductant. From a biochemistry point of view, oxidoreductase enzymes are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor. Oxidoreductase enzymes utilize NADP+ or NAD+ as cofactors. Oxidoreductase enzymes include the following: oxidase, dehydrogenase, peroxidase, hydroxylase, oxygenase, and reductase. Most oxidoreductase enzymes are dehydrogenases. However, reductases are also common. The accepted nomenclature for dehydrogenases is "donor dehydrogenase", where the donor is the oxidized

Oxidases are enzymes involved when molecular oxygen acts as an acceptor of hydrogen or electrons. Whereas dehydrogenases are enzymes that oxidize a substrate by transferring hydrogen to an acceptor that is either NAD+/NADP+ or a Flavin enzyme. While the other oxidoreductases, peroxidases, are localized in peroxisomes and catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Hydroxylases add hydroxyl groups to their substrates. Oxygenases incorporate oxygen from molecular oxygen into organic substrates. Reductases catalyze reductions and in most cases

Oxidation-reduction reactions are essential for the growth and survival of organisms. During the oxidation process of organic molecules, energy is produced. Energy-producing reactions can liberate high energy containing compounds as the

Oxidoreductase enzymes achieve an important role under aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. They play an important role in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and in amino acid metabolism. In glycolysis, the glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme catalyzes the transfer of hydrogen to coenzyme NAD, leading to the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. In order to maintain the redox state of the cell, this NADH is converted to NAD+, which occurs in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. The final pathways for complete oxidation of glucose are achieved via the TCA cycle. More NADH molecules are generated in the TCA cycle. Except for leucine and lysine, the rest of the amino acid metabolites enter the TCA cycle as intermediates of the cycle. This allows for the formation of oxaloacetate from carbon skeletons of the amino acids and

synthesis of important energy molecules, such as ATP.

substrate.

can act as oxidases.

subsequently into pyruvate.

**131**
