**1. Introduction**

Biological invasion and global climate change pose threats to the loss of biodiversity, genetic diversity, agriculture output, and ecosystem service change worldwide, thus causing huge economic loss [1–5]. Furthermore, global warming causes global climate change in the present era. Various exotic components including water vapor, ozone, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) play a role in the atmosphere absorbing an amount of the emitted radiation from Earth's surface and then re-emitting it back to Earth, further increasing the surface temperature and resulting to disasters like floods, hurricanes, and drought [6–8]. N2O, CO2, and CH4 are mostly produced naturally as a biological process and by anthropogenic activity. These GHGs amounted about 80% of total the GHGs [8, 9]. N2O is a major long-lived GHG with a global warming potential of about 310 times greater than of CO2 over a lifetime of 100 years [10] and is also involved in the atmospheric ozone depletion [11, 12], and >80% of global N2O emissions are projected to be linked to soil microbial activity [13]. A reorientation of multidimensional problems between forest and climate

changes is a complex issue. Climate change affects forest composition, and in addition, forest disturbances such as destruction and degradation further facilitate plant invasion which results to acceleration of the global GHG emissions [14–16]. Disturbances in the forest ecosystem lead to a loss of biodiversity, loss of biomass, and decreased forest regeneration potential [17]. The modification of abiotic and biotic factors will affect the exchange rate of GHG emission released into the atmosphere by forest soil, primarily through changes in microbial-mediated process and plant-derived process (e.g., photosynthesis) [18–20]. Therefore, adopting effective forestry and sustainable management practices will ensure productivity, N2O mitigation, and biodiversity [21]. Soil N2O production has been widely linked to soil microbial activity [12], which can be affected by litter and rhizosphere inputs of invasive plants [22], land-use legacy, and many other factors which are still unknown [23]. These changes to forest ecosystems can accelerate nutrient cycling and increase soil N2O production to the atmosphere [24]. The world's forests are likely to face an increasing number of invasions in the future. It is necessary to identify the existing invasions and their potential for expansion and then set up invasive species management plan [25]. Managing forest invasion involves avoiding entry, eradicating nascent species, biological control, choosing host trees for resistance, and using cultural practices (silviculture and restoration) to mitigate invader impacts.

The problem on biological invasion is highlighted. It poses a threat to any ecosystem which includes forest ecosystems, causing economic and ecological damages worldwide. The factors contributing to plant invasion include microbial facilitation, global warming, and nutrients availability which make it more complex and still unknown. Based on the previous literature, we tried to understand and discuss the following issues: plant invasion in forest ecosystems, factors contributing to plant invasions, and soil N process and N2O emission in the context of forest plant invasion. The aim of our study is to highlight the mechanism of plant invasion and its control and management in the context of sustainable forest management.
