**4. Forest management with plant invasions**

Plant invasion in forest ecosystem is causing economic and ecological damage and threatens biodiversity conservation [52]. Forest management is required to identify the invasive species and its invasion stages and possible expansion and then set up a plan for its control [25], The inventory of invasive plants will help on proper management and planning. It is based on the invasive species status, distribution, and effects and threats to forest ecosystem [53]. Early deduction of invasive species and their identification, based on to confirm whether it is new to the area and measure its establishment, expansion to other areas as well as predict its impact on the forest ecosystem and loss will lead to effective management plan. The rapid response with effective management/plan can lessen the further invasion with daily basis monitoring [53].

**Figure 1.**

*A stepwise model is leading an effective forest management of invasive species (adapted from [53]).*

Forest management includes prevention of arrival and dispersal of invasive species and their biological control as well as silviculture and restoration practices to lessen invasion impacts [45]. Restoration should be based on choosing plant species which suit to the condition of the target area [53]. For example, to increase the forests canopy cover may resist those invading species which demanding for more light, thus, invasive species with high resource demanding can be managed by proper way to minimize its further effects [54]. Also, a better understanding of the mechanism, affecting factors, impacts, and control of the invasive species will lead to a proper forest management. The (**Figure 1**) model is based on invasive species management, a stepwise model leading an effective management of species.
