**2.2 Fuel management**

The spatial distribution of tree and bush was considered in the fire management models. The forest plantation characteristics such as land, thermal, physical, and chemical properties of tree elements were constructed. Fuel data of forest were a powerful source of knowledge used for software enabling representation of any

**Figure 3.** *Rainfall deciles, from January to November 2019.*

*Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92592*

**Figure 4.** *Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI), Spring 2019.*

temperature factors such as high climate risk trends, weather patterns, and vegetation management by humans may not contribute to the intensity of hard seasons as seen in **Figure 2**, and the most destructive fires in Australian history preceded by extreme high temperatures, low relative humidity, and strong winds on last November 2019, which combine to create ideal conditions for the rapid spread of fire. Forest experts and land management accepted that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, is the primary cause of the 2019 Australian bushfire. The devastating flames were likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather over the Australian land mass. Nonetheless, the political nature of many of the crisis and its associated issues has also resulted in the circulation of large amounts of disinformation regarding the causes of the fire activity, to the neglect of credible scientific research, expert opinion, and previous government inquiries, as shown in **Figures 3**–**5**. The precautious methods were prepared regarding forest land urban interface mapping, showing fire fuel risk and tempera-

The spatial distribution of tree and bush was considered in the fire management models. The forest plantation characteristics such as land, thermal, physical, and chemical properties of tree elements were constructed. Fuel data of forest were a powerful source of knowledge used for software enabling representation of any

ture risk on mapping as in **Figure 5**.

*Rainfall deciles, from January to November 2019.*

**2.2 Fuel management**

**Figure 2.**

*Maximum temperature deciles.*

*Advances in Forest Management under Global Change*

**Figure 3.**

**98**

**Figure 5.** *Forest fires on the Amazon region in Global Forest Watch map.*

vegetation community in the landscape, simultaneously integrating the required attributes for running complex fire simulation in the background.

GPS and phone to phone was always provided safe control on internet connection, a touch-screen, and a camera remote control improved extinguishing period following the stages shown in **Figure 6**.

Fire fight commander and team led by the fire extinguishing method following discussion with expert field operators reported a major concern about the visibility on the screen of such weather tools emergency station stage for an observation cam device and available in a field operating car.

**Figure 6.** *Fire fight commander and team over the fire reports and weather conditions.*

#### **Figure 7.**

*The organized fire team work that included the extinguishing plan and method is followed by team on risk mapping and data logging.*

The data entailing simulation of vegetation growth with and without fire was also shown from risk factors, and the assessment of the wild-land fire risk was calculated on map. It is organized on five step risk parameters as shown in **Figure 7**:

The fire management software made a map over fuel risk and extinguishing system and put the information related to weather and climate conditions together. The forest fire showed risk parameters made available outstanding feedback from forest fire managers within the fire as shown in **Figures 8** and **9**.

## **2.3 Main tools for fire management**

The forest plantation and dry matter characteristics regarding wet land, thermal, and climate risks, physical and chemical properties of tree elements covered the reporting previously in order to eliminate the fuel potential risks. The reported high risk areas contained the parameters such as fire ecology and wet land; fire risk distribution; forest ecology of local plant species; fire land management risk; monitoring and assessment of fire areas; fire weather conditions; wind; and extinguishing plan.

**Figure 8.**

**Figure 9.**

**101**

*Forest Fire Urbanization Wind Danger Index, 2019.*

*Forest Fire Flame Danger Index, 2019.*

*Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92592*

The methods were practiced at the following stages:


### **2.4 Extinguishing by slurry mud or foam**

The flame of fire on sites could be inhibited by foaming agent mixed water pouring or muddy water pouring by plane carriers that used effectively on extinguishing work and fire management in urban interface or forest urbanization intercontact area, mainly found in various regions all over the world. In Şırnak, the lightweight materials may be evaluated and investigated for fire flame inhibitor in this study such as: Altered Limestone (Şırnak Center), Marly Limestone (Şırnak Center), Marl (Şırnak Center), Cizre White Porous Limestone (Şırnak Cizre),

*Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92592*

**Figure 8.** *Forest Fire Flame Danger Index, 2019.*

The data entailing simulation of vegetation growth with and without fire was also shown from risk factors, and the assessment of the wild-land fire risk was calculated on map. It is organized on five step risk parameters as shown in **Figure 7**: The fire management software made a map over fuel risk and extinguishing system and put the information related to weather and climate conditions together. The forest fire showed risk parameters made available outstanding feedback from

*The organized fire team work that included the extinguishing plan and method is followed by team on risk*

The forest plantation and dry matter characteristics regarding wet land, thermal, and climate risks, physical and chemical properties of tree elements covered the reporting previously in order to eliminate the fuel potential risks. The reported high risk areas contained the parameters such as fire ecology and wet land; fire risk distribution; forest ecology of local plant species; fire land management risk; mon-

forest fire managers within the fire as shown in **Figures 8** and **9**.

itoring and assessment of fire areas; fire weather conditions; wind; and

• Case studies: detailed assessments on selected management risks.

• Prescribed burning practice (extensive training): at least 5 days of burning.

The flame of fire on sites could be inhibited by foaming agent mixed water pouring or muddy water pouring by plane carriers that used effectively on

extinguishing work and fire management in urban interface or forest urbanization intercontact area, mainly found in various regions all over the world. In Şırnak, the lightweight materials may be evaluated and investigated for fire flame inhibitor in this study such as: Altered Limestone (Şırnak Center), Marly Limestone (Şırnak Center), Marl (Şırnak Center), Cizre White Porous Limestone (Şırnak Cizre),

The methods were practiced at the following stages:

• Fire ignition patterns for control flame of forest fire.

**2.4 Extinguishing by slurry mud or foam**

**2.3 Main tools for fire management**

*Advances in Forest Management under Global Change*

extinguishing plan.

**100**

**Figure 7.**

*mapping and data logging.*

**Figure 9.** *Forest Fire Urbanization Wind Danger Index, 2019.*

Porous Limestone (Cizre Stream), Volcanic Cinder, Midyat Limestone, and Şırnak Coal Mine Waste Marly Shale.

The light porous limestone and marl of Şırnak province can be used as concrete aggregates due to lightweight strength. However, this region consisted of brownishyellow limestone formations, heterogeneous and carbonates containing 30–45% weight decrease and carbon dioxide dissociation at flame temperature of fire at 800°C regarding dissociation kinetics as extinguisher water slurries.

The various local industrial wastes were used as extinguishing work of fly ash materials [1–3]. Fly ashes of desulfurization units like gypsum are defined as extinguishing slurry materials that inhibiting flaming properties of forest fire but have binding hydrate properties that are finely ground and dissociated chemically with alkali hydrates at flame temperature and providing moisture flame environments [6]. Fly ash provided rain water hydrated soil, low permeability capturing rain water, controlling the lightweight material, dust easily inhibiting dry leafs and woods, and the sulfate effect on soil for humus [5]. It is estimated that there are 600 million tons of fly ash in the world today, but only 10% of it is evaluated in concrete and as filler in road pavement covering technology [7]. Fly ash has a wide range of uses in concrete because of lowering cost of concrete, saving energy, and reducing environmental problems [8]. Use of fly ash in extinguisher fire inhibitor slurry mixtures; decreasing the combustion of wood and light weight flying matters in certain proportions, the use of fly ash instead of granule decreasing the oxygen take up or transfer into high heat flame [9]. The effects of fly ash on the mechanical properties of pavement were studied extensively. In this study, the effects of Silopi fly ash as filler additive on hot combustion chamber for decreasing combustion heat of coal were determined. In this study, the effect of amount of ash replaced to fine gypsum amount, change on flame inhibition ability, oxygen take-up ability, and lightweight slurry density of water mixture at 10–20% weight was determined.

**Figure 11.**

**Figure 12.**

**Figure 13.**

**103**

*fire risks.*

*and Indonesian Rain Forests.*

*Forest fire movement with below ignited forest fire, peat with high planted organic soil as happening in Amazon*

*Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92592*

*Software used in forest fire risk management with dry peat or aggregated banning soil, fuel management, and*

*Forest fire movement with below fired peat with high planted organic soil, fire fuel model.*

The weight ratio of lightweight limestone, shale, marly shale, and fly ash greatly affected the water content in inhibiting filler material significantly. Bottom aerated combustion of fuel matter in the forest peat and flaming radiated fire development could be inhibited by the stone matters of the fuel flaming styles as shown in **Figures 10** and **11**.

This fire extinguishing work prepared model risk patterns as shown in **Figure 10** by fire hazard maps, on a daily basis, by combining fuel models, forest area topography, soil conditions, and dynamic factors such as wind direction, air wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, and fuel moisture content, as shown in **Figures 12** and **13**.

The parameters regarding fire features improved the control implemented recently as follows:

**Figure 10.** *Forest fire movement with below fired peat with high planted organic soil.*

*Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92592*

#### **Figure 11.**

Porous Limestone (Cizre Stream), Volcanic Cinder, Midyat Limestone, and Şırnak

800°C regarding dissociation kinetics as extinguisher water slurries.

The light porous limestone and marl of Şırnak province can be used as concrete aggregates due to lightweight strength. However, this region consisted of brownishyellow limestone formations, heterogeneous and carbonates containing 30–45% weight decrease and carbon dioxide dissociation at flame temperature of fire at

The various local industrial wastes were used as extinguishing work of fly ash

The weight ratio of lightweight limestone, shale, marly shale, and fly ash greatly affected the water content in inhibiting filler material significantly. Bottom aerated combustion of fuel matter in the forest peat and flaming radiated fire development could be inhibited by the stone matters of the fuel flaming styles as shown in

This fire extinguishing work prepared model risk patterns as shown in **Figure 10** by fire hazard maps, on a daily basis, by combining fuel models, forest area topography, soil conditions, and dynamic factors such as wind direction, air wind speed,

air temperature, relative humidity, and fuel moisture content, as shown in

*Forest fire movement with below fired peat with high planted organic soil.*

The parameters regarding fire features improved the control implemented

materials [1–3]. Fly ashes of desulfurization units like gypsum are defined as extinguishing slurry materials that inhibiting flaming properties of forest fire but have binding hydrate properties that are finely ground and dissociated chemically with alkali hydrates at flame temperature and providing moisture flame environments [6]. Fly ash provided rain water hydrated soil, low permeability capturing rain water, controlling the lightweight material, dust easily inhibiting dry leafs and woods, and the sulfate effect on soil for humus [5]. It is estimated that there are 600 million tons of fly ash in the world today, but only 10% of it is evaluated in concrete and as filler in road pavement covering technology [7]. Fly ash has a wide range of uses in concrete because of lowering cost of concrete, saving energy, and reducing environmental problems [8]. Use of fly ash in extinguisher fire inhibitor slurry mixtures; decreasing the combustion of wood and light weight flying matters in certain proportions, the use of fly ash instead of granule decreasing the oxygen take up or transfer into high heat flame [9]. The effects of fly ash on the mechanical properties of pavement were studied extensively. In this study, the effects of Silopi fly ash as filler additive on hot combustion chamber for decreasing combustion heat of coal were determined. In this study, the effect of amount of ash replaced to fine gypsum amount, change on flame inhibition ability, oxygen take-up ability, and lightweight slurry density of water mixture at 10–20% weight was determined.

Coal Mine Waste Marly Shale.

*Advances in Forest Management under Global Change*

**Figures 10** and **11**.

**Figures 12** and **13**.

recently as follows:

**Figure 10.**

**102**

*Forest fire movement with below ignited forest fire, peat with high planted organic soil as happening in Amazon and Indonesian Rain Forests.*

#### **Figure 12.**

*Software used in forest fire risk management with dry peat or aggregated banning soil, fuel management, and fire risks.*

**Figure 13.** *Forest fire movement with below fired peat with high planted organic soil, fire fuel model.*

**Figure 14.**

*Dry fuel source, forest fire movement risk with below fired peat soil, and visualization of fire risks on dry fuel matters.*


### **2.5 Inhibitors as activated clays and hydrated clay matters**

There are hydrated layers mainly in clay minerals and lattice layers associated with the inner layer hydrates and the metal oxide with clay lateral surfaces. The water molecules in the spheres surrounding the exchangeable cations are exchange degree of polarization of the alkali metal cation and the surface silanol groups (Si-OH) resulting from the breakage of the Si-O-Si bonds in the tetrahedral layer, in the exchange of the Al3+ and Mg2+ cations in the octahedral layer, and the Si4+ and Al3+ and Fe3+ cations in the tetrahedral layer as shown in **Figure 5**, associated with metal atoms on the crystal edges. The oxygen planes in the space between the plates act as a pair of electrons [9].

The increasing demand of clay utilization for advanced material technology and the limited reserves of high quality bentonites push the researchers and the operators/producers to evaluate the lower quality calcium and mixed shales for the of hydrates in fire inhibition use. The technological properties of fly ashes, however, can be upgraded by the application of hydrating and activating acids. Mostly, wet concentration methods such as decantation, cycloning, and centrifuging have been applying and water quality and ion type/amount which the water carries becomes more important to control the further activation process since clays carry the releasable and exchangeable cations on interlayers which interact with ions in water. **Table 2** comprised the inhibiting values over extinguishing manner of flame.

Şırnak shale contained marly carbonates over 45% providing carbonates with the clay minerals of the smectite group, shows colloidal properties when mixed with water, and its properties such as water are due to the three-layered crystal structure

**Inhibitor type Waste inhibitors**

*Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with…*

Talc 38,200 613 10.6 2.1 Montmorillonite 27,600 456 12.4 1.6 Zeolite 33,500 565 12.2 2.9 Bentonite 23,500 430 11.9 2.1 Fly ash 18,500 425 12.8 6.3 Gypsum 18,000 250 19.9 0.7 Limestone 59,900 815 42 Marly shale 45,400 845 11 22

**Td temperature,** *°***C**

**Hydrate weight, %** **Carbonate weight, %**

**25-Td heat calcination value, kJ/kg**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92592*

*Total inhibiting values in Eastern Anatolian region in Turkey.*

The investigation of water resources and logging in the Şırnak, Mardin, and Batman provinces was effectively carried out, and construction debris is widely distributed in the forest area to protect urbanization from fire near village location.

(**Figure 15**) [9].

**Figure 15.**

**105**

**Table 2.**

**2.6 The methods used ın forest fire management**

*Shale clay structure, Şırnak resource in Turkey regarding hydrate.*

In this study, the effect of water quality (ion type and amount in water) was subjected to the concentration and further alkali activation tests with mixed type shale, asphaltite deposits in Şırnak. The water slurries including different salts namely CaCl2.2H2O foaming and AlCl3.6H2O foaming were used as fire inhibition media in concentration by mixing and agitation. The effect of water quality on concentration and alkali activation was declared based on pH, viscosity, solid ratio, and size.


*Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92592*

#### **Table 2.**

• fuel matter balance dry matter and decayed matters over wet matter forest fuel

*Dry fuel source, forest fire movement risk with below fired peat soil, and visualization of fire risks on dry fuel*

• the environmental risk mapping and mapping over the base of urbanization

There are hydrated layers mainly in clay minerals and lattice layers associated with the inner layer hydrates and the metal oxide with clay lateral surfaces. The water molecules in the spheres surrounding the exchangeable cations are exchange degree of polarization of the alkali metal cation and the surface silanol groups (Si-OH) resulting from the breakage of the Si-O-Si bonds in the tetrahedral layer, in the exchange of the Al3+ and Mg2+ cations in the octahedral layer, and the Si4+ and Al3+ and Fe3+ cations in the tetrahedral layer as shown in **Figure 5**, associated with metal atoms on the crystal edges. The oxygen planes in the space between the plates act as

The increasing demand of clay utilization for advanced material technology and the limited reserves of high quality bentonites push the researchers and the operators/producers to evaluate the lower quality calcium and mixed shales for the of hydrates in fire inhibition use. The technological properties of fly ashes, however, can be upgraded by the application of hydrating and activating acids. Mostly, wet concentration methods such as decantation, cycloning, and centrifuging have been applying and water quality and ion type/amount which the water carries becomes more important to control the further activation process since clays carry the releasable and exchangeable cations on interlayers which interact with ions in water. **Table 2** comprised the inhibiting values over extinguishing manner of flame. In this study, the effect of water quality (ion type and amount in water) was subjected to the concentration and further alkali activation tests with mixed type shale, asphaltite deposits in Şırnak. The water slurries including different salts namely CaCl2.2H2O foaming and AlCl3.6H2O foaming were used as fire inhibition media in concentration by mixing and agitation. The effect of water quality on concentration and alkali activation was declared based on pH, viscosity, solid ratio, and size.

• the dry matter removal and manipulating a vegetation matter;

• the fuel source data for fire model simulations; and

*Advances in Forest Management under Global Change*

and impacts at fire as shown in **Figures 10** and **12**.

**2.5 Inhibitors as activated clays and hydrated clay matters**

data (**Figure 14**);

**Figure 14.**

*matters.*

a pair of electrons [9].

**104**

*Total inhibiting values in Eastern Anatolian region in Turkey.*

**Figure 15.** *Shale clay structure, Şırnak resource in Turkey regarding hydrate.*

Şırnak shale contained marly carbonates over 45% providing carbonates with the clay minerals of the smectite group, shows colloidal properties when mixed with water, and its properties such as water are due to the three-layered crystal structure (**Figure 15**) [9].

#### **2.6 The methods used ın forest fire management**

The investigation of water resources and logging in the Şırnak, Mardin, and Batman provinces was effectively carried out, and construction debris is widely distributed in the forest area to protect urbanization from fire near village location.

half wit fuel content obtained from the Şırnak inhibitor lightweight filler at fine size at 0.1 mm and the chemical composition of the fly ash and inhibitors are given in **Tables 3** and **4** regarding flaming combustion and adsorption matter [10–13].

*Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with…*

The materials of fly ash as inhibitor and popped carbon as shale of Şırnak asphaltite from waste material of Şırnak evaluated in forest fire control as shown in

In ASTM standards [5], the amount of mixing pine wood and lightweight inhibiting filler rates was taken, however at the amount of wood and porous aggre-

**Reaction log A[log (s)] E [kJ/mol] [kJ/kg]** *(1) Hemicellulose* 16.32 186 0 *(1) Cellulose* 19.44 242 0 *(1) Lignin* 8.98 107 0 *(2) Hemicellulose* 11.42 145 �20 *(3) Hemicellulose* 15.93 202.4 255 *(2) Cellulose* 10.11 150.5 �20 *(3) Cellulose* 14.52 196.5 255 *(2) Lignin* 6.89 111.4 �20 *(3) Lignin* 9.18 143.8 255

*Kinetic constants used in a-priori modeling, following Bellan's kinetic scheme [6, 10].*

*A-priori modeling parameters for wood, taken from Ref. [6].*

**Property Units Value** Thermal conductivity *k* W/m K 0.13 Density *ρ* kg/m3 490 Specific heat capacity *cp* J/kg K 2300 Surface emissivity *ϵ* — 0.95 Thermal conductivity of char *kchar* W/m K 0.08 Density of char *ρchar* kg/m3 330 Specific heat capacity of char J/kg K 1100

In this study, the specific unit weights are given in **Table 6**. Degree of hydrate or carbonate inhibiting ability rates of the filler was determined by evaluating the 3 ton briquetting compression test results (**Table 5**). Combustion weight TGA tests showed higher burning inhibition ability for the Şırnak fly ash and gypsum mixture at 30/70 weight rate so that they gave higher advantageous effect on compaction of

*<sup>E</sup>* <sup>¼</sup> *kA* log*KpRT* (1)

Cellulose C þ O2 ! CO2 (2) Cellulose 2C þ O2 ! 2CO (3)

Reaction heat adsorption:

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92592*

**Table 5**.

**Table 3.**

**Table 4.**

**107**

road pavement.

#### **Figure 16.**

*Total amount of municipal waste for forest management in Turkey and Eastern Anatolian Region in fly ash use of Şırnak Asphaltite.*

**Figure 16** shows the methods used mainly in construction of water pools for both farming and extinguishing of local forest areas. Inhibitor aggregates roads and high amount of fly ash as municipal waste for forest fire management in Turkey. In Eastern Anatolian Region, high amount of inhibitor waste was used for forest fire inhibition over 120,000 tons fine aggregate as gypsum and ash material with Şırnak Asphaltite wastes and construction debris.

#### *2.6.1 Hydrate sorption matter*

The large specific surface area inhibiting fire flame could be water content and evaporation heat of used in industrial foamed water extinguishing purposes as natural materials. Hydrated liquid absorbents and solid adsorbents generally used fly ash matters of desulfurization unit contained mainly gypsum hydrates. It can be classified as waste *group is one of fly ash minerals or* inhibiting filler for flame and more with foamed matter base with sponged stones and hydrated minerals such as containing 85% montmorillonite, is an aluminum hydrosilicate with a colloidal property. When mixed with water, density of a few solid swelling bentonite is about 2.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup> .

Shale clay is calcium in many countries clay is a general name of Al Mg silicate hydrates and the main hydrate content of which montmorillonite can change mainly cation and be defined as clay with Ca;. Attapulgite, 2MgSi8O20 (OH2) 4 (OH) The palygorskite expressed by the formula 4H2O an aqueous magnesium, aluminum Silicate. Sepiolite is 6 Mg 9 Si 12 O 30 (OH) 4 6H 2 O group is aqueous Mg silicate. In these minerals channel-shaped pores water bound to crystal structure with molecules. The shale clays contained in this group is micropore and channels and large surface area over 11% due to the possession of various substances inhibitors and high adsorbing capacities.
