**4.4 Microwave radiated metallized sponge char production**

Porous compost production by char was managed in pilot systems using retort combustion systems that are adaptable to flexible and variable fuels in need of low quality fuel. In real applications, char waste fuel qualities were not be fully metalized in a variety of fluid and grate combustion systems. However, environmental effects were reduced due to semi-burning. Burning biowaste or Şırnak asphaltite slime in the fluidized bed manufactured by ALFA Company, combustion and energy production were developed within the scope of char and combustion wastes to char [6, 18, 19]. Char production systems in the integrated solid waste management can provide energetic energy production with biogas plant. The combustion inhibition or flame inhibitor porous char granules occurred on the coarse sized material is shown in **Figure 16** and flame model in **Figures 20** and **21**.

Mobile plant carbonization system with the following design produces integrated energy with the biogas plant (**Figure 2**):


**4.3 Fire inhibitor granule/sand/soil: mobile unit for waste carbonization-metalized char carbonization in Şirnak**

*Advances in Forest Management under Global Change*

been established.

**Figure 19.**

**114**

*TGA weight decrease during experimental flame combustion.*

In this study, porous limestone and porous anhydrite metalized stone absorbed the bubbled balls with microwave melted recycling anhydrite metalized powders covering the surface to avoid combustion. In this investigation, the recrystallized gypsum and powdered limestone were reroasted in microwave to melt anhydrite with the porous cores and basalt granules and even the bubbling of anhydrite metalized granules. The products finished was used for fire arrestor powder and soil, absorbing heat of fire which were determined as metalized coal carbon rich forest soil were investigated for arrestor on floor test and deterioration of soil and heat sorption were calculated, respectively. For this purpose, heat resistance, heat sorption, and soil combustion experiments were conducted. As defined, the test results were conducted by comparing metal powders with high heat. The production flow sheet and process advantageous parameters using recycling coal shale and anhydrite gypsum microwave processing parameters were defined. To recrystallize anhydrite metalized carbon limestone, the composite balls of marls having the relation between composite rock formation and discontinuity at production have

In the tests, the Şırnak asphaltite sample was used as shown in **Figure 19**, and the reduction of the coal samples was shown in melt anhydrite fractions. The chemical melt anhydrite temperature was continuously weighed, and the metalized carbonization analysis was carried out in the bath microwave oven. The test results are shown in **Figure 3** for biomass pellets and coal sample. As shown in the figure, the effect of addition is determined in combustion experiments, the heat absorption as hydrated/dehydrated gypsum, the reactor temperature was 500°C and metalized

> Integrated solid waste incineration is evaluated as more advantageous in some countries. Mobile systems, however, provide economic benefits in the areas of low population density in our country and in cities. The separation of metals from scrap or recycling from household waste has often been an expensive cost step. However,

**Figure 20.** *Integrated fluidized bed biogas and solid waste incineration.*

**Figure 21.** *Inhibitor flame solid waste incineration model on fire.*

with the acquisition of biosolid wastes from the domestic source of the waste, the incineration system has been made feasible.

The conductive heat values could be determined by calorimetric studies regarding equations below:

#### **4.5 Porosity and matrix content**

The microwave metalized char led to relatively low heat conductivity of mass heat conduction of 53%. After application of recycling of waste asphaltite slime, the pyrolysis char extraction increased to about 11.7%. The char extraction from the waste samples in the conventional furnace at 600 and 700°C yielded values of 15 and 17% low heat conductive char products, respectively.

Microwave metalized char work could be integrated into such a system in order to make pretreatment faster and more economical. The proposed process that includes even microwave pyrolysis circuit was retorted for conducting heat by microwave oven. The test results in this study were given by TGA burning weight decrease of oak and fire inhibitor addition at half weight rate in the dish pot in TGA are shown in **Figures 22** and **23**. The granule composting was obtained by briquetting method under microwave radiation as permittivity loss and heat absorbance as temperature change are shown in **Figures 24** and **25**.

TGA weight decrease during experimental flame combustion results is shown in **Figure 5**.

#### **4.6 Stone type**

The problems of water collection in dry climates and hard hot conditions of the water storage pools became advantageous for the production of muddy slurry preparations. The inhibiting slime coal matter such as coal ash particles had a property of noncombusting and low-heat conducting rate than fines; thus, temperature control during fire combustion could be avoided. Additionally, there will be

fly ash dust that may control during flaming by the high-specific surface area over

*TGA weight decrease during experimental flame combustion by fly ash, Şırnak shale, limestone and Şırnak*

*Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92592*

alizing char. The carbonaceous matter in the gypsum compost adsorbed much flame heat. The most important matter was the metalized char carbon and waste slime carbon. The constituents of the inhibiting source carbon were amorphous metalized

/g and low heat conduction for complete combustion by microwave met-

12–22 m<sup>2</sup>

**Figure 22.**

*gypsum.*

inertia.

**117**

*Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92592*

**Figure 22.**

with the acquisition of biosolid wastes from the domestic source of the waste, the

The microwave metalized char led to relatively low heat conductivity of mass heat conduction of 53%. After application of recycling of waste asphaltite slime, the pyrolysis char extraction increased to about 11.7%. The char extraction from the waste samples in the conventional furnace at 600 and 700°C yielded values of 15

Microwave metalized char work could be integrated into such a system in order

TGA weight decrease during experimental flame combustion results is shown in

The problems of water collection in dry climates and hard hot conditions of the

water storage pools became advantageous for the production of muddy slurry preparations. The inhibiting slime coal matter such as coal ash particles had a property of noncombusting and low-heat conducting rate than fines; thus, temperature control during fire combustion could be avoided. Additionally, there will be

to make pretreatment faster and more economical. The proposed process that includes even microwave pyrolysis circuit was retorted for conducting heat by microwave oven. The test results in this study were given by TGA burning weight decrease of oak and fire inhibitor addition at half weight rate in the dish pot in TGA

are shown in **Figures 22** and **23**. The granule composting was obtained by briquetting method under microwave radiation as permittivity loss and heat

absorbance as temperature change are shown in **Figures 24** and **25**.

The conductive heat values could be determined by calorimetric studies

incineration system has been made feasible.

*Advances in Forest Management under Global Change*

*Inhibitor flame solid waste incineration model on fire.*

and 17% low heat conductive char products, respectively.

regarding equations below:

**Figure 21.**

**Figure 5**.

**116**

**4.6 Stone type**

**4.5 Porosity and matrix content**

*TGA weight decrease during experimental flame combustion by fly ash, Şırnak shale, limestone and Şırnak gypsum.*

fly ash dust that may control during flaming by the high-specific surface area over 12–22 m<sup>2</sup> /g and low heat conduction for complete combustion by microwave metalizing char. The carbonaceous matter in the gypsum compost adsorbed much flame heat. The most important matter was the metalized char carbon and waste slime carbon. The constituents of the inhibiting source carbon were amorphous metalized inertia.

**Figure 23.** *TGA weight decrease during experimental flame combustion by Şırnak shale, porous limestone and Şırnak gypsum.*

output of waste. Microwaves could be utilized as an alternative source of energy for hydrate treatment of composts in some of the unit operations such as porous metalized carbon and metal oxides known to be very good microwave absorbers, and they rapidly and selectively inhibited heated flame matters. In the present study, the microwave pyrolysis of a coal sample with coal pyrite and copper pyrite was investigated. The porous limestone was very responsive to microwave heating, and this resulted in almost semi-reactive porous matter for calcination and in some

*Time effect of metalized char processing time on briquetted matter by temperature in microwave char*

*Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92592*

The changes in the heat absorbing behavior of the limestone were monitored, and the optimum conditions for metalized char pyrolysis rate were established as

Eight hundred powered microwave radiation over the 10 g powder samples reached a temperature of about 500°C in metalized calcination of compost, while the 10 g sample reached temperature long time to about 500°C. Generally, in laboratory scale microwave metalizing, the sample temperature increases with

cases active porous compost of the material as shown in **Figure 20**.

*Porosity effect on temperature in microwave char metalizing.*

shown in **Figure 24**.

**119**

**Figure 24.**

**Figure 25.**

*metallization.*

Such limestones containing limonite and iron hydroxides provided the inhibitor hydrate in flame extinguishing with microwave pretreatment to break down the matrix of the oxides and metal hydrated matters or passivity the carbonaceous matter before calcinations by heat absorption. The methods included hydrating, pressure hydration, metalized char lining, and flame inhibiting gaseous matter

*Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92592*

**Figure 24.**

*Time effect of metalized char processing time on briquetted matter by temperature in microwave char metallization.*

**Figure 25.** *Porosity effect on temperature in microwave char metalizing.*

output of waste. Microwaves could be utilized as an alternative source of energy for hydrate treatment of composts in some of the unit operations such as porous metalized carbon and metal oxides known to be very good microwave absorbers, and they rapidly and selectively inhibited heated flame matters. In the present study, the microwave pyrolysis of a coal sample with coal pyrite and copper pyrite was investigated. The porous limestone was very responsive to microwave heating, and this resulted in almost semi-reactive porous matter for calcination and in some cases active porous compost of the material as shown in **Figure 20**.

The changes in the heat absorbing behavior of the limestone were monitored, and the optimum conditions for metalized char pyrolysis rate were established as shown in **Figure 24**.

Eight hundred powered microwave radiation over the 10 g powder samples reached a temperature of about 500°C in metalized calcination of compost, while the 10 g sample reached temperature long time to about 500°C. Generally, in laboratory scale microwave metalizing, the sample temperature increases with

Such limestones containing limonite and iron hydroxides provided the inhibitor hydrate in flame extinguishing with microwave pretreatment to break down the matrix of the oxides and metal hydrated matters or passivity the carbonaceous matter before calcinations by heat absorption. The methods included hydrating, pressure hydration, metalized char lining, and flame inhibiting gaseous matter

*TGA weight decrease during experimental flame combustion by Şırnak shale, porous limestone and Şırnak*

*Advances in Forest Management under Global Change*

**Figure 23.**

*gypsum.*

**118**

sample mass. In contrast to conventional heating, in microwave systems, the heat is generated internally, and thus, the metalized product porous mass covered heat loss from the sample. There were porosity and density factor that controlled the flame inhibiting weight decrease by fire heating behavior. For samples with a relatively low mass, the high surface area to volume ratio restricted the flame power. The rate of temperature rises, and the maximum attainable temperature could be inhibited by slurry composts. As a result, the conductivity at soil peat values was relatively low, and the soil sample was effectively coupled with inhibition of the fire dish. On the other hand, for the same cross-sectional area of the clay pot, as the sample mass depth was increased, there was a reduction in the surface area to inhibition volume ratio, and this reduced the inhibition matter in fire loss from the bottom, leading to a higher flame and fire temperature. Additionally, as Pot dish depth mass decreased, there was more efficient inhibition on fuel material to reduce interaction with the fire field.

as chemical properties in the microwave process, and feasible production of sponge

*Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with…*

*hc* convective heat transfer coefficient [W/m<sup>2</sup> K]

]

]

]

]

composite iron stone was managed in this study.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92592*

heat of pyrolysis [J/kg]

*heat flux* [kW/m<sup>2</sup>

*t* time [s] *Y* mass fraction

*ε emissivity*

reaction rate per unit volume [kg/m<sup>3</sup> s] *ρ* density [kg/m<sup>3</sup>

0 initial *e* external *d* destruction

*g* gas

*s* solid

provided the original work is properly cited.

**Author details**

**121**

Yıldırım Ismail Tosun

*ig* at ignition

*r* in-depth radiation

*T* temperature [°C]

*A pre-exponential factor* [s<sup>1</sup>

*cp specific heat capacity* [J/kg K] *E activation energy* [kJ/mol]

*k* thermal conductivity [W/m K] *L* depth of the sample [mm]

*R universal gas constant* [J/mol K]

*z* depth into the sample [m]

*κ* radiative absorption coefficient [m<sup>1</sup>

*σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant* [J/K]

*i* condensed-phase species index

Engineering Faculty, Mining Engineering Department, Şırnak University, Turkey

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

\*Address all correspondence to: yıldırımismailtosun@gmail.com

**Abbreviations**

### **5. Conclusions**

The inhibitor granules and water granule slurries at lightweight matter resulted in successive heat absorption in the flame plasma, and the composite granules of gypsum in the bubble composite form were so effective. The shale hydrated was also effective with metalized carbon content and hydrate content.

The microwave radiation metallization of char showed heat absorption in the flame increasing process time and sample mass in the flame. Due to the heat decrease response of the composite gypsum to carbon, low slurry densities of 1.2 and 1.3 kg/lt were found to be suitable for inhibition flaming as higher densities resulted in bubbling and foaming of the metalized char/anhydrite. The waste metalized char/shale/anhydrite weight rates after radiation route in microwave were over 25%, and the bubbling route was continued in the flaming fire period of wood to those obtained by conventional heating. The main advantages of microwave melting were that both the total flaming heat rates conducted to metalized char gypsum surface equally disseminated pores, and the cooled bubbling over cooling rates was higher, and the specific energy area of solid matters in flame was lower than in fly ash composite granule.

Şırnak porous limestones containing 20% porosity and the high gypsum content discarded as sponge stone from aggregate stocks swept to waste products. Şırnak produces the porous gypsum stones by construction stone product about 50,000 tons per annum for swept to waste broken stone wall matter to dispose, Siirt and Şırnak porous limestone was not also evaluated. Those waste stone products both should mainly be evaluated as fire inhibitor material as sponge isolator stone. Those must be evaluated in terms of high valuable metal contents emitting heat conduction and radiation. In this study, samples were subjected to microwave melting of metalized anhydrite shale tailings, fly ash, and subsequently pelletized and subjected to microwave bubbling briquetting over stone surface blocking to clusters. Porous limestone sand, fine waste of porous limestone were wide advantageous in filer raw material sequence in the region containing disseminated distribution of low and high quality cementing limestones. The porous limestones over 50–70% were produced by filler construction or isolation stones processed at least 100,000 tons waste. Every year about a few million tons of limestones could be used as waste fire inhibitor or extinguishing material. The granule in a particle size of these wastes usually occurs below 10 mm in size, which may be advantageous for the evaluation of shock wave şolator composite stone production. The evaluation of those waste sources in sponge composite iron stone block production was prompted *Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92592*

as chemical properties in the microwave process, and feasible production of sponge composite iron stone was managed in this study.
