**Abstract**

*Camellia oleifera* Abel. is one of the four woody edible oil trees around the world, which is also an important economic species in subtropical China. It is mainly cultivated in subtropical region, where the soil constrains the yield of *C. oleifera* oil due to its low fertility and pH. Thereby, intensive management including fertilization practice, especially intensive nitrogen (N) input, has been developed as a vital way to enhance oil yield in *C. oleifera* plantations. However, excessive nitrogen input increases soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and soil acidification, limiting sustainable development of economic forests. As one of the important greenhouse gases, N2O is 265 times greater than carbon dioxide in global warming potential on 100-year scale. To mitigate soil N2O emissions and soil acidification, soil amelioration, including applications of biochar, nitrification inhibitors, and urease inhibitors, played an important role in sustainable management of *C. oleifera* plantations. This chapter reviewed soil nitrogen cycling, N2O emissions, and soil amelioration in *C. oleifera* plantations, which will benefit the sustainable management of *C. oleifera* plantations and hence the development of *C. oleifera* industries.

**Keywords:** *Camellia oleifera*, biochar, nitrification inhibitor, soil amelioration, sustainable forest management, urease inhibitor
