**3. Forest plant invasions**

The plant species in forest ecosystems can successfully grow when the introduced range is likely in their native habitat and can further expand and become invasive with unlimited soil resources, rising temperature, and soil microbial facilitation with a positive interaction to species [31, 32]. The success of plant invasion in forest ecosystems can be affected by many factors: rising temperature [30], landscape structure [40], and disturbance, especially harvest-induced disturbance which increased the abundance of invasive plant species [41–43]. The overstory harvest increases the microclimate temperature. Such factors and resources availability at the proper time can help the introduced species invade in forest ecosystems [44]. Such types of impact change in forest succession alter nutrients, carbon and water cycle, and the competition between native and invasive plant species is a much more threat to changes in ecosystem services. Plantation and regeneration forests are also at risk due to rapid plant invasions [45]. In order to impose an impact on ecological systems, invasive species not only required high-relative biomass, but they should also have characteristics that differ from those already present in the native species, which are necessary to drive ecosystem process [46]. The traits between invasive and native plants in forests can differ due to invasive species being assigned with higher resource utilization, fast-decaying leaf, more decomposition, high photosynthetic rate, relative growth rate, and higher specific leaf area [47–51]. Higher forest canopy cover can lessen the plant invasion, and it may limit the light source for invaded species when it is demanding for more light [52].
