**6. Forest plant invasions and soil N2O emissions**

Nitrous oxide is a major GHG which contributes to the depletion of ozone layer and is released from soils [90]. It has been widely linked to soil microbial activity [12]. Soil biota can be affected through litter and rhizosphere inputs of invasive plant species and may stimulate nutrient release via litter effect. Furthermore, invasive plants support more decomposers [22] and can modify soil enzyme activity [91], as well as fast-decaying litter from the invasive species [48], land-use legacy and many other factors alter soil microbial communities [23], further accelerate N cycling and increasing N2O emissions altering the atmosphere composition [24]. The emission of N2O to the atmosphere further facilitating global warming is expected to change the geographic ranges of some invasive species [26, 92], creating new opportunity for the establishment and development of introduced species, and can also affect the phenology of invasive species [93]. We define that more N concentration causes more N2O emission. Hall et al. [16] show that canopy N concentration has effects on N2O emission where the canopy concentration of invasive species was higher than that of native plants, especially in the summer season, and vary between forest types. By comparison remote estimates of canopy N in either season did not properly predict N2O emission in the dry forest ecosystems. However invasive *Morella faya* increased N2O emission in dry and wet forest ecosystem but the effects was most significant when the forest canopy dominated by Morella faya individual and with few other plant species in the overstory or understory. In addition, an increase in the soil pH and abundance of nosZ and nirK genes results in decreasing N2O emission [94].

## **7. Conclusion**

Plant invasion alters ecosystem service which results to huge economic loss and ecological loss worldwide. There are many factors behind the invasive plant success.

**49**

**Author details**

**Acknowledgements**

Jiangxi Province.

**Conflict of interest**

\*, Ling Zhang1

University, Nanchang, China

and Salman Ali Khan2

provided the original work is properly cited.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah2

1 Key Laboratory of Silviculture, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural

3 College of Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan

\*Address all correspondence to: dearbotanist@gmail.com

, Fang Haifu1

, Muhammad Ilyas3

,

Nasir Shad1

Abbas Ali2

*Plant Invasion and N2O Emission in Forest Ecosystems DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92239*

Some of these factors, such as climate change, underline the microbial mechanism of invasive species, micro-climate that created by invasive plant, more nutrients capturing by invasive plants and more N availability make more complexity which may not be experienced by native species. Previous literature of invasive plants demonstrated their impact complexity and changed the structure and function of ecosystem permanently. Thus, effective control of invasive species needs more attention nationally and internationally to lessen its further damage, leading to sustainable forest management. As well a better understanding of the mechanism, affecting

factors, impacts, and control of the invasive species will lead to proper forest

determine the role of the microbial community on plant invasion success.

The study was fanatically supported by Research Funding of Jiangxi Agricultural University (9232305172) and First-Class Discipline of Forestry of

management, which include invasive plant inventory, early deduction and response, management and its implication, education and awareness, and indeed government support. Forest managers must pay special attention to species and regional wildlife at risk due to plant invasions. Future studies on the underlying microbial mechanism of invasive plants under the context of global climate change are still necessary to

*Plant Invasion and N2O Emission in Forest Ecosystems DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92239*

Some of these factors, such as climate change, underline the microbial mechanism of invasive species, micro-climate that created by invasive plant, more nutrients capturing by invasive plants and more N availability make more complexity which may not be experienced by native species. Previous literature of invasive plants demonstrated their impact complexity and changed the structure and function of ecosystem permanently. Thus, effective control of invasive species needs more attention nationally and internationally to lessen its further damage, leading to sustainable forest management. As well a better understanding of the mechanism, affecting factors, impacts, and control of the invasive species will lead to proper forest management, which include invasive plant inventory, early deduction and response, management and its implication, education and awareness, and indeed government support. Forest managers must pay special attention to species and regional wildlife at risk due to plant invasions. Future studies on the underlying microbial mechanism of invasive plants under the context of global climate change are still necessary to determine the role of the microbial community on plant invasion success.
