**3.1 Host plant resistance**

Host plant resistance approach is the first line of defense in IPM. During domestication of crops many resistance traits have been lost [22, 23]. It involves the use of pest-resistant and pest-tolerant cultivars developed through traditional breeding/ genetic engineering [24–26]. The cultivars produced possess physical, morphological, or biochemical characters that reduce the plant's attractiveness for the pest to feed, develop, or reproduce successfully and thus reduce the yield losses. Moreover, it also involves withstanding the infestation/infection of pests to reduced level that they are not large numbers during the plant growth period [27].
