**3.2 Cultural control**

Adopting good agronomic practices that avoid/reduce pest infestations and damage is referred as cultural control. The various cultural practices have been grouped as below:

## *Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production*


**9**

*Integrated Pest Management: A Paradigm for Modern Age*

13. While pruning fruit trees, it is advised to remove crowded/dead/broken/diseased branches and destroy them and large pruning wounds should be covered with bordeaux paste/paint to protect the plants from pest/disease attack.

The behavior of a pest can be exploited and controlled through baits, traps, and mating disruption techniques [41–43]. Use of baits containing poisonous material will attract and kill the pests when distributed in the field or placed in traps. Pests are attracted to certain colors, lights, odors of attractants or pheromones. These devices one or more can be used to attract, trap, or kill pests. For instance, pheromone traps involves dispensing large amounts of sex pheromones in plantation area, thereby suppressing the male's abilities to find female conspecifics for mating [44]. Thus, pheromone lures confuse adult insects and disrupt their mating poten-

This approach refers to the use of a variety of physical/mechanical techniques for pest exclusion, its trapping, removal, or destruction [45–47]. These treatments use equipment, devices, barriers, or extreme temperatures to reduce pests. Mechanical/

tial, monitoring pest levels, mass trapping, and thus reduce their offspring.

1.Agricultural practices like tillage, slash and burn, and hand weeding.

3.Mechanical cultivation of soil to kill weeds or overwintering insects.

5.Setting up of traps for insects, rodents, mollusks, or other pests.

6.Pest exclusion with screens, plants collars, netting, handpicking, or

10. Modifying environmental conditions such as heat or humidity in greenhouses,

11. Installation of bird perches in the field for allowing birds to sit and feed on insect pests and their immature stages viz., eggs, larvae, and pupae.

12. Installation of visual or physical bird deterrents such as reflective material or

sonic devices or bird scarer in the field as per requirement.

4.Mowers and brushing equipment for plant control.

7.Freezers to control pests in stored products.

9.Noisemakers or other pest repelling devices.

steam sterilization, or solarization.

8.Flame, hot water, or infrared light for weed control.

2.Pruning of infested parts of fruits and forest trees and defoliation in certain

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92283*

**3.3 Behavioral control**

**3.4 Mechanical/physical control**

physical controls include:

crops.

vacuuming.

13. While pruning fruit trees, it is advised to remove crowded/dead/broken/diseased branches and destroy them and large pruning wounds should be covered with bordeaux paste/paint to protect the plants from pest/disease attack.
