**2.1 Influence of agroclimatic conditions on European corn borer**

High-temperature stress has a negative impact on plant growth, productivity, and metabolism, and plants are the most vulnerable in the reproductive phase [14]. Climatic stress has a significant impact on ECB oviposition and larvae mortality. The first and second larval stages are the most sensitive to stress, and mortality rates can reach up to 62% [15, 16]. Quantity of available water can be regulated by the irrigation system, but other climatic factors, such as air temperatures, cannot be manipulated in field crops. Excessive rainfalls and lower temperatures can delay ECB appearance from 10 and more days, and the intensity of attack is lower; consequently, the damage is also lowered [2]. We are already facing often deviations from average multiyear precipitation and air temperature; therefore, models to predict the occurrence of a new generation of ECB have been proposed [17].
