**3.6 Chemical control**

Chemical pesticides are the last resort when all other methods fail to keep the pest population below economic level. The four major problems encountered with chemical pesticides are pest resistance, toxic residues, secondary pests, and pest resurgence [10]. Chemical control includes synthetic chemicals as well as chemicals of microbial (avermectin and spinosad) or botanical origin (azadirachtin and pyrethrins). Pesticides that are generally highly toxic and are known to have toxic residual effects should not be recommended off hand. The use of natural pesticides and organophosphates being more environmentally friendly is encouraged and synthetic pesticides

**11**

**6. Conclusion**

*Integrated Pest Management: A Paradigm for Modern Age*

what to spray, when to spray, where to spray, and how to spray.

**5. Pros and cons of an integrated pest management program**

**4. Integrated pest management certification**

service meets a well-defined standard.

for the growing world population.

pests to synthetic pesticides.

pesticide use.

should only be used as a last resort or only used as required and only at specific times in a pest's life cycle. Chemical pesticides are categorized into different groups based on their mode of action [61] and rotating chemicals from different mode of action groups is essential to reduce the risk of resistance development [62]. Pests can also develop resistance to botanical and microbial pesticides if they are overused [63]. Thus, use of pesticides should be judicious, based on pest surveillance and economic threshold level. While going for chemical control, we must understand thoroughly

Pest control operators, farmers, grounds managers, crop consultants, wildlife management specialists, and others can have their products certified under a variety of programs that use IPM as a requirement. Certification means that a product/

The key benefits of integrated pest management to farming and society include:

management skills and the new concepts for pest management to protect our environment and make sure the uninterrupted safe and nutritious food supply

• IPM, besides sustaining biodiversity, slows the development of resistance of

• It improves profitability to farmer as pest management costs are reduced.

• It reduces risk of crop loss by a pest and long-term answers to pest problem.

• It protects environmental and human health by restricting broad spectrum

In spite of benefits of IPM stated so far, there are also some drawbacks to it:

• An IPM program requires a higher degree of planning and management.

In agriculture sector, increased pest resistance and ecological backlash can only be corrected by effective, safe, and sustainable pest management strategies. IPM can be expected to continue to be dominant theme in the future as it can

• IPM involves more technicalities and decision-making.

• It requires more resources as a substitute to pesticides.

• It is more time and energy consuming.

• IPM emphasizes understanding the agroecosystem, integration of new

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92283*

*Integrated Pest Management: A Paradigm for Modern Age DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92283*

*Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production*

Biological control/biocontrol involves the use of living organisms to manage cropdamaging pests. It is one of the oldest nonchemical control methods used in agriculture [48], and is probably the most well-researched part of the IPM concept. In biological control, arthropod pests are mainly controlled using biological control agent's viz. predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. Biological control agents may provide good control option under certain conditions (temperature, humidity, length of day) or on certain crops. Most biological control agents are highly perishable, so they need to be handled with care and must be released soon they are received. Its release must be planned for the right time and biology must be thoroughly understood as most species are effective on one or a few species of pests. Beneficial insects have been successfully used to control pests in greenhouses [49] and outdoor specialty crops such as strawberries [50]. Most of the intrinsic problems associated with biological control appear mainly in open areas with arthropod agents, which might emigrate from the plantation leaving the pest behind and attack each other (intraguild predation) rather than the target pest [51], or attack nontarget prey [52]. Biological control can be classified into three basic categories namely classical, conservation, and augmentation [53, 54]:

1.Classical biological control involves collection of natural enemies from their native region and releasing them in the new area where their host pest was introduced accidentally [55, 56]. Natural enemies such as predatory arthropods and parasitic wasps can cause significant reductions in pest populations at certain circumstances [57]. In microbial control, disease microorganisms are used to control pests/weeds. For instance, *Bacillus thuringiensis* (Bt), a soil bacterium that contains a chemical toxic to larval insect pests, acts by blocking

2.Conservation biological control is aimed at promoting the survival and activity of natural enemies at the expense of pest populations [48]. For instance, ecological strips can be deliberately created consisting of selected non-crop plants to provide food sources, overwintering shelters, and protection of local natural

3.Augmentative biological control is the periodic release of large numbers of mass reared natural enemies with the aim of supplementing natural enemy population/inundating pest population with natural enemies [54, 60]. The practice of augmentation is based on the knowledge or assumption that in some situations there are not adequate numbers or species of natural enemies to provide optimal biological control, but that the numbers can be increased (and control improved) by releases. This relies on an ability to mass-produce large numbers of the natural enemy in a laboratory or by commercial companies.

Chemical pesticides are the last resort when all other methods fail to keep the pest population below economic level. The four major problems encountered with chemical pesticides are pest resistance, toxic residues, secondary pests, and pest resurgence [10]. Chemical control includes synthetic chemicals as well as chemicals of microbial (avermectin and spinosad) or botanical origin (azadirachtin and pyrethrins). Pesticides that are generally highly toxic and are known to have toxic residual effects should not be recommended off hand. The use of natural pesticides and organophosphates being more environmentally friendly is encouraged and synthetic pesticides

the larvae from absorbing nutrients in their digestive systems.

enemies from pesticide disturbances [58, 59].

**3.5 Biological control**

**10**

**3.6 Chemical control**

should only be used as a last resort or only used as required and only at specific times in a pest's life cycle. Chemical pesticides are categorized into different groups based on their mode of action [61] and rotating chemicals from different mode of action groups is essential to reduce the risk of resistance development [62]. Pests can also develop resistance to botanical and microbial pesticides if they are overused [63]. Thus, use of pesticides should be judicious, based on pest surveillance and economic threshold level. While going for chemical control, we must understand thoroughly what to spray, when to spray, where to spray, and how to spray.
