**34. References**


Biology of Malaria Parasites 33

[32] Moore RB, Obornik M, Janouskovec J, *et al*. (February 2008). "A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites". *Nature* 451 (7181): 959-63. [33] Yotoko, KSC; C Elisei (2006-11). "Malaria parasites (Apicomplexa, Haematozoea) and their

[34] Perkins SL, Schall JJ (October 2002). "A molecular phylogeny of malarial parsites recovered from cytochrome b gene sequences" *J. parasitol.* 88 (5): 972-8 [35] Yotoko, K.S.C; C Elisei (2006). "Malaria parasites (*Apicomplexa, Haematozoea)* and their

[36] Seethamchai S, Putapornitip C, Malaivijitnond S, Cui L, Jonwutiwes S. (2008). "Malaria

[37] Leclerc M.C., Hugot J.P., Durand F. (2004). "Evolutionary relationships between 15

[38] Mitsui H, Arisue N, Sakihama N. *et al*. (January 2010). "Phylogeny of Asian primate

[39] Nishimoto Y, Arisue N, Kawai S, Escalante AA, Horii T, Tanabe K, Hashimoto T.

[40] Sawai H, Otani H, Arisue N, Palacpac N, de Oliveira Martins L, Pathirana S,

[41] Escalante AA Cornejo OE, Freeland DE, Poe AC, Durrego E, Collins We, Lal AA. (2005).

[42] Kishore SP, Perkins Sl, Templeton TJ, Deitsh KW. (June 2009). "An unusual recent

[43] Prugnolle F, Durand P, Neel C, Ollomo B, Ayala,FJ, Arnathau C, Etienne L, Mpoudi-

[44] Duval L, Fourment M, Nerrienet E, *et al* (June 2010). " African apes as reservoirs of

[45] Liu W, Li Y, Learn GH, Rudicell RS, Robertson JD, Keele, BF, Ndjango JB, Sanz CM,

[46] Rich SM, Leendertz FH, Xu G, *et al* (September 2009). "The origin of malignant

[47] Ricklefs RE, Outlaw DC, (2010). "A molecular clock for malaria parasites". *Science* 329

subgenus". *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* 107 (23): 10561-6.

malaria". *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A* 106 (35): 14902-7

rDNA cladistic analysis". *Parasitology* 129 (6): 677-684

in the genes *Plasmodium"*. *Mol Phylogenet Evol.* 47 (1): 45-53.

simian malaria parsites". *Evol Biol.* 10 (1): 52.

*Proc Natl Acad Sci USA* 102 (6): 1980-5.

*Mol. Evol.* 68 (6): 706—14.

gorillas". *Nature* 467 (7314).

107 (4): 1458-1463.

(5988): 226-229.

*Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research* 44 (4): 265-73

*Zoo. Syst. Evol. Res.* 44 (4): 265

*Hyg* 78 (4): 646-653.

relationship with their hosts: is there an evolutionary cost for the specialization?".

relationship with their hosts: is there an evolutionary cost for the specialization?".

and Hepatocystis species in wild macaques, southern Thailand". *Am J. Trop Med* 

*plasmodium* species from new and old world primates (including humans): an 18S

malaria parasites inferred from apicoplast genome-encoded genes with special emphasis on the positions of Plasmodium vivax and P. fragile". *Gene* 450 (1-2): 32-8.

(2008)."Evolution and phylogeny of the heterogeneous cytosolic SSU rRNA genes

Handunnetti S, Kawai S, Kishino H, *et al.* (2010). "Lineage-specific positive selection at the merozoite surface protein I (mspl) locus of *plasmodium vivax* and related

"Amonkey's tale: the origin of plasmodium vivax as a human malaria parasite".

expansion of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II in primate malaria parasites features a motif otherwise found only in mammalian polymerases". *J.* 

Ngole E, Nkoghe D *et al* (2010). "African great apes are natural hosts of multiple related malaria species, including *plasmodium falciparum". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA*

plasmodium falciparum and the origin and diversification of the Laverania

Morgan DB *et al* (2010). "Origin of the human malaria *plasmodium falciparum* in


[13] Robert V, Boudin C (2003). "Biology of man-mosquito *plasmodium* transmission". *Bull* 

[14] Kitchen SF, Putnam P (1942). "Observation on the mechanism of the parasite cycle in

[15] Smalley MEm Sinden RE (1977). Plasmodium falciparum *gametocytes: their longevity and* 

[16] Field JW, Shute PG (1956) A morphological study of the erythrocytic parsites. Kuala Lumpur: government Press. The microscopic diagnostic of human malaria; p. 142 [17] Al-Olayana EM, Williamsb GT, Hurd H (2002. "Apoptosis in the malaria protozoan,

[18] Hurd H, Grant KM, Arambage Sc (2206). "Apoptosis-like death as a feature of malaria

[19] Sologub L, Kuehn A, Kern S, Przyborski J, Schillig R, Pradel G (2011) Malaria proteases

[20] Hopwood JA, Ahmed AM, Polwart A Williams GT, Hurd H. (2001). "malaria-induced

[21] Greenwood, T.; *et al*. (2008). "Febrile *plasmodium falciparum* malaria four years after exposure in a man with sickle cell disease". *Clin Infect.* Dis. 47 (4): e39-e41. [22] Szmitko, P. E.; Kohn, M L.; Simor, A. E. (2008). "*Plasmodium falciparum* malaria

[23] Theunissen, C.; Mutabingwa, TK; Fried, M; Duffy, PE; Van-Esbroeck, M; Van-Gomple,

[24] Poilane I, Jeantils V, Carbillon L (October 2009). "[Pregnancy associated plasmodium

[25] Zenz W, Trop M, Kollaritsch H, Reinthaler (2000) Congenital malaria due to *plasmodium falciparum* and *plasmodium malariae.* Wien Klin Wochenschr. 112 (10): 459-461. [26] Romand S, Bouree P, Gelez J, Bader-Meunier B, Bisaro F, Dommergues Jp (1994)

[27] Witkowski B, Lelievre J, Barragan MJ, *et al*. (May 2010). "Increased tolerance to

[28] Thapar M.M., Gil J.P., Bjorkman A. (2005). *In vitro* recrudescence of *plasmodium* 

in combination with proguanil. *Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg* 99 (1): 62-70, [29] Landau I, Cahbaud AG Mora-Silvera E. *et al*. (December 1999). "Survival of rodent

[30] Gautret P. (2000). "The Landau and Chabaud's phenomenon". *Parasite* 7 (1): 57-58. [31] Moore RB, Obornik M, Janouskovec J, *et al*. (February 2008). "A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites". *Nature* 451 (7181): 959-963.

*plasmodium berhei:* a possible mechanism for limiting intensity of infection in the

mediate inside-out egress of gametocytes from red blood cell following parasite

apoptosis on mosquito ovaries: a mechanism to control vector egg production". *J.* 

occurring eight years after leaving an endemic area". *Diagn. Microbi Infect. Dis.* 61

A, Van-Denende, j. (2009). "Falciparum malaria in patient 9 years after leaving

falciparum malaria discovered fortuitously: report of two cases]" (in French).

Congenital malaria. A case observed in twins born to an asymptomatic mother

artemisinin in plasmodium falciparum is mediated by a quiescence mechanism".

*falciparum* parasite were suppressed to dormant state both by atovaquone alone and

malaria merozoite in the lymphatic network: potential role in chronicity of the

*Soc Pathol Exot.* 96 (1): 6-20.

*infectivity".* Parastology *74 (1): 1-8.* 

*Exp. Biol.* 204 (Pt 16): 2773-2780.

*Gynecol Obstet Fertil* 37 (10): 824-6.

*Antimcrob. Agents. Chemother.* 54 (5): 1872-7

infection." *Parasite (Paris, France)* 6 (4): 311-22.

Presse Med 23 (17): 797-800

(1): 105-107.

falciparum malaria". *Am JTrop Med.* 22: 381-386

mosquito". *Inter. J. parasitol* 32 (9): 1133-1143.

infection in mosquito". *Parasitology* 132 Suppl: S33-47.

transmission to the mosquito. Cell microbiol. 1462-5822.

malaria-endemic area". *Emerg Infect Dis.* 15 (1): 115-116


Biology of Malaria Parasites 35

[65] Adams JH, Sim BKL, Dolan SA, Fang XD, Kaslow DC, Miller LH (1992). A family of

[66] Tomley FM, Soldati DS (2001) Mix and match modules: structure and function of microneme proteins in apicomplexan parasites, trends Parasitol. 17, 81-88 [67] Braun-Breton C, Pereira da Silva LH (1993) Malaria proteases and red blood cell

[68] Sam-Yellowe TY (1996) Rhoptry organelles of the apicompexa: their role in host cell

[69] Han YS,Thompson J, Kafatos FC, Barillas-Mury C (2000) Molecular interactions

[70] Waller KL, Cooke BM, Nunomura W, Mohandas N, Coppel RL (1999) Mapping the

[72] Kappe SHI, Buscaglia CA Bergman LW, Coppens I, Nussenzweig V (2004)

[73] Iyer J, AC Gruner, L Renia, G Snounou and PR Preiser (2007) invasion of host cells by

[75] Deitsch KW, del Pinal A, Wellems TE (1996) membrane modifications in erythrocytes parasitized by *plasmodium falciprum.* Mol. Biochem Parasitol 76, 1-10 [76] Crabb BS, Cooke BM, Reeder JC, Waller RF, Caruana SR, Davern KM, Wickham ME,

[77] Waterkeyn JG, Wickham ME, Davern KM, Cooke BM Coppel RL, Reeder JC, Culvenor

[78] Sherman IW, Eda S, Winograd E (2003) Cytoadherence and sequestration in *Plasmodium falciparum:* defining the ties that bind, microbes and infection 5, 897-909 [79] Craig A, Schert A (2001) Molecules on the surface of the *Plasmodium falciparum* infected

[80] Deitsch KW, del Pinal A, Wellems TE (1999) intra-cluster recombination and var

[81] Bannister LH, Mitchell GH, Butcher GA Dennis ED, Cohen S (1986). Structure and

theory of ookinete invasion of mosquitoes. EMBO J 19, 6030-6040

invasion. parasitol Today 9, 92-96.

cells before infection. Science 291, 141-144

model. Trends in Parasitology 20,13-16.

infected red blood cells EMBO J 19, 2813-2823.

Biochem. Parasitol. 115, 129-143.

Biochem Parasitol 101, 107-116.

Cell Tissue Res 245, 281-290

563.

stress. Cell 98, 287-296.

invasion and intercellular survival. Today 12, 308-316

reythrocyte binding protein of malaria parasites. Proc Natl Acad USA 89, 7085-7089

between *Anopheles stephensi* midgut cells and *plasmodium berghei:* the time bomb

binding domains involved in the interaction between the *Plasmodium falciparum* konb-associated histidine-rich protein (KAHRP) and the crtoadherence ligand *P. falciparum* erythrocyte membrane protein-I (PfEMPI). J Biol Chem 274, 23808-23813 [71] Mota MM, Pradel G, Vanderberg GP, Hafalla JCR, Frevert U, Nussenzweig RS,

Nussenzweig V, Rofriguez A (2001) Migration of *Plasmodium* sporozites through

Apicomplexan gliding motility and host cell invasion: overhauling the motor

malaria parasite: a tale of two protein families. Molecular Microbiology 65:231-249. [74] Baum J, Gilberger TW, Frischknecht F, Meissner M (2008). Host-cell invasion by malaria

parasite: insights from *Plasmodium* and *Toxoplasma.* Trends in parasitology 24, 557-

Brown GV, Coppel RL, Cowman AF (1997) Targeted gene disruption shows that knobs enable malaria-infected red cells to cytoadhere under physiological shear

JG, Waller RF, Cowman AF (2000) Targeted mutagenesis of *Plasmodium falciparum* erythrocyte membrane protein 3 (PfEMP3) disrupts cytoadherence of malaria-

erythrocyte and their role in malaria pathogenesis and immune evasion. Mol.

transcription switches in the antigenic variation *plasmodium falciparum*. Mol

development of the surface coat of erythrocytic merozites of *plasmodium knowlesi.*


[48] Sutherland CJ, Tanomsing N, Nolder D, Oguike M, Jennison C, Pukrirrayakamee S,

[49] dos Santos LC, Curotto SM, de Moraes W, *et al.* (July 2009). "Detection of plasmodium

[50] Corradetti A,; Garnham P, C. C; Laird M. (1963). "New classification of the avian

[51] Martinesn ES, Waite JL, Schall JJ (April 2007). "Morphologically defined subgenera of

[52] Telford, S. (1998). "A contribution to the systematic of the reptilian malaria parasites,

[53] Gratzer WB, Dluzewski AR (1993) The red blood cell and malaria parasite invasion.

[54] Holder AA, Blackman MJ, Borre M, Burghaus PA, Chappel JA, Keen JK, Ling IT, Ogun

[55] Goel VK, Li X, Liu SC, Chishti AH, Oh SS (2003) Band 3 is a host receptor binding

[56] Sinnis P, Sim BKL (1997) Cell invasion by the vertebrate stages of *plasmodium*. Tr

[60] Carruthers VB, Sibley LD (1999) Mobilization of intracellular calcium stimulates microneme discharge in *Toxoplasma gondii.* Mol Microbilo 31, 421-428 [61] Culvenor JG, Day KP, Anders RF (1991) *P. falciparum* ring-infected erythrocyte surface

[62] Blackman MJ, FuJioka H, Stafford WE, Sajid M, Clough B, Fleck SL, Aikawa m<

[63] Barale JC, Blisnick T, Fujioka H, Alzari PM, Aikawa M, Braun,-Breton C, Langsley G

*plasmodium falciparum* merozites. J Biol Chem 273, 23398-23409

[57] Cooper JA (1993) Merozoite surface antgen-1 of *Plasmodium.* Parasitol Today 9, 50-54. [58] Mitchell GH, Thomas AW, Margos G, Dluzewski AR, Bannister LH (2004) Apical

plasmodium from avian hosts: test of monophyly by phylogenetic analysis of two

family *Plasmodium (Apicomplexa: Haemosporing". Bulletin of the Flroida State Museum* 

SA, Owen CA, Sinha KA (1994) Malaria parasite and erythrocyte invasion. biochem

merozite surface protein I during *Plasmodium falciparum* invasion of erythrocytes.

membrane antigen 1, a major malaria vaccine candidates, mediated the close attachment of invasive merzoites to host red blood cells. Infect. Immune. 72, 154-158. [59] Carruthers VB, Sibley LD (1997) Sequential protein secretion from three distinct

organelles of *Toxoplasma gondii* accompanies invasion of human fibroblasts. Eur. J

antigen is released from merozoite dense granules after erythrocyte invasion. Infect

Grainger M, Hackett F (1998) A subtilism-like protein in secretory organelles of

(1999) *Plasmodium falciparum* subtilism-like protease 2, a merozite candidate for the merozoite surface pertein 1-42 maturase Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96, 6445-6450. [64] Reed Mb, Caruana SR, Batchelor AH, Thompson JK, Carbb BS, Cowman AF (2000)

Targeted disruption of an erythrocyte binding antigen in *plasmodium falciparum* is associated with a switch toward a sialic acid-independent pathway if invasion. proc

Iplasmodium *ovale* occur globally". *J Infect Dis* 201 (10): 1544-50.

sp, in capybara". *Vet parsitol* 163 (1-2): 248-51.

*Biological Sciences* 34 (2): 65-96.

Proc Natl Acad Sci 100, 5164-5169.

Semin Hematol 30, 232-247

Soc Trans 22, 291-295.

Microbiol 5, 52-58.

Cell Biol 73, 114-123

immune 59, 1183-1187

Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 7509-7514.

malaria parasites". *Parassitologia* 5: 1-4 ISSN 0048-2951.

mitochondrial genes". *Parasitology* 234 (Pt4): 483-90

Dolecek C, Hien TT, do Rosario VE, Arez AP, Pinto J Michon P, Escalante AA, Nosten F, Burke M, Lee R, Blaze M, Otto TD, Barnwell JW, Pain A, Williams J, White NJ, Day NP, Snounou G, Lockhart PJ, Chiodini Pl, Imwong M, Polley SD, (2010). "Two non-recombining sympatric forms of the human malaria parsite


**Part 2** 

**Malaria Vector Research** 

