**19. Bird infecting species**

The remaining groupings are based on the morphology of the parasites. Revision to this system are likely to occur in the future as more species are subject to analysis of their DNA.

The four subgenera *Giovannolaia, Haemamoeba, Huffia* and *Novyella* were created by Corradetti *et al.* for the known avian malaria species. A fifth – *Bannettinia* – was created in 1997 by Valkiunas. The relationship between the subgenera are the matter of current investigation. Marinsen *et al.* 's recent (2006) paper outlines what is currently (2007) known. The subgenera *Haemamoeba, Huffia,* and *Bennettinia* appear to be monophyletic. *Novyella* appear to be well defined with occasional exceptions. The subgenus *Giovannolaia* need revision.[49,50]

*P. juxtanucleare* is currently (2007) the only known member of the subgenus *Bennettinia.*

*Nyssorhynchus* is an extinct subgenus of *Plasmodium.* It has one known member – *Plasmodium dominium*[51].
