**3. Conclusion**

In a recent publication, the results of an extensive qualitative proteomic analysis of *Anopheles gambiae* to better understand gene structures and their functions were presented [57]. In their manuscript, the authors reported validation of existing genes, correction of existing gene models, identification of novel genes, identification of novel splice variants, confirmation of splice sites and assignment of translational start sites based on highresolution mass spectrometry-derived data. A total of 2,682 peptides were identified that could not be mapped onto existing VectorBase annotations. This study emphasizes on the interest of proteomic tools to complement other approaches for genome annotation.

Dissecting the molecular basis of the interplay between vector and pathogen is essential for vector-borne disease transmission. Deciphering the proteome of the main mosquito barriers for parasite development and transmission may pave the way to novel disease control mechanisms.

Proteomics of *Anopheles gambiae* 53

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**4** 

*Italy* 

**Facing Malaria Parasite** 

Guido Favia et al.\*

**with Mosquito Symbionts** 

*School of Bioscience & Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC)* 

Microbial symbiosis is an ubiquitous aspect of insect life and plays a fundamental role in the adaptation of insects to the most diverse environments. A very large proportion of insects are supposed to carry bacterial symbionts (Chaves et al., 2009). The variety of the relationships between symbionts and insects are very wide as well as biological function exerted by the symbionts and their localisation within the host. In fact, some are located within host cells while some others are outside. The genetic modification of microbial symbionts has been identified as novel tools to fight insect pests and vectors of infectious diseases. In this frame, in the last years, the use of manipulated symbiont has attracted a lot of attention for the potential application in the control of mosquito-borne diseases, with

Malaria still represents a major health problem with particular impact in the developing countries. Even though several control tools are employed for malaria control, such as bed nets, Anti-malarial drugs, insecticides and other vector control measures, the disease continue to exert a dramatic health burden on the world human populations. Consequently, new effective tools for malaria control are expected. Human malaria is transmitted by some mosquito species belonging to the genus *Anopheles* and methods aimed to control the malaria infection by blocking the transmission from mosquito to humans are particularly attractive.

Recently, quite a lot of attention has been addressed to the so-called Malaria Symbiotic Control (Favia et al., 2008). In fact, more generally, symbiotic microorganisms offer some possibilities for insect pest management strategies and two approaches are particular attractive: The first one implies the disruption of microbial symbionts required by insect pests. The second approach is the manipulation of microorganisms with major impacts on insect traits contributing to their "pest status" for example their capacity to act as vector for diseases like malaria and others. In particular, the paratransgenic approach looks feasible for

Paratransgenesis is the genetic modification of insect symbionts to express anti-pathogen molecules within the vector to block pathogen transmission. In case of malaria infection,

\*Irene Ricci, Patrizia Scuppa, Claudia Damiani, Paolo Rossi, Aida Capone, Chenoa De Freece, Matteo

**1. Introduction** 

malaria control.

particular interest to malaria control.

Valzano, Alessia Cappelli, Michela Mosca and Ulisse Ulissi

