**Part 2**

**Malaria Vector Research** 

36 Malaria Parasites

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**3** 

V. Choumet *Institut Pasteur* 

*France* 

**Proteomics of** *Anopheles gambiae*

Mosquitoes are a family of around three and a half thousand species and belong to the order of Diptera. They are found throughout the world except in places permanently frozen. Three quarters of all mosquito species live in the humid tropics and subtropics, where the climate is warm and moist, well adapted to the development of all stages and allows adults survival. Mosquitoes are classified in three subfamilies (*Toxorhynchitinae*, *Anophelinae*, *Culicinae*). *Anopheles* mosquitoes are members of subfamily *Anophelinae*. Like all mosquitoes, its life cycle consists in four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Female mosquitoes lay 30- 150 eggs every 2-3 days in water. *Anopheles* favors as breeding places, quiet water, like permanent or temporary ponds, or quite cove of rivers. Each egg is protected by an eggshell. Mosquitoes can develop from egg to adult in as little as 5 days but usually take 10–14 days in tropical conditions. *Anopheles* can be distinguished from other mosquitoes by their palps, which are as long as the proboscis. Most *Anopheles* mosquitoes are not exclusively anthropophilic or zoophilic. *Anopheles* mosquitoes are more frequent in tropical and subtropical countries but are also found in temperate climates. They are not found at

*Anopheles* mosquitoes are vectors of several pathogens. They can transmit O'nyong-nyong virus as well as parasitic nematodes that cause lymphatic filariasis. Of the approximately 460 known species of *Anopheles*, less than 100 can transmit human malaria in nature. The primary malaria vectors in Africa, *A. gambiae* and *A. funestus*, are strongly anthropophilic

Malaria is a parasitic disease that affects 200 million people worldwide and causes 1.5 to 2.7 million deaths per year. Of the 300–500 million clinical cases annually, nearly 90% are in the sub-Saharan countries of Africa where the malaria parasite, *Plasmodium falciparum*, is primarily transmitted by the mosquito *Anopheles gambiae*. The increasing resistance of the parasite to inexpensive drugs and the resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides have created an urgent need for innovative methods that block parasite transmission during its development within the insect. Strategies for the development of malaria vaccine candidates target the stages found within humans e.g. the asexual erythrocytic stages. However vaccine candidates have also been developed against both the sexual stages of malaria in the mosquito (reviewed in [1] and against the mosquito vector itself (reviewed in [2]). The

and, consequently, are two of the most efficient malaria vectors in the world.

**1. Introduction** 

altitudes above 2000-2500 m.

**1.1 Pathogens transmitted by** *Anopheles* **mosquitoes** 
