**13. Drug induced**

16 Malaria Parasites

The escape of the gametocytes from the erythrocytes has been until recently obscure. The parasitophorous vacuole membrane ruptures at multiple sites within less than a minute following ingestion. This process may be inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitors. After this rupture of the vacuole the subpellicular membrane begins to disintegrate. This process also can be inhibited by aspartic and the cysteine/ serine protease inhibitors. Approximately 15 minutes post-activation. The erythrocytes membrane rupture at a single breaking point a

Infection of the mosquito has noticeable effects on the host. The presence of the parasite

The pattern alternation of sexual and asexual reproduction which may seem confusing at first is a very common pattern in parasite species. The evolutionary advantages of this type

Under favorable conditions asexual reproduction is superior to sexual as the parent is well adapted to its environment and its descendents share these genes. Transferring to a new host or in times of stress, sexual reproduction is generally superior as this produces a shuffling of genes which on average at a population level will produce individuals better

Given that this parasite spends part of its life cycle in two different hosts it must use a proportion of its available resources within each host. The proportion utilized is currently unknown. Empirical estimates of this parameter are desirable for modeling of its life

A report of *P. falciparum* malaria in a patient with sickle cell anemia four years after exposure to the parasite has been published . A second report that *P. falciparum* malaria had become symptomatic eight years after leaving an endemic area has also been published.[21] A third case of an apparent recurrence nine years after leaving an endemic area of *P.*  falciparum malaria has now been reported. A fourth case of recurrence in a patient with lung cancer has been reported. Two cases in pregnant woman both from Africa but who had

A case of congenital malaria due to both *P. falciparum* and *P. malariae* has been reported in a child born to a woman from Ghana, a malaria endemic area, despite the mother having emigrated to Austria eighteen months before and never having returned. A second case of congenital malaria in twins due to *P. falciparum* has been reported. The mother had left Togo 14 months before the diagnosis, had not returned in the interim and was never diagnosed

It seems that at least occasionally *P. falciparum* has a dormant stage. If this is in fact the case, eradication or control of this organism may be more difficult than previously believed.[25,26]

third process that can be interrupted by protease inhibitors.

induces apoptosis of the egg follicles.

adapted to the new environment.

*Plasmodium falciparum malaria*

of life cycle were recognized by Gregor Mendel.

not lived there for over a year have been reported.

with malaria during pregnancy.[24,25]

**12. Discussion** 

cycle.

**Dormant Form** 

Developmental arrest was induced by *in vitro* culture of *P. falciparum* in the presence of sub lethal concentration of artemisinin. The drug induced a subpopulation of ring stage into developmental arrest. At the molecular level this is associated with over- expression of heat shock and erythrocyte binding surface protein with the reduced expression of a cell-cycle regular and a DNA biosynthesis protein.

The schizont stage-infected erythrocyte in an experimental culture of *P. falciparum*, F32 was suppressed to a low level with the use of atovaquone. The parasite resumed growth several days after the drug was removed from the culture.[28]
