*Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding*

the pepper plant [13], but on the mosaic eggplant and dwarfism, it is clear, and necrosis rings sometimes appear on the leaves, general distortion and layout [14].

*2.1.4 Host range*

Sowthistle.

by 23.5%.

**Figure 3.**

**149**

vegetables in addition to cucumbers [31].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96587*

*2.1.5 Transportation methods*

It has been indicated by many researchers that the CMVhas a wide range of hosts. Also, Price [29] recorded the presence of 119 plant species of the virus, which belong to 40 families, and Nelson and Tuttle [30] mentioned that there are numbers of plants that exist. In Yama, Barisona, it belongs to many different families and is one of the important families of the virus, which are Pig weed, Wid beet, Nettlelleaf goosefoot, Lambis quarater, Saf flower, Winter synash, Periwinkle, Grownd cherry,

*The Activity of New Bio-Agent to Control* Cucumovirus Cucumber Mosaic Virus *(CMV)*

CMV virus has the characteristic of spreading in all parts of the world because it has a wide host range and it works on infecting many types of ornamental trees and

Insects are one of the most important means by which plant viral diseases spread

This virus is transmitted by the seeds of the wild cucumbers that are adjacent to the cucumber fields, as well as the mulberry seed which is at a ratio of about (10– 40%) in addition to that it is transmitted by the seeds of many jungles of annuals and is a small percentage. Transmission is accomplished by mechanical means, by means of contamination by hands, as well as easily by agricultural tools [34]. Franchi et al. [35] indicated that this virus is seed-transmitted, It can occur in 19 plant species, including some jungle plants. Mathews [26] has shown that this virus

El-Sayed et al. [33] assert that CMV is not transmitted by the seeds of cultivated cucumbers, but that infection by viral infection leads to a reduction in seed weight

The CMV is one of the most important and widespread viruses, as it spreads in all regions of the world, and has a wide range of families, the most important of

has the ability to survive in soil for a period of at least 12 years.

*2.1.6 The importance and spread of CMV*

*Transmitted CMV by aphis. (A)* Myzus persicae, *(B)* Aphis fabeae.

in nature, and aphids have the main role among the insects that are capable of transmitting and spreading viruses, Maramorosch et al. [32] confirmed that the CMVis transmitted in an unsustainable manner by more than (60) types of aphids and that the transmission capacity varies according to the type of aphids, type of the host plant, and it is noted that the virus strain is more transmissible than other strains, and they also indicated The virus transmitted in this way will be completely lost within only two hours. El-Sayed et al. [33] found that it is easily transmitted CMV from the green peach *M. persicae* (**Figure** 3**A**) and *A. fabeae* (**FIgure** 3**B**).

The virus generally causes clear symptoms of mosaic on the leaves and many fruit trees and other plants, in addition to general stunting of banana trees, ornamental plants, and gladiolus, where it produces symptoms similar to flower breakage. The virus has been diagnosed in Iraq and there are 4 strains that depend on the basis of serological and biotic properties as well as the migration of the protein coat. Another study showed that most strains of Group 1, A1 and B1 do not cause symptoms on the tobacco plant, but they infect species of Vigna spp. Systemically and some of them give localized stains on tobacco with a yellow color, while the strains of Group 11 have local and systemic stains on tobacco and are Very severe to mild leaf distortions follow depending on strain and environmental conditions [15].

### *2.1.2 Cucumber mosaic virus classification*

CMV (CMV) is related to the genus Cucumovirus, group Cucumoviruses, family Bromoviridae and genus Cucumovirus [16–20].

#### *2.1.3 The size and gravity of the virus*

The virus particle is spherical, ie, Isohedral, with a diameter of 28–30 nm [21]. It refers to the group of viruses of similar dimensions, Isometeric Viruses.

The genome consists of three segments of the filamentous DNA that are singlestranded and the total number of nucleotides entering its composition reaches 8621 nucleotides [20]. The largest piece is (RNA-1) which has a molecular weight of 1.3x106 Dalton and consists of 3389 nucleotides, the second piece (RNA-2) has a molecular weight of 1.1x1060 Dalton and consists of 3035 nucleotides and the third piece (RNA-3) is smaller with a molecular weight of 0.8x106 Dalton It is composed of 2197 nucleotides [22].

Sill et al. [23] found that CMV particles were spherical in shape and 35 nm in diameter. Also Scott [24]; Smith [25] and Matheuos [26] have noted that they are spherical particles with a diameter of 28–30 nm.

Indicated that isometric particles that are polyhedral spherical (**Figure** 2) and have a diameter of about 30 nm [27, 28].

**FIgure 2.** *CMV shape under electron microscope.*

*The Activity of New Bio-Agent to Control* Cucumovirus Cucumber Mosaic Virus *(CMV) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96587*

#### *2.1.4 Host range*

It has been indicated by many researchers that the CMVhas a wide range of hosts. Also, Price [29] recorded the presence of 119 plant species of the virus, which belong to 40 families, and Nelson and Tuttle [30] mentioned that there are numbers of plants that exist. In Yama, Barisona, it belongs to many different families and is one of the important families of the virus, which are Pig weed, Wid beet, Nettlelleaf goosefoot, Lambis quarater, Saf flower, Winter synash, Periwinkle, Grownd cherry, Sowthistle.

CMV virus has the characteristic of spreading in all parts of the world because it has a wide host range and it works on infecting many types of ornamental trees and vegetables in addition to cucumbers [31].

#### *2.1.5 Transportation methods*

Insects are one of the most important means by which plant viral diseases spread in nature, and aphids have the main role among the insects that are capable of transmitting and spreading viruses, Maramorosch et al. [32] confirmed that the CMVis transmitted in an unsustainable manner by more than (60) types of aphids and that the transmission capacity varies according to the type of aphids, type of the host plant, and it is noted that the virus strain is more transmissible than other strains, and they also indicated The virus transmitted in this way will be completely lost within only two hours. El-Sayed et al. [33] found that it is easily transmitted CMV from the green peach *M. persicae* (**Figure** 3**A**) and *A. fabeae* (**FIgure** 3**B**).

This virus is transmitted by the seeds of the wild cucumbers that are adjacent to the cucumber fields, as well as the mulberry seed which is at a ratio of about (10– 40%) in addition to that it is transmitted by the seeds of many jungles of annuals and is a small percentage. Transmission is accomplished by mechanical means, by means of contamination by hands, as well as easily by agricultural tools [34]. Franchi et al. [35] indicated that this virus is seed-transmitted, It can occur in 19 plant species, including some jungle plants. Mathews [26] has shown that this virus has the ability to survive in soil for a period of at least 12 years.

El-Sayed et al. [33] assert that CMV is not transmitted by the seeds of cultivated cucumbers, but that infection by viral infection leads to a reduction in seed weight by 23.5%.

#### *2.1.6 The importance and spread of CMV*

The CMV is one of the most important and widespread viruses, as it spreads in all regions of the world, and has a wide range of families, the most important of

**Figure 3.** *Transmitted CMV by aphis. (A)* Myzus persicae, *(B)* Aphis fabeae.

which are lettuce, celery, carrots, parsley, beets, walnuts, beets, spang, and many types of bush and ornamental plants [36]. It has been indicated that the CMV infects more than 1287 plant families, which belong to 518 plant genera and 100 species, CMV virus causes many economic losses to many crops [18, 37] and my understanding 2006).

**2.3 The role of resistance with bio-agents and plant extracts in limiting the**

*The Activity of New Bio-Agent to Control* Cucumovirus Cucumber Mosaic Virus *(CMV)*

*2.3.1 Stimulating the systemic resistance of plants against plant pathogens by bio-agents*

The plant can resist a "pathogen" or several pathogens through structural or biochemical defenses that help the plant to inhibit the pathogen. The plant defense mechanisms are a result of the activity of the gense resistance genes responsible for

Many different biological factors have been used in the resistance of pathogens,

Induced resistance is the resistance that is based on the structural and chemical

Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR), unlike Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR),

phytotoxins, as well as the grouping of two lignins so that they lead to strengthening the walls of the cells and difficult to penetrate by the pathogen or because it leads to the death and destruction of plant cells and their dehydration, which is called the hypersensitivity reaction (HR), GM plants in which the CP protein coat accumulates from the tobacco mosaic virus TMV are resistant to infection with TMV. Resistance by the CP gene has been demonstrated against CMVCMV, clover mosaic virus AMV, potato virus PVX, tobacco streak virus, and other

Many theories have been developed to explain the stimulation of plant growth and resistance by these factors, and the most common is the secretion of antibiotics and the production of compounds that compete with chemical elements needed by the pathogen in its development, as well as stimulating resistance genes with these materials and editing the work of the operator genes by disengaging them from the repressor protein molecule. It is reflected in the manufacture of anti-virus materials that may be proteins, including enzymes linked to the virus and that prevent the

It was found that *Pseudomonas fluorescens* and *Rhizobacteria leguminosarum* induced systemic resistance in plants against BYMV [53] tested the possibility of

ammonialase (pal) as they have an important role in the manufacture of phenols, phytotoxins and other defense enzymes that include pathogen-related proteins (pr), for example b1,3\_glucanases (pr2 family), chitinase and the lipase enzyme (pr3 family), which causes the decomposition of the fungal cell walls and thus the complete analysis of the cell when a fungal infection occurs that works to dissolve the lipoprotein envelope of the virus if the infection is an

Defensive gene products that include peroxidase enzyme (po) and polyphenol oxidase (ppo), which are concerned with the combination of lignin and phenaline

stimulating pepper plant resistance against PMMOV.

especially viral pathogens [48]. The first knowledge of induced resistance was recorded in 1933 by Chester, and the first to use this term was Ross in 1961 who inoculated the lower leaf of tobacco plants sensitive to (TMV) Tobacco Mosaic Virus and this induced resistance in the upper leaves against TMV [49].

defenses that are induced after inoculation with an unsatisfactory or pathogen incompatible with the plant host, so this type of resistance develops systemically as a response to the presence and settlement of PGPR bacteria. This resistance shows

is not related to the expression genes of the pathogen-related proteins of the acquired resistance. The induced resistance is either local or systemic and the meaning of resistance. Localization is the resistance that occurs by entering the pathogen into the tissues of the plant and thus results in the production of

**harm of viral diseases**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96587*

specialization in stimulating resistance.

plant defenses [47].

viruses [50].

release of DNA [51, 52].

enveloped virus [54].

**151**

It was recorded in America by Price [38]. In neighboring countries, it is considered one of the most important viruses that infect vegetable crops as well as ornamental plants, namely Jordan, Iran, Syria and Turkey [39].

#### **2.2 Diagnosing CMV**

Diagnostic methods have been used in a variety of ways to detect CMV virus by using a group of detector plants, which in turn give clear systemic symptoms, the most important of which are tomato *Lycopersicon esculentum*, watermelon *L. cucumis* melon, *Citrulli lanthatus* L. and cucumber L. Cucumber *sativus* and L. *Cucurbita pepo*, as well as there are plants that form symptoms in the form of local spots on arugula, barley and cowpea plants. This method has been adopted to diagnose the virus by many researchers.

There are many other methods through which the diagnosis is made by using anti-serum with many serological techniques that have been used to detect infected samples, the glass slide clumping method, double diffusion of clots, and ELISA tests were used [40].

Hu et al. [41] used the RT-PCR test, the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, as well as the dot-blot assay to be detected, and the Tissue-Blot Immunoassay (TBIA) technology was also used [42].

It was also detected by cytofluorimetric fluorescence [43].

Immunostrip tests were used in the diagnosis of viruses and were successful, including CMV virus [44]. Use of protein electrophoresis on an acrylamide gel to detect the virus [45].

#### *2.2.1 Polymerase chain reaction PCR technology*

RT-PCR method is considered one of the most important rapid techniques and is effective and decisive in order to diagnose and determine the type of strain and know the difference between viruses that are similar and are used in disease control as well as control breading and mitigate the epidemic with all plant viruses [46]. A fast and sensitive method, which is inferred by detecting viruses in comparison to other tests.

This technique can be used to detect very low concentrations of viruses in plant tissue, and because of their accuracy as well as their sensitivity, it has been used to detect viruses and thus to identify strains successfully.

These specifications have led to applications in medicine, forensic analysis, agriculture, and mutation analysis in eukaryotic organisms. PCR technology depends on the replication of pieces of DNA by a type of DNA polymerase that is heat resistant outside the body of the in vitro to millions of copies by the presence of the primer. It is linked according to the sequence that completes it on the DNA Template with the presence of a sufficient amount of dNTPS, and the cloning and elongation reactions remain in a sequential manner, depending on the temperature change. As for the RNA, the previous steps of replication are tracked, which is converting it into cDNA by the method called RT-PCR. Same steps for replication and elongation of DNA.
