*4.2.1 The effect of the treatments used on the percentage of infestation to plants*

The reason for the superior treatment of spirulina, P.F, and licorice (**Table 3**) may be attributed to the fact that spirulina algae produces biological compounds that have a toxic and anti-biotic effect for a group of microorganisms, including viruses.

Also, the low rate of infection of cucumber plants with CMV virus is due to the role of P.F. as a catalyst for systemic resistance against viruses by treating the seeds with the bacteria before planting. The reason for this may also be due to the fact that these bacteria induce resistance in plants against the CMV virus, and it led to a decrease in the rate of infection with the virus.


#### **Table 3.**

*The effect of the treatments used in the incidence of CMV infection % on three varieties of cucumber.\**

#### *The Activity of New Bio-Agent to Control* Cucumovirus Cucumber Mosaic Virus *(CMV) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96587*

The explanation of the superiority of the triple treatment between *S. platensis*, licorice and p.f bacteria may be attributed to its containment of most of the compounds needed by the plant to improve growth and also increase the efficiency of the photosynthesis process, and this is reflected in the inhibition of viral infection.

Or perhaps the reason for this is that *S. platensis* has inhibitory activity, which is clearly because it contains polysaccharides, cyclic peptides and alkaloids.

Al-Fahad [57], citing Jeanneus and Tetau [104], also mentioned that licorice extract contains Glycyrrhizic acid, which has medicinal efficacy and has affected the inhibition of the virus by forming hydrogen bonds linked to the virus protein or DNA or both, and this led to the limit of its effectiveness. Studies have indicated the possibility of stimulating plants to produce virus-inhibiting compounds as mentioned by Maurhafer et al. [105]. Or perhaps the reason for this is due to the fact that the amino acid Thereonin present in licorice extract led to an increase in the inhibition of the virus and reduced the rate of infection, as shown in **Table 3** and also the active substance that was disclosed in **Table 4** and **Figure 9**.

#### *4.2.2 The effect of treatments on the severity of infestation to plants*

The reason may be that the compound glycirizine with its acid present in licorice, which has an activity similar to that of steroid hormones, i.e. it is a form of plant hormones and leads to an increase in the formation of proteins, as shown by Tyler [89]. Also, Al-Janabi [93] concluded that licorice, which showed a very high efficacy in inhibiting TYLCV, reached 100% and protected tobacco plants against infection with TMV virus for 30 days.

This may be due to the fact that licorice extract contains terpenes, phenolics and starch, as well as resins, and flavonoids are due to phenolic compounds that resist many microbes.

The superiority of the interaction treatment between *S. platensis* and PF bacteria can be explained by the fact that the algae possesses materials rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals in addition to fatty acids, polyphenols and sugars and contains pigments such as carotenoids and chlorophyll that stimulate the growth and resistance of plants to pathogens and this is consistent with what he referred to. Abbasssy et al. [106] and Usharani et al. [107]. Also, the results of this study were consistent with the findings of Kim [55] that PF bacteria induce systemic resistance (ISR) of plants against diseases, as the study agrees with what Murphy and others [108] and Ryu and others [109] and EL-Dougdoug et al. [110] have indicated, with different mechanisms, including that the PF bacteria that are isolated from the roots are of great importance as growth stimuli and are considered as biological control agents for plant pathogens. These bacteria were used to induce resistance to plants against viruses or the secretion of multiple enzymes that help in analyzing the


**Table 4.** *The effective compounds of medicinal plant extracts.* protein coat of the virus and also help produce Phytoluxins, which in turn are defensive compounds within plants [111].

#### *4.2.3 The effect of used treatments on ratio of chlorophyll \ Spad, Leaf area/cm<sup>2</sup> , plant length/cm and Yield amount/g, of three varieties of cucumber infected with CMV virus*

increase in chlorophyll because the plant assimilates it and uses it in protein syntheses and helps to increase the concentration of chlorophyll and achieve the highest level of photosynthesis and thus increase the vegetative growth and the amino acids are chelating substances that increase or improve the transport of nutrients [117] as shown in **Figure 9** as well as the active substance Apigenen, which was detected with licorice extract, has the greatest effect in increasing

*The Activity of New Bio-Agent to Control* Cucumovirus Cucumber Mosaic Virus *(CMV)*

Perhaps the reason for the superior treatment of algae, bacteria and licorice is due to the fact that *S. platensis* contains phosphorous, which contributes to an increase in the vegetative system as well as the leaf area and is reflected in the plant's ability to absorb nutrients and this is positively due to the increase in the

The licorice extract is rapidly penetrating inside the leaf tissue cells, thus causing

As noted by Verdial and others [120], In the event that the freesia plant was sprayed with licorice extract, this increased the height of the plant, in addition to

According to the results of the analysis mentioned in **Figure 9** that the components of licorice root extracts contain amino acids and high concentrations, such as Thereonin, which leads to its great importance in resistance to cultivated plants, as well as the active substance Apigenen, which was detected with licorice extract, which may have the greatest effect in increasing Dry weight. Amino acids are used in the process of regulation and balance in the root zone when the plant is exposed to a deficit in water or high salts in the root zone and glycine acid is the one that works to maintain the osmotic balance between the cytoplasm and the gap

CMV virus affects the amount of yield by reducing the percentage of flowering of plants, causing distortions to flowers and leaves and reducing the proportion of

The explanation for the superiority of *S. platensis*, *P. fluorescens* and licorice extract is due to the possibility of a joint effect by stimulating plant growth and resisting the negative effect of virus infection, and may be due to the compounds that each contains separately and their effects, and that the algae work to increase vegetative growth as a result of their containment. On growth regulators and stimulating resistance, which leads to a higher percentage of nutrient absorption and an increase in leaf area, which in turn is reflected in the increase in plant weight, and

*4.2.4 Effect of compounds extracted from medicinal plants on virus inhibition and plant*

The results (**Figures 8**–**10**) obtained from the analysis of amino acids and the active compounds of Albizia leaf extracts, licorice and sespan showed the presence of acids: Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid Serine, Histiden, Therionine, Argnine, Tyrosine, Cystine in Albizia plant, as well as: Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid Serine, Therionine,

an effect on plant sensitivity or by influencing the virus replication process. The reason for the plant height may be attributed to the algae *S. platensis* containing the nutrients that are sufficient for the seedlings to grow in the first stage in a strong way and thus bear the infection, because it contains many growthpromoting substances such as amino acids, organic acids, oxins, vitamins and cytokines, which have the most important role in the growth process and activating enzymes. It stimulates plant growth and also stimulates cell division and achieves the process of escaping from disease, and this is consistent with what was men-

products of photosynthesis for the manufacture of foodstuffs.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96587*

tioned by Abdel-Hafez [118] and Kazem and Hadi [119].

chlorophyll, which results in reducing the size of fruits**.**

this is consistent with what Crouch et al. [122].

*growth parameters*

**165**

chlorophyll.

the number of flowers.

Subbarao et al. [121].

The reason for the superiority of the treatment of spirulina, PF bacteria and licorice root extract may be attributed to the fact that the treatment with bacteria has a great role in stimulating the systemic resistance of plants and thus reduces the rates of effect of the virus on the amount of chlorophyll. The varieties, and also the tolerance to infection with the virus, may explain this effect that the bacteria PF leads to an improvement and increase the stimulation of growth, which is reflected in the increase in the amount of chlorophyll positively by increasing the chlorophyll.

Or, perhaps the reason for this is that it has the ability to form proteins that inhibit the replication of the virus by stimulating resistance genes in the plant that are associated with the virus and prevent the release of DNA, and thus the replication of the virus fails and is positively reflected in the amount of chlorophyll.

Several studies have shown that *S. platensis* contains growth regulators, the most important of which are cytokines that contribute to increasing chlorophyll synthesis, as well as compensating for the imbalance of nitrogenous bases as a result of infection with the virus. It was referred to by Mao and other [112].

The reason for the superiority of the variety *S. platensis* can be attributed to its possession of genes that carry resistance to the effects of the virus from breaking down chloroplasts, and is consistent with what was mentioned by Al-Fahad [57].

The difference in the chlorophyll percentage may be due to the genetic factor of the genes for resistance, because whenever they excel, they increase the percentage of resistance and thus reduce infection or reduce the (Virions) necessary for the formation of infection and lead to an increase in the chlorophyll percentage of the plant, and this is in line with what was mentioned by M. Others (2011).

This may be due to the fact that PGPR bacteria prevent the harmful effects of many different pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, nematodes, viruses, and produce materials that inhibit the growth of pathogens and have no harm to plants by providing the iron element that is necessary for the growth of these pathogens by Sidrophores and production Antibiotics [113].

Also, treating the seeds with soaking during planting increases the continuity of growth despite their injury, which makes the plant tolerant of the primary infection, and this is consistent with what Hassan and Jumaa [114] found that the significant increase in the amount of chlorophyll is caused by the soaking and spraying of growth stimuli.

Al-Ani [115] also indicated that licorice roots are used in the form of vegetable fertilizer because they contain nitrogen, so this may have been directly reflected in the increase in the amount of total chlorophyll, as nitrogen is of great importance in plants and this importance is through its entry into the building of many compounds necessary for growth And the continued growth of the plant, and introduces the building of photosynthesis pigments and the formation of energy compounds (NADH2, NADPH2, ATP) and bermidine and purine bases for nucleic acids and the formation of cell membranes, chloroplasts and mitochondria [116] (**Figure 9**).

Since it focuses on nucleic acids, it may contribute to compensating the plant for what was damaged by the presence of the virus and used the DNA for its benefit, and the reason may be that the amino acid Thereonin present in licorice extract led to an increase in the inhibition of the virus, unlike other compounds that were discovered and were in lower proportions From thereonin, this was reflected in the *The Activity of New Bio-Agent to Control* Cucumovirus Cucumber Mosaic Virus *(CMV) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96587*

increase in chlorophyll because the plant assimilates it and uses it in protein syntheses and helps to increase the concentration of chlorophyll and achieve the highest level of photosynthesis and thus increase the vegetative growth and the amino acids are chelating substances that increase or improve the transport of nutrients [117] as shown in **Figure 9** as well as the active substance Apigenen, which was detected with licorice extract, has the greatest effect in increasing chlorophyll.

Perhaps the reason for the superior treatment of algae, bacteria and licorice is due to the fact that *S. platensis* contains phosphorous, which contributes to an increase in the vegetative system as well as the leaf area and is reflected in the plant's ability to absorb nutrients and this is positively due to the increase in the products of photosynthesis for the manufacture of foodstuffs.

The licorice extract is rapidly penetrating inside the leaf tissue cells, thus causing an effect on plant sensitivity or by influencing the virus replication process.

The reason for the plant height may be attributed to the algae *S. platensis* containing the nutrients that are sufficient for the seedlings to grow in the first stage in a strong way and thus bear the infection, because it contains many growthpromoting substances such as amino acids, organic acids, oxins, vitamins and cytokines, which have the most important role in the growth process and activating enzymes. It stimulates plant growth and also stimulates cell division and achieves the process of escaping from disease, and this is consistent with what was mentioned by Abdel-Hafez [118] and Kazem and Hadi [119].

As noted by Verdial and others [120], In the event that the freesia plant was sprayed with licorice extract, this increased the height of the plant, in addition to the number of flowers.

According to the results of the analysis mentioned in **Figure 9** that the components of licorice root extracts contain amino acids and high concentrations, such as Thereonin, which leads to its great importance in resistance to cultivated plants, as well as the active substance Apigenen, which was detected with licorice extract, which may have the greatest effect in increasing Dry weight. Amino acids are used in the process of regulation and balance in the root zone when the plant is exposed to a deficit in water or high salts in the root zone and glycine acid is the one that works to maintain the osmotic balance between the cytoplasm and the gap Subbarao et al. [121].

CMV virus affects the amount of yield by reducing the percentage of flowering of plants, causing distortions to flowers and leaves and reducing the proportion of chlorophyll, which results in reducing the size of fruits**.**

The explanation for the superiority of *S. platensis*, *P. fluorescens* and licorice extract is due to the possibility of a joint effect by stimulating plant growth and resisting the negative effect of virus infection, and may be due to the compounds that each contains separately and their effects, and that the algae work to increase vegetative growth as a result of their containment. On growth regulators and stimulating resistance, which leads to a higher percentage of nutrient absorption and an increase in leaf area, which in turn is reflected in the increase in plant weight, and this is consistent with what Crouch et al. [122].

#### *4.2.4 Effect of compounds extracted from medicinal plants on virus inhibition and plant growth parameters*

The results (**Figures 8**–**10**) obtained from the analysis of amino acids and the active compounds of Albizia leaf extracts, licorice and sespan showed the presence of acids: Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid Serine, Histiden, Therionine, Argnine, Tyrosine, Cystine in Albizia plant, as well as: Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid Serine, Therionine,


#### **Figure 8.**

*Detection of the presence of amino acids and their values in Albizia leaves extract* A. lebbeck.

Tyrosine, Cystine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Isoleucine, Lysine in the Licorice plant. In addition to: Aspartic, Glutamic, Serine, Therionine, Argnine, Alanine, Valine, and Cystine in the sespan. It has shown that the active compounds in Albizia leaf extract are Keamferol and Apigenen in licorice and Gallic acid, Qurcetine, Ellagic

*Detection of the presence of amino acids and their values in the extract of sespan leaves P. aculeate (L).*

*The Activity of New Bio-Agent to Control* Cucumovirus Cucumber Mosaic Virus *(CMV)*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96587*

The highest and best percentage of licorice, represented by the amino acid Therionine, was 24.6%, as it differed from the rest of the amino acids, as the amino acid Argnine for Spanish was 12.9%, the amino acid Argnine for Albesia 19.6%, and the active substance for licorice represented by Apigenen, which gave the highest concentration of 76.053 compared to Along with the rest of the extracts, the reason for this may be attributed to their effect on inhibition of the virus and increasing the growth parameters of leaf area, chlorophyll, plant height, dry vegetative and root system, as well as reducing the severity of infection in plants because amino acids are characterized by several physiological roles in plants and are of great importance to stimulate growth and maintain The pH of cells, and since amino acids contain

acid in Sespan.

**167**

**Figure 10.**

**Figure 9.** *Detecting the presence of amino acids, and values at the root of licorice extract G. glabral.*

*The Activity of New Bio-Agent to Control* Cucumovirus Cucumber Mosaic Virus *(CMV) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96587*


#### **Figure 10.**

Tyrosine, Cystine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Isoleucine, Lysine in the Licorice plant. In addition to: Aspartic, Glutamic, Serine, Therionine, Argnine, Alanine, Valine, and Cystine in the sespan. It has shown that the active compounds in Albizia leaf extract are Keamferol and Apigenen in licorice and Gallic acid, Qurcetine, Ellagic acid in Sespan.

The highest and best percentage of licorice, represented by the amino acid Therionine, was 24.6%, as it differed from the rest of the amino acids, as the amino acid Argnine for Spanish was 12.9%, the amino acid Argnine for Albesia 19.6%, and the active substance for licorice represented by Apigenen, which gave the highest concentration of 76.053 compared to Along with the rest of the extracts, the reason for this may be attributed to their effect on inhibition of the virus and increasing the growth parameters of leaf area, chlorophyll, plant height, dry vegetative and root system, as well as reducing the severity of infection in plants because amino acids are characterized by several physiological roles in plants and are of great importance to stimulate growth and maintain The pH of cells, and since amino acids contain

*Detection of the presence of amino acids and their values in the extract of sespan leaves P. aculeate (L).*

two acid and basic groups as well, they lead to the expulsion of ammonia from cells and are also a store of carbon and energy.

Also, amino acids are distinguished by their ability to balance nutritional functions due to their effect on plant growth and yield due to the improvement of the original infrastructure in the cell, especially the plastids in the tissues, which improves the photocatalytic efficiency and leads to the production of more new cells that are reflected in the increase in plant height, The leaf area, as well as the yield and its components, as well as the amino acids have a role in stimulating the activity of a group of proteins responsible for enzymes for protein synthesis [123]. Free amino acids are an essential nitrogen source that is involved in building proteins and enzymes and providing energy that stimulates root and vegetable growth as well [124].

The abundance of amino acids has a great role in decreasing the osmotic voltage through which the water stress of the cell is reduced, and thus helps the cells in the process of drawing water and a set of nutrients from the medium and helps to increase the vegetative growth of plants [125]. 2002 that amino acids play a role as osmotic regulators as well as they regulate the process of ion transport, open stomata and expel toxins, a group of heavy metals and have a major role in the activity and building of enzymes.
