Invasive Plant Species

*Invasive Species - Introduction Pathways, Economic Impact, and Possible Management Options*

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**Chapter 6**

**Abstract**

secondary distribution range.

**1. Introduction**

**95**

intergenic spacer, *trnL-trnF* intergenic spacer

Hybridogenic Activity of Invasive

We studied taxa from genus *Bidens*, *Solidago*, and *Erigeron*, sect. *Conyza* (Asteraceae). By analyzing the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1)-ITS2 site, the hybrid origin of the *Bidens decipiens*, previously attributed to the North American alien species *B. connata*, was confirmed. The analysis of trnL-trnF sequences showed that the native *B. cernua* is the maternal species and the invasive *B. frondosa* is the paternal species in all probabilities. Diagnostic morphological features of the three *Solidago* taxa growing together in the vicinity of Pskov have been studied: a native *S. virgaurea*, an invasive species of North American origin *S. canadensis*, and their hybrid *S. niederederi*. *S. niederederi* has an intermediate position between *S. virgaurea* and *S. canadensis*. The hybrid origin of *S. niederederi* is proven by molecular analysis of nuclear DNA nucleotide sequences (ITS1-ITS2 site). It is not yet possible to unambiguously answer the question which parent species is maternal and which is paternal. We also studied invasive species of the genus *Erigeron* sect. *Conyza* in the Mediterranean. Occasionally occurring in Southern Europe, individuals of *E. canadensis E. sumatrensis* with intermediate morphological features, described as "*Conyza rouyana*," are likely unstable and soon "absorbed" by the parent species *E. sumatrensis*. Contrary to the hypothesis by C. Elton explaining the success of plant invasion in a new homeland by strengthening hybridization processes in the

**Keywords:** hybrids, hybridization, invasive species, *Bidens decipiens*,

*Solidago niederederi*, *Erigeron canadensis*, *E. sumatrensis*, ITS1-ITS2 site, *rpl32-trnL*

There is a hypothesis that the strengthening of hybridization processes in the secondary distribution range contributes to more successful existence of plants in their new homeland [1, 2]. Under unusual conditions, alien species can form hybrids with closely related native species, as well as with other alien plants inhabiting a given area. Often, hybrids are better adapted to secondary distribution range conditions than parent taxa [3–5], resulting in landscapes in a new home area. Successful recombination of genetic traits of parent species reduces the lag phase (a period of adaptation of an alien taxon to new conditions during which there is not yet active introduction into natural phytocoenosis and expansion of the secondary distribution range) and leads to the formation of new active "species transformers."

Species of Asteraceae

*Maria A. Galkina and Yulia K. Vinogradova*
