**12. Work done by the vavolian center of biotechnology**

For the last 20 years, advancement in tissue culture technologies has led to the development of the micro propagation method which is a novel technology, providing young and fresh plants for horticulture, agricultural, and agriculture purposes. One of the main consequences is the rapid growth of in-Vito exchange as a viable means for the transfer of germplasm between different laboratories [65]. The International Board for genetic research has elucidated that more than 140 plant germplasm has been exchanged from 1980 to 1986s. Out of all attempts, about 97% were found to be successful. Now almost every agriculture research center is attributed to the exchange of germplasm in-vitro. For example, the exchange of germplasm of potato culture is now a routine procedure. Shoot cultures are incubated for about 3 weeks after inoculation to induce roots and any contamination resulting from the microbial mass [66]. Transferring them to a fresh medium compensates this problem and increases rates of survival. Now the new era has replaced the cultures with small test tubes produced under in-vitro conditions [67]. These are more robust and rapid methods, and the produced plants or germplasm can be stored for months or even years. The recipient can place them in nursery beds without the involvement of further culture step. In the modern process of potato breeding, the in-vitro cultures provide another species that is disease free followed during the process of field testing required to select the most desirable form of clone as in **Table 2** [69].

The successful application and conservation of genetic resources in every country for the purpose of food and agriculture depend upon the collaboration of the government. Policymakers, germplasm scientists, rural populations, and


#### **Table 2.**

*Utilization of plant species/crops in various aspects after their conservation in the form of germplasm which are thought to be endangered in future [68].*

#### *Germplasm Conservation DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96184*

breeders or farmers. Usually plant genetic resources are conserved because they are ultimately used in food and agriculture and sustainable agriculture depends upon their usage. Farmers in modern agriculture use their plants or crops for purpose of not only food but for medicine and fodder also as shown in **Table 3**. Deployment of genetic resources in a better idea paves the way for the reduction of vulnerability of crops or plants to that of insects, pests, and other fertilizers making them herbicide, pesticide, and insecticide resistant. In national research institutes of every country about 13% rice, 7% soybean, and 8% of sugarcane species are conserved in various breeding technologies as illustrated in **Table 1**. With the abrupt increase in population and reduction in land available for agricultural purposes, an increment in the production of food, as well as its distribution across the globe, is much necessary. There is an utmost need in every country to use their genetic resources for better purposes utilizing the breeding techniques effectively. The involvement of genetic resources in the techniques has resulted in almost the compensation of food required by the increasing population of the world. So the stress of poverty alleviation in developing countries has been reduced effectively and is also involved in food security depending on the availability and utilization of species that produce a higher amount of crops or plants with desirable characters especially in rural areas where most families rely on farming for their survival. So utilizing a small collection of gene bank resources can lead to greater benefits as elaborated in breeding programs. However, less usage of them can lead to fewer benefits in both the social and economic sectors. The constraints involved in the low level of germplasm conservation include lack of ability to characterize and evaluate gene data banks, insufficient knowledge, inappropriate documentation and poor relationship between users of gene banks and germplasm. Currently, in sugarcane industry much data is available on characterization and evaluation of data on sugarcanes for utilization by stakeholders.


#### **Table 3.**

*Improvement in crops by germplasm conservation of plants (conservation type) being used in everyday life which are thought to get endangered in future [70].*
