**3. Conclusion**

Many critical signaling pathways have been indicated in HCC development and a considerable amount of crosstalk and redundancy among those pathways have been observed. Various strategies targeting these pathways have been explored and have shown varying degrees of success in the clinic. Additional novel strategies are being investigated and raise the hope that more effective therapies may be on the horizon. However, HCC is a complex disease and aberrations in signaling pathways can vary from patient to patient. In addition, defects in multiple pathways may also in combination contribute to the pathogenesis. Uncovering the specific signaling pathways defects in the individual patient and the potential use of combination therapies may be critical for generating effective treatment outcomes in the future.
