**8. Conclusion**

The pervasive influence of social stressors on well-being and health are recorded in detailed literature. Emerging data shows that the biological embedding of psychosocial messages throughout the body potentially includes epigenetic pathways, influencing cellular mechanisms that could influence health hazards over the life

cycle. Many vertebrates display social activities that represent similar operating concepts of hierarchical domination, like teleost fish, non-human primates, and humans, and elicit stress responses that are actually followed by impacts on the epigenome. In hierarchies, social differences can act as persistent behavioral stressors and limit access to services, leading to a social gradient in health and expectancy of life in humans. Epigenetic changes are triggered by a broad scope of behavior-based stressors, traumatically suffered experiences included which present promise as biomarkers of disease risk and can likely be reversed by intervference to lessen the health-based effects of distress.
