**1. Introduction**

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease in which either the pancreas produces very little to no insulin, termed type 1 diabetes (T1D), or insufficient insulin in the context of systemic insulin resistance, termed type 2 diabetes (T2D) [1]. Both of these conditions result in high levels of glucose in the bloodstream.

DM is associated with significantly elevated diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy, which are microvascular complications, and cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and stroke, which are considered macrovascular diseases. DM is associated with genetic as well as environmental factors, with the cost of treatment and debilitating complications increasing dramatically due to an epidemic of DM worldwide.

However, the above statement is something of an oversimplification, because besides T1D and T2D, there are even more variants, and we will now look at all of these in more detail.
