**1. Introduction**

Stress can be defined as any external and internal constraints that limit the photosynthetic rate and reduces the energy conversion ability of a plant to biomass [1]. Respond of a plant to stress is in different ways, some of which include variation in gene expression, cellular metabolism, growth rates, crop yields, and so on. Plant stress as a result of its response to varying environmental conditions. However, exposure to a particular stress by stress-tolerant plant species leads to the development of resistance with time to a particular stress [2]. The main types of stress that plants face are biotic and abiotic stresses. Abiotic stress is an environmental factor that is placed on plants, as a result of variation of physical or chemical stress [3], whereas biotic stress is a biological unit such as illnesses, insects, and other pests that are exposed to crop plants [4]. Some stresses cause injury in plants. These plants have a number of metabolic issues [5].

Plants can recover from injuries if the stress is light or only lasts a short time, as the effect is just transient; however, extreme stress results in death. However, many plants like xerophytic plants (Ephemerals) can escape the stress altogether. Biotic stress in plants is induced by living organisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungus, nematodes, insects, arachnids, and weeds [2]. The agents that cause biotic stress deplete their hosts of nutrients, which can lead to plant mortality. Because of preand postharvest losses, biotic stress might become severe. Despite the absence of an adaptive immune system, plants have evolved sophisticated methods to deal with biotic stresses [6]. These stresses are controlled by the plant's genetic codes. Hence, there is a need to combat resistant varieties of crops so as to ensure food security and safety in subsequent growing seasons. Seed priming with growth and rooting hormones should also be considered.
