*4.4.2 Distribution*

Haplothrips is widely distributed in **Old world**, Pakistan, China, Iran, Japan, Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, Egypt. **New world**; Central and South America, Australia and New Zealand [115–117].

#### *4.4.3 Biology*

Eggs of Haplothrips are cylindrical, rounded from posterior, tapered anterior end, which looks like a knoblike process. Eggs measure 433-500 μ length and 137-150 μ width. Nymphs at the time of egg hatching are microscopic, transparent and amber in color. Color changes from amber to pink after considerable feeding. The length of the first instar before eclosion measures 1100 μ in length. The color of the second instar nymph is glowing red except for the appendages which are dark brownish to black. Second instar mature nymph measures about the same length as that of the adult. The pre pupal stage of the *Haplothrips ganglbaueri* ischaracterized by small antennal sheath, the glassy colored appendages and the lack of wing sheaths. Overall pre-pupal stage is pale red. Adult color is pale red. They have a transparent head, with a dorsal blotch. An occasional adult in the field may be dark red. Length of the adult's measure 1415-2268 μ. Morphology of abdomen is compressed and pointed toward its apex, fringed with setae. Head, thorax, and abdomen lack bristles. Seven to nine accessory cilia present on the wings [118].

#### *4.4.4 Damage*

Polyphagous pest *Haplothrips ganglbaueri* severely damage graminous crops such as *Oryza sativa*, wheat *Triticum vulgare*, and *Sorghum vulgare*. It has been

known for doing damage to fruiting parts such as inflorescence. Both adults and nymphs preferably feed on inflorescence. Uneven oval and subtle brown patches on the lemma, palea and ovarian tissues of rice were found by Ananthakrishnan and Thangavelu [115].
