**5.1 Cultural methods**

Cultural control comprises the modification of regular farm operations that destroy the insects or prevent them from causing injury. This control is to adjust the time of sowing, plowing, irrigation, harvesting and improved farm management. The opinion regarding aphids shows that it damages the wheat badly that is sown earlier and if the cool weather remains until March [119]. Tabasum et al. [120] reported that the crop sown earlier was least affected and the wheat crop can be set aside by doing modification in sowing dates. The early sowing of the wheat crop is the best way to minimize the risk of aphid attack [121]. The abundance of *Coccinella septempunctata* was greater on late-planted wheat than the crop sown earlier [122]. Preferably wheat in Multan should be planted in the last week of November to avoid heavy aphid attack [122].

Intercropping with different crops can increase the natural enemy population in a wheat field for many reasons. The intercrop plants may release chemicals to attract natural enemies and their early establishment in the field. Intercropping with nonhost plants seemed to be favorable for the parasitoid's population [123]. The ryegrass strips in wheat fields and wheat– oilseed rape intercropping is used to enhance the number of natural enemies. The population density of ladybeetle and ratio of ladybeetle to *S. avenae* was greater than in the wheat-oilseed rape intercropping field. It is recommended that *Bactris campestris* intercropping with wheat should be encouraged among farmers to maximize the wheat crop profit by reducing the aphid population [124].
