*4.3.3 Biology*

The development of life stages of this species has been described by Jones in 1918. Females lay eggs in clusters; each cluster contains 60–90 eggs [109]. Fresh eggs are cream in color, and become dark after one day, eggs hatch in 3 days [110]. First instars of *Nezara viridula* are red in color and turn dark by the stadium on the second day [111]. Second to fourth instars are green in color, fourth and fifth instars may be green/dark [112]. Development of insect adults from eggs is approximately 30 days but varies on time period. Female adults start mating in 5 days and male take 6 days for mating. Female deposited the egg within 7 to 8 days after mating. The diapausing of species occurs in adult form and insect diapauses before mating.

#### *4.3.4 Damage*

*Nezara viridula* species is a highly polyphagous insect, attacking both monocot and dicots. Range of plants is 145 plant species which belong to 32 families as host plants [113]. Different generations of species breed utilize and feed different plant species during vegetative stages of host plant in a season. Damage come from feeding of nymphs on podm fruits and seed which results in yield reductions and other aspects like quality and germination of seeds.
