**6. Conclusion**

The remarkable success of liver transplantation over the last four decades is due largely to the development of immunosuppressive regimens that are highly effective in protecting allografts from acute rejection, and that ensure their survival with a high quality of life in most cases. However, current immunosuppressive regimens do not prevent the development of chronic rejection, which constitutes a major cause of graft loss. In addition, these regimens may also lead to severe complications. This chapter mainly describe s the basic concepts of transplant immunology, the immunological basis of allograft rejection and the prevention and treatment of allograft rejection. In general, the immunological system of liver transplantation is very complex, and allograft tolerance has been well-established in experimental transplantation models; however, clinical operational tolerance will need to be further developed. Fortunately, Tregs may constitute a promising substance for achieving clinical operational tolerance by various modes of analysis. Furthermore, the clinical assessment of tolerance has been limited to laboratory-based evaluations of liver function and immunosuppressive agents' levels, and more precise clinical assessments should have been well-established.

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