Preface

Rice is the most important food crop in the world. It is a staple food for more than 40% of the world's population. It feeds more than two billion people in developing countries. It has a major share in the global agricultural economy; however, its production and yield are compromised due to various biotic, abiotic, and climatic factors. To meet the food security standards, modern and sophisticated technologies have been used for the improvement of rice production. Starting from the conventional breeding strategies to the modern technologies, there is a long history of rice research. In this book, the milestones of rice research are discussed with recent and innovative results. The book deals with rice biology, breeding, genomics, economics, etc. Different sections of the book discuss diverse aspects of "Recent Advances in Rice Research". This book contains five sections including an Introductory Chapter in the first section that deals with an overview of recent technologies for the improvement of rice.

Section 2 describes the overview of the current status and innovations in hybrid rice research worldwide. Section 3 discusses the latest information regarding various metabolites produced and evaluated in rice using recent technologies. It contains information about phenolic compounds and flavonoids produced in rice. This section also discusses rice biology including marker-assisted breeding and pathogens transmitted through contaminated rice. Section 4 highlights the role of different stress conditions that limit crop production. This section also helps the readers to understand the mechanism of the root system and its role in abiotic stress tolerance. Section 5 describes very important aspects of rice including economics, value addition, and product development. This section contains information regarding the potential impacts of COVID-19 on rice yield and production, husk value addition, formulation of the sheet mask, and its evaluation.

The information available in this book will greatly help research students, scientists, academicians, and the general public as well as other stakeholders. In the end, I thank IntechOpen for giving me an opportunity to edit this book. I am also thankful to Ms. Sandra Maljavac, Author Service Manager, for her valuable help throughout the editing process. I must thank my students, Ms. Munazza Ijaz and Ms. Roshina Shahzadi for their assistance in the preparation of the "Introductory Chapter". I am especially thankful to all the authors for their valuable contributions in this book.

**II**

**Chapter 7 123**

Rice Biology under Stress **135**

**Chapter 8 137**

**Chapter 9 161**

Rice Economics, Valne Addition and Product Development **181**

**Chapter 10 183**

**Chapter 11 207**

**Chapter 12 227**

Does the Incidence of COVID-19 Pandemic Affect Rice Yield? Lessons

Advances in Rice Postharvest Loss Reduction Strategies in Africa through Low Grade Broken Rice Fractions and Husk Value Addition

Improving the Efficacy of Climate Policy in the Indonesian Rice Sector: The Potential Use of Perceived-Impact Measures in Targeting Policy

*by Rokhani, Mohammad Rondhi, Anik Suwandari, Ahmad Asrofi,* 

*Ahmad Fatikhul Khasan, Yasuhiro Mori and Takumi Kondo*

*by Danbaba Nahemiah, Iro Nkama, Idakwo Paul Yahaya,* 

*Mamudu Halidu Badau and Aliyu Umar*

Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice under Abiotic Stress: Plant Breeding

*by Satyen Mondal, Jamil Hasan, Priya Lal Biswas, Emam Ahmed, Tuhin Halder, Md. Panna Ali, Amina Khatun, Muhammad Nasim, Tofazzal Islam, Evangelina S. Ella and Endang M. Septiningsih*

Adaptive Mechanisms of Root System of Rice for Withstanding

*by Afsana Hannan, Md. Najmol Hoque, Lutful Hassan* 

Pathogens Transmitted through Contaminated Rice

*by Leka Lutpiatina*

**Section 4**

Approach

Osmotic Stress

**Section 5**

Beneficiaries

*and Arif Hasan Khan Robin*

from Southeast Nigeria *by Nnaemeka Success Esiobu*

> **Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari, PhD** Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, GC University – Faisalabad, Pakistan

**1**

Section 1

Introduction

Section 1 Introduction

**3**

**Chapter 1**

**1. Introduction**

Southern Asia [2].

comprehensively.

Introductory Chapter: Recent

for Abiotic Stress Tolerance

*Shazia Anwer Bukhari and Mahmood-ur-Rahman*

Advances in Rice Biotechnology

*Munazza Ijaz, Roshina Shahzadi, Akmaral U. Issayeva,* 

The world population is rising gradually, and it would be approximately 9.1 billion in 2050 but the production of agriculture is not escalating with this speed. The global production of agriculture should be increased up to 100-110 percent till 2050 to feed the whole population. Moreover, agricultural production and crop growth are negatively affected by abiotic stresses. So, it is a major hurdle in the way of increasing food production world-wide. The drought, heat, cold, salinity, ultra violet radiations and heavy metal toxicity are the major abiotic stresses that affect the crop yield. The significant source of calories for human beings is cereals. The maize, wheat and rice produce 10%, 17% and 23% respectively. *Oryza sativa* (rice) serve as a staple food and a famous cost-effective cereal. Acceptance of green revolution cultivars lead towards an essential revolution in the production of rice [1]. First green revolution came into being by producing high-yielding semi dwarf rice and wheat cultivars via plant breeding and providing high doses of nitrogen fertilizers. It helped in preventing the famine in semi-arid regions of

The first transgenic rice was developed almost two decades before that initiated the high-throughput transformation protocols for the development of high yielding cultivars and it laid the foundation of transgenic rice biotechnology [3]. After the genome sequencing of rice, the development of transgenic rice varieties for better stress tolerance, high yield and better nutritional qualities became relatively easy and gained more importance. Similarly, the donor genes from the other species (like bacteria, fungi, viruses, animals and insects) can be inserted in the rice for obtaining the improved cultivars for making agriculture more sustainable. Improvement of some other significant traits (like photosynthetic rate, aroma and nutrition of rice grains) with the good stress tolerance has gained attention in past few years [2]. Some examples of these traits will be discussed in the next sections

The transgenic or genetically improved crops are an integral part of the agriculture industry in the modern world. The transgenic cereal crops have been commercialized and cultivated by more than twenty-eight countries. In 1996, only 1.7 million hectares of land have been cultivated with the transgenic crop that was increased up to 170 million hectares till 2012 and still it is increasing. Continuous efforts are made to bring the rice yield maximum for developing the large market of it globally [2]. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more cultivars of rice by using
