**5.2 Blast resistance**

C101A51 and Tetep contribute for *Piz*-5 and *Pi*54 blast gene was introgressed into PRR78 variety [69]. Two improved lines were developed, Pusa1602 (Piz5) and Pusa1603 (*Piz*54) through MABC breeding strategy by two backcross series. Foreground selection was performed by using AP5930 and RM206 while background analysis using SSR polymorphic markers revealed 89.01 and 87.88% in Pusa1602 and Pusa1603 lines recovery of RPG, respectively. Hybrid develop carrying blast resistance gene produced exhibited similar performance with parental Pusa RH10 in terms of yield, grain and cooking quality traits. Multiple resistance gene against leaf blast (*Pi*1), neck blast (*Pi*2) (donor BL122) and bacterial (*Xa*23) (donor CBB23) was successfully introgressed into Ronfeng B, a mega variety with early maturating line thru MABC scheme [70]. Improved lines D521, D524 was developed using three foreground markers (MRG4766, AP22 and RM206) and 131 polymorphic background markers. Proportional recipient genome for D521 and D524 were 96.18 and 96.56%, respectively after 4 backcrossed generations. The size of lesions exhibited from 0.77 to 1.18 cm with 96.7–100% resistance frequencies values. Rongfeng 3A was developed as an improve version of cytoplasmic male sterile line from Rongfeng by a series of conducive backcross breeding with *Pi*1, *Pi*2 and *Xa*23 gene. A series of superior lines with resistance to bacterial blight and blast diseases were developed by using MAB [30, 90, 95]. Hybrid Pusa RH10 is likely susceptible to BB and blast therefore by employing the bacterial and blast resistance gene, it will be improved adjustability to disease endemic parts and also retain the rice production. In Iranian, two crosses were made between susceptible, Tarom Mahali (TAM) and resistance cultivar, Khazar (KHZ) to increase blast resistance. Screening with 74 polymorphic markers on 192 F2:3 families demonstrated both parental exhibited maximum genetic variation between the two varieties on entire chromosomes except chromosome 6, 7, 8 and 12 [96]. In Malaysia, improved version of MR219 was developed by introgression of *Pi-z* and *Pikh* and *Pi-b* by using two different donor, Pongsu Seribu 1 and 2 respectively [10, 97]. Hasan et al. [98] had successfully introgressed *Pi7(t)* and *Pikh* in MR264 from Pongsu Seribu 2 by using MABC approach. Thailand rice, the popular Sakon Nakhon (SKN) rice had been introgressed with QTLs on chromosomes 1, 2, 11 and 12 by using marker-assisted backcrossing. Srichant et al. [72] in his study presented 2 lines (SKN 39-10-19-29-12 and SKN 39-10-19-29-13) with high resistance to leaf and neck blast; and having similar agronomic traits as the SKN.

### **5.3 Brown plant hopper resistance**

*Bph*3, gene coded for resistance against brown plant hopper had been introgressed into the famous Thai variety 'Khao Dawk Mali 105' [99]. Backcrossed population had been screened with RM589 and RM190, highly linked to *Bph*3 and *Wx*-RH loci. Fifty NIL were developed from background selection using 75 polymorphic SSR markers disperse 12 rice chromosomes. Cross had been made between Junambyeo, an elite japonica cultivar with IR65482-7-216-1-2 a donor indica rice by a series of backcrossing through MAB [75]. *Bph18* gene was transferred and 7312T4A, the most closely polymorphic STS marker was applied to screen the existence of the *Bph*18 gene in BPH-introgress backcrossed lines [100]. Two hundred and sixty SSR marker were used to screen the RPG percentage in the four NIL breeding lines.

**113**

*Current Applicable DNA Markers for Marker Assisted Breeding in Rice (*Oryza sativa *L.)*

Gm8 resistance gene code for rice gall midge had been employed from donor parent Aganni into Samba Mashuri having ge*ne Xa21* using MABC. Four plants identified in selfing population (BC2F2) carrying *Gm*8 and *Xa*21 genes and further tested for phenotypic selection against BB and gall midge [76]. Exploration of gm gene had been a great achievement in modern crop however resistant variety carrying 1 major gene easily lost the resistancy [101]. Till date, 11 Gm genes in the plant

Advent in marker technology has offer a remarkable progress in crop improvement specifically in rice. Present paper reviews the application of DNA markers in abiotic and biotic stresses in rice using MAS. Interval between molecular markers and gene/ QTLs linked with target traits play a significant role in efficiency of MAS technique. Generally, marker will be validated in fine mapping study. Thus, the development of important marker associated with abiotic and biotic stresses resistance is proficient by QTL mapping experiments. MAB greatly increase the effectiveness and efficiency of breeding. Desirable individual in germplasm collection with genes or QTLs can be characterized in genotyping analysis by using the DNA markers for target genomic regions rather than phenotyping analysis. Pyramiding tolerance genes and QTLs will develop a resistant cultivar against abiotic and biotic stresses. MAS refers to selection by DNA markers linked to QTLs or target genes. Nowadays, DNA-based genetic markers play a significant part in the forthcoming of MAB and molecular genetics analysis for establishment of stress-tolerance and resistance in plants through molecular linkage maps. Knowledge of markers for abiotic and biotic tolerant traits presented here will

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93126*

[102] and 7 pathogens have been identified [103].

serve a fundamental guide and help rice breeders in their MAB.

The authors are grateful to Universiti Teknologi MARA, Universiti Putra Malaysia and Malaysian Nuclear Agency for the facilities, support and financial aids during the research work. The author also would like to extend appreciation to the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) for providing financial aids during this

**5.4 Gall midge resistance**

**6. Conclusion**

**Acknowledgements**

research.

*Current Applicable DNA Markers for Marker Assisted Breeding in Rice (*Oryza sativa *L.) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93126*

### **5.4 Gall midge resistance**

*Recent Advances in Rice Research*

**5.2 Blast resistance**

Six promising pyramiding lines of DRR17B with durable resistance and similar or

C101A51 and Tetep contribute for *Piz*-5 and *Pi*54 blast gene was introgressed into PRR78 variety [69]. Two improved lines were developed, Pusa1602 (Piz5) and Pusa1603 (*Piz*54) through MABC breeding strategy by two backcross series. Foreground selection was performed by using AP5930 and RM206 while background analysis using SSR polymorphic markers revealed 89.01 and 87.88% in Pusa1602 and Pusa1603 lines recovery of RPG, respectively. Hybrid develop carrying blast resistance gene produced exhibited similar performance with parental Pusa RH10 in terms of yield, grain and cooking quality traits. Multiple resistance gene against leaf blast (*Pi*1), neck blast (*Pi*2) (donor BL122) and bacterial (*Xa*23) (donor CBB23) was successfully introgressed into Ronfeng B, a mega variety with early maturating line thru MABC scheme [70]. Improved lines D521, D524 was developed using three foreground markers (MRG4766, AP22 and RM206) and 131 polymorphic background markers. Proportional recipient genome for D521 and D524 were 96.18 and 96.56%, respectively after 4 backcrossed generations. The size of lesions exhibited from 0.77 to 1.18 cm with 96.7–100% resistance frequencies values. Rongfeng 3A was developed as an improve version of cytoplasmic male sterile line from Rongfeng by a series of conducive backcross breeding with *Pi*1, *Pi*2 and *Xa*23 gene. A series of superior lines with resistance to bacterial blight and blast diseases were developed by using MAB [30, 90, 95]. Hybrid Pusa RH10 is likely susceptible to BB and blast therefore by employing the bacterial and blast resistance gene, it will be improved adjustability to disease endemic parts and also retain the rice production. In Iranian, two crosses were made between susceptible, Tarom Mahali (TAM) and resistance cultivar, Khazar (KHZ) to increase blast resistance. Screening with 74 polymorphic markers on 192 F2:3 families demonstrated both parental exhibited maximum genetic variation between the two varieties on entire chromosomes except chromosome 6, 7, 8 and 12 [96]. In Malaysia, improved version of MR219 was developed by introgression of *Pi-z* and *Pikh* and *Pi-b* by using two different donor, Pongsu Seribu 1 and 2 respectively [10, 97]. Hasan et al. [98] had successfully introgressed *Pi7(t)* and *Pikh* in MR264 from Pongsu Seribu 2 by using MABC approach. Thailand rice, the popular Sakon Nakhon (SKN) rice had been introgressed with QTLs on chromosomes 1, 2, 11 and 12 by using marker-assisted backcrossing. Srichant et al. [72] in his study presented 2 lines (SKN 39-10-19-29-12 and SKN 39-10-19-29-13) with high resistance to leaf and neck blast; and having similar agronomic traits as the SKN.

*Bph*3, gene coded for resistance against brown plant hopper had been introgressed into the famous Thai variety 'Khao Dawk Mali 105' [99]. Backcrossed population had been screened with RM589 and RM190, highly linked to *Bph*3 and *Wx*-RH loci. Fifty NIL were developed from background selection using 75 polymorphic SSR markers disperse 12 rice chromosomes. Cross had been made between Junambyeo, an elite japonica cultivar with IR65482-7-216-1-2 a donor indica rice by a series of backcrossing through MAB [75]. *Bph18* gene was transferred and 7312T4A, the most closely polymorphic STS marker was applied to screen the existence of the *Bph*18 gene in BPH-introgress backcrossed lines [100]. Two hundred and sixty SSR marker were used to screen the RPG percentage in the four NIL

superior agro-morphological attributes to DRR17B have been identified.

**112**

breeding lines.

**5.3 Brown plant hopper resistance**

Gm8 resistance gene code for rice gall midge had been employed from donor parent Aganni into Samba Mashuri having ge*ne Xa21* using MABC. Four plants identified in selfing population (BC2F2) carrying *Gm*8 and *Xa*21 genes and further tested for phenotypic selection against BB and gall midge [76]. Exploration of gm gene had been a great achievement in modern crop however resistant variety carrying 1 major gene easily lost the resistancy [101]. Till date, 11 Gm genes in the plant [102] and 7 pathogens have been identified [103].
