**3. Indonesian National Action Plan for climate change adaptation**

Indonesia is one of the agricultural countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Data from the study conducted by the Indonesian Ministry of Environment shows a trend of increasing temperatures of 1°C during the 20th century [28]. Climate change has a significant negative impact on various development sectors in Indonesia, such as food security, health, infrastructure and settlements, and ecosystems. Efforts and strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change in the short and long term are essential to reduce higher economic losses in the future. For this purpose, the Government of Indonesia has formulated a strategy to deal with the negative impacts of climate change in the form of a national policy framework to address the impacts of climate change, namely the National Adaptation Plan and the National Action Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change Indonesia [29].

Indonesia's National Action Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change (RAN-API) is a national policy framework for dealing with and adapting to climate change. The RAN-API program is an integrated policy concept and involves all relevant parties from the government, society, community organizations, and industry. The purpose of RAN-API is to ensure the achievement of the national development plan and to increase the physical, economic, social, and environmental resiliency of the community against the impacts of climate change. The inclusion of climate change

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**Figure 2.**

*The strategic goals and targets of RAN-API (source: BAPPENAS [29]).*

*Improving the Efficacy of Climate Policy in the Indonesian Rice Sector: The Potential Use…*

adaptation in national development plans was aimed to reduce the risk of climate change to national development. The targets and policy directions of the RAN-API are in the form of adaptation strategies, policy adjustments, management, technology, and attitudes to minimize the negative impacts of climate change. The strategic targets of RAN-API cover several areas, namely economic resiliency, livelihood resiliency, ecosystem resiliency, and special region resiliency. **Figure 2** shows the schematic

One of the strategic targets of the national action plan for climate change adaptation (RAN-API) is economic resilience. Climate change harms economic stability and economic development efforts. The emphasis of the RAN-API strategy in the field of economic resilience is divided into two aspects, namely food and energy security. The RAN-API has three priorities to achieve food security. First, reducing the climate-change-related loss rate of food and fisheries production. Second, establish new sources for food production and inland fisheries in areas with low climate risk and minimum environmental impact. Third, develop a food security system for farmers, fishers, and the community with a healthy, nutritionally bal-

The primary targets of RAN-API in the field of food security are realized by several means. These are adapting and developing farming systems that are resistant to climate change, developing and applying technologies that are adaptive to climate change, as well as developing and optimizing land, water, and environmental ecosystem resources. The existence of seven main programs supports these strategies—these programs are (1) Adapting the food production system to climate change; (2) Expanding the area of food production; (3) Improvement and development of climate-proof agricultural infrastructure; (4) Food diversification; (5) Development of innovative and adaptive technologies; (6) Development of information and communication system (for climate and technology); and (7) Establishing supporting programs.

To achieve these targets, the Indonesian government established a coordinating body specialized in managing the impact of climate change. This coordinating body

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94004*

anced diet and food diversification.

representation of the strategic goals and targets of RAN-API.

#### *Improving the Efficacy of Climate Policy in the Indonesian Rice Sector: The Potential Use… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94004*

adaptation in national development plans was aimed to reduce the risk of climate change to national development. The targets and policy directions of the RAN-API are in the form of adaptation strategies, policy adjustments, management, technology, and attitudes to minimize the negative impacts of climate change. The strategic targets of RAN-API cover several areas, namely economic resiliency, livelihood resiliency, ecosystem resiliency, and special region resiliency. **Figure 2** shows the schematic representation of the strategic goals and targets of RAN-API.

One of the strategic targets of the national action plan for climate change adaptation (RAN-API) is economic resilience. Climate change harms economic stability and economic development efforts. The emphasis of the RAN-API strategy in the field of economic resilience is divided into two aspects, namely food and energy security. The RAN-API has three priorities to achieve food security. First, reducing the climate-change-related loss rate of food and fisheries production. Second, establish new sources for food production and inland fisheries in areas with low climate risk and minimum environmental impact. Third, develop a food security system for farmers, fishers, and the community with a healthy, nutritionally balanced diet and food diversification.

The primary targets of RAN-API in the field of food security are realized by several means. These are adapting and developing farming systems that are resistant to climate change, developing and applying technologies that are adaptive to climate change, as well as developing and optimizing land, water, and environmental ecosystem resources. The existence of seven main programs supports these strategies—these programs are (1) Adapting the food production system to climate change; (2) Expanding the area of food production; (3) Improvement and development of climate-proof agricultural infrastructure; (4) Food diversification; (5) Development of innovative and adaptive technologies; (6) Development of information and communication system (for climate and technology); and (7) Establishing supporting programs.

To achieve these targets, the Indonesian government established a coordinating body specialized in managing the impact of climate change. This coordinating body

**Figure 2.**

*The strategic goals and targets of RAN-API (source: BAPPENAS [29]).*

*Recent Advances in Rice Research*

0–550 mm [20].

on rice farming in Indonesia.

in air temperature, have a significant effect on decreasing rice production in

Indonesia. For example, during El Nino, rainfed lowland rice production in Maluku decreased by 2.9% [18]. Then, an increase in temperature of 10°C increases the rainfall by 5% and decreases rice production in North Sulawesi from 6.86 tons/ha to 6.33 tons/ha [19]. An increase in air temperature of 0.4–0.6°C and a decrease in rainfall of 0–197 mm reduce rice productivity in South Sumatra by 0.59% annually. Similarly, Rice productivity in Malang Raya also decreased by 1.59% per year due to an increase in air temperature of 0.7–0.8°C and a decrease in rainfall of

At the farm level, climate change increases the risk of farming and decreases farmers' income. For example, climate change increases the risk of pest and disease attacks in Subak Penebel District, Tabanan Regency [21]. Then, the flood that occurred in Rawang Panca Arga District, Asahan Regency reduced rice production by 0.60% and caused a total farm loss of IDR 1,256,036 [22]. Furthermore, the floods that occurred during 2006–2010 reduced rice production in West and Central Java by 2.5 tons/hectare and 3.0 tons/hectare; as a result, farmers suffered losses of Rp. 6.5–7.0 million/hectare [23]. These studies show that climate change harms the agricultural sector, especially rice farming, in Indonesia. Government policies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector are required. Government policies to mitigate the impacts of climate change are crucial to minimizing losses due to climate change [24]. To overcome the risk of crop failure and decreased productivity due to climate change and pest outbreaks, the government issued a rice farming insurance program (AUTP). The AUTP has a premium price of IDR 36,000/hectare/season and provides benefits for farmers of IDR 6,000,000/ha/season if damage to farming reaches ≥75% [25]. Farmers well receive this program because it helps them provide farming capital for the next planting season when they experience failure in farming [26]. However, farmer participation in this program is low, even though the government subsidized the premium by 80% [27]. It shows that a more comprehensive policy framework and a careful implementation of that policy are required to mitigate the impact of climate change

**3. Indonesian National Action Plan for climate change adaptation**

[28]. Climate change has a significant negative impact on various development sectors in Indonesia, such as food security, health, infrastructure and settlements, and ecosystems. Efforts and strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change in the short and long term are essential to reduce higher economic losses in the future. For this purpose, the Government of Indonesia has formulated a strategy to deal with the negative impacts of climate change in the form of a national policy framework to address the impacts of climate change, namely the National Adaptation Plan and the

National Action Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change Indonesia [29].

Indonesia is one of the agricultural countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Data from the study conducted by the Indonesian Ministry of Environment shows a trend of increasing temperatures of 1°C during the 20th century

Indonesia's National Action Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change (RAN-API) is a national policy framework for dealing with and adapting to climate change. The RAN-API program is an integrated policy concept and involves all relevant parties from the government, society, community organizations, and industry. The purpose of RAN-API is to ensure the achievement of the national development plan and to increase the physical, economic, social, and environmental resiliency of the community against the impacts of climate change. The inclusion of climate change

**230**

**Figure 3.**

*The organizational structure of the CCCT (source: Authors works).*

is under the Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning Agency and was named *Tim Koordinasi Perubahan Iklim* (Climate Change Coordination Team/CCCT). The primary task of CCCT is to coordinate the national government bodies (ministries and institutions) and regional government (province and regency) in the preparation and implementation of climate policy both at the national and regional levels. Structurally, the CCCT is directed by a chairman and secretary who are under the responsibility of the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of Bappenas. The CCCT has six workgroups which specialized in agriculture; forestry and peatland; Energy, Transportation, and Industry; Waste; Support and Intersectoral Linkages; and Adaptation. **Figure 3** shows the organizational structure of the CCCT.

Currently, the CCCT's primary task is to coordinate the adaptation efforts conducted by both national and regional governments. However, the government has no specific budget for the adaptation program. The current budget for the climate change adaptation program comes from the national and regional government budgets as a part of a general development budget. Besides, the fund for financing climate change adaptation programs comes from government debt, private investment, and corporate social responsibility.
