Rice Biology under Stress

*Recent Advances in Rice Research*

2010;**2**:2177-2197

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**137**

**1. Introduction**

**Chapter 8**

**Abstract**

Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice

*Emam Ahmed, Tuhin Halder, Md. Panna Ali, Amina Khatun,* 

Nitrogenous fertilizer has remarkably improved rice (*Oryza sativa* L.) yield across the world since its discovery by Haber-Bosch process. Due to climate change, future rice production will likely experience a wide range of environmental plasticity. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is an important trait to confer adaptability across various abiotic stresses such as flooding, drought and salinity. The problem with the increased N application often leads to a reduction in NUE. New solutions are needed to simultaneously increase yield and maximize the NUE of rice. Despite the differences among flooding, salinity and drought, these three abiotic stresses lead to similar responses in rice plants. To develop abiotic stress tolerant rice varieties, speed breeding seems a plausible novel approach. Approximately 22 single quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and 58 pairs of epistatic QTLs are known to be closely associated with NUE in rice. The QTLs/genes for submergence (*SUB1A*) tolerance, anaerobic germination (*AG*, *TPP7*) potential and deepwater flooding tolerance (*SK1, SK2)* are identified. Furthermore, phytochrome-interacting factor-like14 (*OsPIL14*), or loss of function of the slender rice1 (*SLR1*) genes enhance salinity tolerance in rice seedlings. This review updates our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance and

discusses possible approaches for developing N-efficient rice variety.

**Keywords:** abiotic stress, crop establishment, climate change, QTLs, food security

Nitrogen is the most abundant (78%) of the atmosphere in gaseous form as an N2 molecule. But it is not directly available to the plants for their growth and development [1]. It is the foremost important major essential nutrient element involved in the physiological processes in plants. Globally, nitrogen deficiency is a crucial growth-limiting factor for plants, especially under abiotic stresses. The nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is defined as the output of any crop plant per unit of nitrogen applied under a specific set of soil and climatic conditions [2]. Agronomist usually considers the amount of rough rice produced per unit of nitrogen applied as the

*Muhammad Nasim, Tofazzal Islam, Evangelina S. Ella* 

under Abiotic Stress: Plant

*Satyen Mondal, Jamil Hasan, Priya Lal Biswas,* 

Breeding Approach

*and Endang M. Septiningsih*
