**4. Improving the efficacy of climate policy using perceived-impact of climate change**

The key to improving the efficacy of climate policy in the Indonesian rice sector is to target farmers who are highly likely to adopt the suggested adaptation practices. Increasing the number of farmers who implement adaptation practices would reduce production loss due to climate change at the national level. The problem remains on selecting which farmers to target. The probability of farmers implementing the suggested adaptation practices depends mostly on how much farmers perceive the severity of climate change impact on their farming. The higher farmer perceived the severity of CC impact, the more likely they are to implement adaptation practices. And vice versa. Thus, an understanding of factors that affect the degree of farmer's perceived-impact of CC is of paramount importance. This section will review factors that affect the degree of farmer's perceived-impact of CC based on the finding of the study of 87,330 smallholder rice farmers in Indonesia [30].

This section grouped these factors into the driving and inhibiting factors to adaptation practices. In doing so, the perceived-impact measure was used

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**Figure 4.**

*works).*

*Improving the Efficacy of Climate Policy in the Indonesian Rice Sector: The Potential Use…*

to determine the category of each factor. A factor that increases the degree of perceived-impact of climate change was categorized into the driving factors of adaptation practice, and those that decrease the degree of perceived-impact were categorized into the inhibiting factors of adaptation. **Figure 4** shows the distribution of driving and inhibiting factors of climate adaptation. The driving factors are those with a positive probability to adapt. In contrast, the inhibiting factors are those with a negative probability of adopting the suggested adaptation

This study suggests that targeting farmers with a high probability of adopting the suggested adaptation practices will improve the efficacy of Indonesian climate policy. Below we describe each variable and its spatial distribution across

The first variable is the farmer's education. Education decreases the degree of perceived-impact of climate change. Thus, farmers with a high formal education reported a low degree of climate change impact while those with a low formal education perceived a high degree of climate change impact. Consequently, the latter group has a higher probability of adopting the suggested adaptation practices. Farmer education has received considerable attention in the previous studies. A study on farmers in Pakistan shows that the higher the education of the farmers, the better the adaptation will be. The form of adaptation taken is planting drought-tolerant crops, crop diversification, and these adaptations have a positive impact on food security [31]. Other similar studies on farmers in Ethiopia show that education has a positive impact on climate change adaptation through land conservation and changes in planting time [32]. In general, education plays a crucial role in farm decisions making in Indonesia. Farmer's education significantly affects participation in contract farming for tobacco [33], sugarcane [34], and broiler farmers [35, 36]. Furthermore, education also significantly affects the adoption of certified seed plants for Indonesian

*The driving and inhibiting factors of farmer adoption of the suggested adaptation practices (source: Authors* 

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94004*

practices.

Indonesian territory.

sugarcane farmers [37].

**4.1 Education**

#### *Improving the Efficacy of Climate Policy in the Indonesian Rice Sector: The Potential Use… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94004*

to determine the category of each factor. A factor that increases the degree of perceived-impact of climate change was categorized into the driving factors of adaptation practice, and those that decrease the degree of perceived-impact were categorized into the inhibiting factors of adaptation. **Figure 4** shows the distribution of driving and inhibiting factors of climate adaptation. The driving factors are those with a positive probability to adapt. In contrast, the inhibiting factors are those with a negative probability of adopting the suggested adaptation practices.

This study suggests that targeting farmers with a high probability of adopting the suggested adaptation practices will improve the efficacy of Indonesian climate policy. Below we describe each variable and its spatial distribution across Indonesian territory.

#### **4.1 Education**

*Recent Advances in Rice Research*

**Figure 3.**

is under the Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning Agency and was named *Tim Koordinasi Perubahan Iklim* (Climate Change Coordination Team/CCCT). The primary task of CCCT is to coordinate the national government bodies (ministries and institutions) and regional government (province and regency) in the preparation and implementation of climate policy both at the national and regional levels. Structurally, the CCCT is directed by a chairman and secretary who are under the responsibility of the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of Bappenas. The CCCT has six workgroups which specialized in agriculture; forestry and peatland; Energy, Transportation, and Industry; Waste; Support and Intersectoral Linkages; and Adaptation. **Figure 3**

Currently, the CCCT's primary task is to coordinate the adaptation efforts conducted by both national and regional governments. However, the government has no specific budget for the adaptation program. The current budget for the climate change adaptation program comes from the national and regional government budgets as a part of a general development budget. Besides, the fund for financing climate change adaptation programs comes from government debt, private invest-

**4. Improving the efficacy of climate policy using perceived-impact of** 

The key to improving the efficacy of climate policy in the Indonesian rice sector is to target farmers who are highly likely to adopt the suggested adaptation practices. Increasing the number of farmers who implement adaptation practices would reduce production loss due to climate change at the national level. The problem remains on selecting which farmers to target. The probability of farmers implementing the suggested adaptation practices depends mostly on how much farmers perceive the severity of climate change impact on their farming. The higher farmer perceived the severity of CC impact, the more likely they are to implement adaptation practices. And vice versa. Thus, an understanding of factors that affect the degree of farmer's perceived-impact of CC is of paramount importance. This section will review factors that affect the degree of farmer's perceived-impact of CC based on the finding of the study of 87,330 smallholder rice farmers in

This section grouped these factors into the driving and inhibiting factors to adaptation practices. In doing so, the perceived-impact measure was used

shows the organizational structure of the CCCT.

*The organizational structure of the CCCT (source: Authors works).*

ment, and corporate social responsibility.

**climate change**

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Indonesia [30].

The first variable is the farmer's education. Education decreases the degree of perceived-impact of climate change. Thus, farmers with a high formal education reported a low degree of climate change impact while those with a low formal education perceived a high degree of climate change impact. Consequently, the latter group has a higher probability of adopting the suggested adaptation practices. Farmer education has received considerable attention in the previous studies. A study on farmers in Pakistan shows that the higher the education of the farmers, the better the adaptation will be. The form of adaptation taken is planting drought-tolerant crops, crop diversification, and these adaptations have a positive impact on food security [31]. Other similar studies on farmers in Ethiopia show that education has a positive impact on climate change adaptation through land conservation and changes in planting time [32]. In general, education plays a crucial role in farm decisions making in Indonesia. Farmer's education significantly affects participation in contract farming for tobacco [33], sugarcane [34], and broiler farmers [35, 36]. Furthermore, education also significantly affects the adoption of certified seed plants for Indonesian sugarcane farmers [37].

#### **Figure 4.**

*The driving and inhibiting factors of farmer adoption of the suggested adaptation practices (source: Authors works).*

The majority of Indonesian rice farmers have low-level formal education. 70% of Indonesian rice farmers fall in the category of low education farmers having attended only elementary or never attended formal education. Then, 27.6% of Indonesian rice farmers have a middle-level formal education, both junior (SMP) and senior high school (SMA). Meanwhile, only 2.4% of farmers completed higher education. The majority of low education farmers are located in Java and Sumatera (65.78%), followed by Sulawesi, Bali and Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, and Papua. Even though the majority of farmers have low-level education, each region has a farmer who attended higher education. This figure is crucial to plan a farmer-to-farmer extension program, where high education farmers acted as the key farmer. Establishing a farmer-to-farmer extension is promising in improving the adaptation program and is crucial in the general agricultural development program. **Table 1** shows the distribution of Indonesian rice farmers based on their level of formal education.
