**6. Economic importance**

Inspite of being more cumbersome and high input intense practice, hybrid rice seed production is a profitable venture. It creates additional job opportunity (requires 100–105 more-man days) and provides more net income (around 1050 USD/ha net income, 70% more than the unit production cost) as compared to seed production of HYV (192.0 USD/ha, only 18% more than production cost) (**Table 5**). The market price of hybrid seed is 3.5–4.25 USD per kg. The farmers producing the hybrid seed get only 1.15–1.30 USD per kg. In case of low production (<5 quintal/acre) farmers get minimum 635.0 USD as compensation from seed production agencies.

**41**

**8. Conclusion**

**7. Way forward**

*Source: Verma et al., [40].*

*Cost analysis of hybrid rice seed.*

*Price of seed is the price given to the farmer.*

*a*

**Table 5.**

Hybrid technology has been substantial in enhancement of rice productivity *per se* production in temperate countries, however, owing to low photo-intensity during growing period in tropics, its impact remains meager. Under changing climatic and agriculture scenario, rice hybrid is likely to face stiff competition to sustain in future. Despite having great potential to enhance production and productivity, it has not been adopted on large scale as was expected. This is due to several constraints like lack of acceptability of hybrids in some regions such as Southern India due to region-specific grain quality requirement. Moderate (15–20%) yield advantage in hybrids is not economically very attractive and there is a need to increase the magnitude of heterosis further. Lower market price offered for the hybrid rice produce by millers/trader sis acting as a deterrent for many farmers to take up hybrid rice cultivation. Higher seed cost is another restrain for large-scale adoption and hence there is a need to enhance the seed yield in hybrid rice seed production plots. Efforts for creating awareness and for technology transfer were inadequate in initial stages. Involvement of public sector seed corporations in large-scale seed production has been less than expected. Hybrid rice for aerobic/upland, *boro* season and long-duration hybrids for shallow lowland conditions are to be developed. Most of the constraints mentioned above are being addressed with right earnestness through the ongoing research projects and transfer of technology efforts.

**(per hectare)**

market price)

21.20USD/ha/irrigation

0.28USD/kga

Net income 1050 192

Female 15 kg @ 5.65 USD/kg 42 Nil

Seed cost Male 5 kg @ 0.71 USD/kg 4 28

Labor cost 250/145 @ 2.83 USD/labor/day 707 410

Gibberellic acid 28 Nil Others 212 141 Total cost 1494 1080 Average production 2.0 t/ha 4.5

**Cost/income (USD) Hybrid seed HYV**

76 76

425 425

2544 1272

Since inception, this technology has a substantial impact in enhancing the productivity and production in crop plant and livelihood of the farming community.

*Hybrid Rice Research: Current Status and Prospects DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93668*

**Item Quantity/number** 

FYM and fertilizer cost N:P:K (100:50:50) (based on

Irrigation 18–20 Irrigation (weekly) @

Gross income Price @ 1.27USD/kg and


**Table 5.**

*Recent Advances in Rice Research*

editing tools [34].

*5.2.2 Utilization of Iso-cytoplasmic restorers*

and utilized in hybrid rice research [39].

producibility of 3.5 t/ha.

*5.2.4 Ideotype hybrid breeding*

**6. Economic importance**

seed production agencies.

*5.2.3 Out-crossing enhancement in seed parent*

attaining quantum genetic gains in hybrids.

and poor grain quality, this genetic pool remains untapped. Grain quality of inter-subspecific hybrids proposed to be improved by utilizing parental combinations having good combining ability but similar in quality parameters, might reduce the concern of segregation for quality traits. Hybrid sterility problem in inter-subspecific hybrids can be addressed by stacking *indica* allele (*S-i*) at *Sb, Sc, Sd,* and *Se* loci and the neutral allele (*S-n*) at *S5*locusin to *japonica* genetic background [35] or by silencing the *S-i* and *S5* mutant loci through genome

In three-line hybrid system, cytoplasm of CMS exerts various unwanted effect (called CMS penalty) and reduces the complete heterosis expression (up to 5–10%) in CGMS hybrids. Iso-cytoplasmic restorer is fertile transgressive segregant of CGMS hybrid, having same cytoplasm as of CMS. In combination with iso-cyto-CMS, it can normalize the fatal cyto-nuclear conflicts, hence enhances the heterosis to substantial extent. In rice, several iso-cytoplasmic restorers has been developed

Low seed producibility (1.5–2.5 t/ha) in the CMS remains a concern, restricts seed abundancy, and area expansion in India. Trait development in seed parent for out-crossing traits like stigma exertion, complete panicle exertion is important and needs to be addressed strategically. Recently, a CMS line, IR-79156A possessing more than 50% out-crossing, developed by IRRI showed seed

To maximize genetic gain in rice, breeding of ideal plant type was started long back in Japan and subsequently adopted by China. Through morphological improvement and adopting inter-subspecific (*indica/japonica*) hybrid strategies, substantial progress in ideotype hybrid breeding "super hybrid" have been achieved. China, indeed has made considerable progress and released more than 100 high yielding super hybrids [25]. Hence, inclusion of inter-subspecific quality type inbreds "super rice" in hybrid development will have substantial impact in

Inspite of being more cumbersome and high input intense practice, hybrid rice seed production is a profitable venture. It creates additional job opportunity (requires 100–105 more-man days) and provides more net income (around 1050 USD/ha net income, 70% more than the unit production cost) as compared to seed production of HYV (192.0 USD/ha, only 18% more than production cost) (**Table 5**). The market price of hybrid seed is 3.5–4.25 USD per kg. The farmers producing the hybrid seed get only 1.15–1.30 USD per kg. In case of low production (<5 quintal/acre) farmers get minimum 635.0 USD as compensation from

**40**

*Cost analysis of hybrid rice seed.*
