**4.2 Gender**

The second variable is the farmer's gender. The study shows that female farmers perceived a lower impact of climate change on their farming. The finding implies that female rice farmers in Indonesia are better at adapting to climate change than male farmers. The literature found a varied effect of farmer's gender on climate adaptation. Studies conducted in Ethiopia [32] and Kenya [38] show that male farmers are more able to adapt to climate change than female farmers. However, research on farmers in Pakistan shows that female farmers are better able to implement climate change adaptation strategies and can maintain food security [31]. Also, research on farmers in Europe suggests that female farmers are more sensitive to climate change [16]. This finding suggests that involving female farmers and policymakers in climate action and climate-related decision making are crucial to improve the effectiveness of the adaptation program. Furthermore, female farmers are present in each region in Indonesia (**Table 2**).


*Notes:* 

*1. The region of Sumatera consists of ten provinces (Aceh, North Sumatera, Riau, Jambi, Riau Islands, Bengkulu, Bangka Belitung Islands, West Sumatera, South Sumatera, and Lampung); Java consists of six province (Jakarta, Banten, West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, and East Java); Kalimantan has five provinces (West, Central, South, East, and North Kalimantan); Sulawesi has six provinces (North, Central, West, South, and Southeast Sulawesi, and Gorontalo) Bali & Nusa Tenggara has three provinces (Bali, East Nusa Tenggara, and West Nusa Tenggara); Maluku has two provinces (Maluku and North Maluku); Papua has two provinces (Papua and Papua Barat).*

**235**

**4.3 Land tenure**

*Notes:* 

**Table 2.**

*female farmer.*

*Improving the Efficacy of Climate Policy in the Indonesian Rice Sector: The Potential Use…*

**Region Male Female Density** Sumatera 19,762 (25.53%) 3793 (37.06%) 6 Java 29,701 (38.53%) 3485 (34.05%) 9 Kalimantan 7909 (10.26%) 867 (8.47%) 10 Sulawesi 8255 (10.71%) 1407 (13.75%) 6 Bali & Nusa Tenggara 10,004 (12.98%) 592 (5.78%) 17 Maluku 844 (1.09%) 33 (0.32%) 26 Papua 709 (0.92%) 59 (0.58%) 13 **Indonesia 77,094 (88.28%) 10,236 (11.72%) 8**

**Table 2** shows that the majority of Indonesian rice farmers are male (88.28%), and only 11.72% are female. Similar to the previous variables, both male and female farmers were concentrated in Sumatera and Java. However, the data indicate that female farmer density varies across the region. Sumatera and Sulawesi have the highest female farmer's density of 6, which means that there is one female farmer for every six male farmers in the region. Java and Kalimantan have a somewhat similar density of nine and ten. The region of Papua, Bali & Nusa Tenggara and Maluku has the lowest density of 13, 17, and 26 respectively. These figures suggest that involving female farmers in climate action and climate-related decision making in Sumatera, Java, and Sulawesi is a good option. 75.9% of Indonesian rice farmers were located in Sumatera, Java, and Sulawesi. Also, 84.85% of female farmers were located in these regions. Thus, focusing on the gender-related program in these

*3. The density is the male to female ratio. For example, in Maluku, for every 26 male farmers, there is only one* 

*4. The value in brackets on the lowest row indicates the percentage of male/female farmers to total farmers.*

The third variable is land tenure. Land tenure represents the security of farmland ownership. A higher land tenure security encourages the farmer to provide farm investment in the form of adaptation practices. This study categorized land tenure into three groups: owned land, leased land, and sharecropping land. As expected, a farmer who cultivates their land perceives a lower impact of climate change. In contrast, those who cultivated on leased or sharecropped land perceive a higher impact of climate change. This finding suggests that targeting farmers with insecure land tenure is crucial to mitigate the negative impact of climate change.

The importance of land tenure security on smallholder farming has been studied extensively. A study on farmers in Ghana shows that land tenure increases a farmer's willingness to adapt to climate change [39]. The results of this study also show that landowners have a high level of willingness to adapt to climate change compared to tenants and sharecropping farmers. Similarly, farmers in Rome, Italy, with the status of landowners, have a high level of initiative to adapt to climate change [40]. Land tenure security also plays a crucial role in Indonesian agriculture. Land tenure security increases the productivity and profitability of rice farming in Indonesia [41], the probability of participating in contract farming [34], and the adoption

regions is crucial to improve the efficacy of climate policy.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94004*

*1. The region classification is similar to those presented in Table 1.*

*The distribution of male and female Indonesian rice farmers.*

*2. The value in brackets indicates the within-group percentage (male/female).*

*2. The value in brackets indicates the percentage within each education level.*

*3. The value in brackets on the lowest row indicates the percentage within the total number of the farmer.*

#### **Table 1.**

*The distribution of Indonesian rice farmers based on their level of education.*

*Improving the Efficacy of Climate Policy in the Indonesian Rice Sector: The Potential Use… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94004*


*Notes:* 

*Recent Advances in Rice Research*

level of formal education.

are present in each region in Indonesia (**Table 2**).

*2. The value in brackets indicates the percentage within each education level.*

*The distribution of Indonesian rice farmers based on their level of education.*

**4.2 Gender**

The majority of Indonesian rice farmers have low-level formal education. 70% of Indonesian rice farmers fall in the category of low education farmers having attended only elementary or never attended formal education. Then, 27.6% of Indonesian rice farmers have a middle-level formal education, both junior (SMP) and senior high school (SMA). Meanwhile, only 2.4% of farmers completed higher education. The majority of low education farmers are located in Java and Sumatera (65.78%), followed by Sulawesi, Bali and Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, and Papua. Even though the majority of farmers have low-level education, each region has a farmer who attended higher education. This figure is crucial to plan a farmer-to-farmer extension program, where high education farmers acted as the key farmer. Establishing a farmer-to-farmer extension is promising in improving the adaptation program and is crucial in the general agricultural development program. **Table 1** shows the distribution of Indonesian rice farmers based on their

The second variable is the farmer's gender. The study shows that female farmers perceived a lower impact of climate change on their farming. The finding implies that female rice farmers in Indonesia are better at adapting to climate change than male farmers. The literature found a varied effect of farmer's gender on climate adaptation. Studies conducted in Ethiopia [32] and Kenya [38] show that male farmers are more able to adapt to climate change than female farmers. However, research on farmers in Pakistan shows that female farmers are better able to implement climate change adaptation strategies and can maintain food security [31]. Also, research on farmers in Europe suggests that female farmers are more sensitive to climate change [16]. This finding suggests that involving female farmers and policymakers in climate action and climate-related decision making are crucial to improve the effectiveness of the adaptation program. Furthermore, female farmers

**Region Low Middle High** Sumatera 14,442 (23.65) 8486 (35.14) 537 (25.50) Java 25,729 (42.13) 6749 (27.95) 708 (33.62) Kalimantan 5962 (9.76) 2466 (10.21) 348 (16.52) Sulawesi 6997 (11.46) 2490 (10.31) 175 (8.31) Bali & Nusa Tenggara 6846 (11.41) 3442 (14.25) 308 (14.62) Maluku 579 (0.95) 282 (1.17) 16 (0.76) Papua 520 (0.85) 234 (0.97) 14 (0.66) **Indonesia 61,075 (70) 24,149 (27.6) 2106 (2.4)**

*1. The region of Sumatera consists of ten provinces (Aceh, North Sumatera, Riau, Jambi, Riau Islands, Bengkulu, Bangka Belitung Islands, West Sumatera, South Sumatera, and Lampung); Java consists of six province (Jakarta, Banten, West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, and East Java); Kalimantan has five provinces (West, Central, South, East, and North Kalimantan); Sulawesi has six provinces (North, Central, West, South, and Southeast Sulawesi, and Gorontalo) Bali & Nusa Tenggara has three provinces (Bali, East Nusa Tenggara, and West Nusa Tenggara); Maluku has two provinces (Maluku and North Maluku); Papua has two provinces (Papua* 

*3. The value in brackets on the lowest row indicates the percentage within the total number of the farmer.*

**234**

**Table 1.**

*Notes:* 

*and Papua Barat).*

*1. The region classification is similar to those presented in Table 1.*

*2. The value in brackets indicates the within-group percentage (male/female).*

*3. The density is the male to female ratio. For example, in Maluku, for every 26 male farmers, there is only one female farmer.*

*4. The value in brackets on the lowest row indicates the percentage of male/female farmers to total farmers.*

#### **Table 2.**

*The distribution of male and female Indonesian rice farmers.*

**Table 2** shows that the majority of Indonesian rice farmers are male (88.28%), and only 11.72% are female. Similar to the previous variables, both male and female farmers were concentrated in Sumatera and Java. However, the data indicate that female farmer density varies across the region. Sumatera and Sulawesi have the highest female farmer's density of 6, which means that there is one female farmer for every six male farmers in the region. Java and Kalimantan have a somewhat similar density of nine and ten. The region of Papua, Bali & Nusa Tenggara and Maluku has the lowest density of 13, 17, and 26 respectively. These figures suggest that involving female farmers in climate action and climate-related decision making in Sumatera, Java, and Sulawesi is a good option. 75.9% of Indonesian rice farmers were located in Sumatera, Java, and Sulawesi. Also, 84.85% of female farmers were located in these regions. Thus, focusing on the gender-related program in these regions is crucial to improve the efficacy of climate policy.

#### **4.3 Land tenure**

The third variable is land tenure. Land tenure represents the security of farmland ownership. A higher land tenure security encourages the farmer to provide farm investment in the form of adaptation practices. This study categorized land tenure into three groups: owned land, leased land, and sharecropping land. As expected, a farmer who cultivates their land perceives a lower impact of climate change. In contrast, those who cultivated on leased or sharecropped land perceive a higher impact of climate change. This finding suggests that targeting farmers with insecure land tenure is crucial to mitigate the negative impact of climate change.

The importance of land tenure security on smallholder farming has been studied extensively. A study on farmers in Ghana shows that land tenure increases a farmer's willingness to adapt to climate change [39]. The results of this study also show that landowners have a high level of willingness to adapt to climate change compared to tenants and sharecropping farmers. Similarly, farmers in Rome, Italy, with the status of landowners, have a high level of initiative to adapt to climate change [40]. Land tenure security also plays a crucial role in Indonesian agriculture. Land tenure security increases the productivity and profitability of rice farming in Indonesia [41], the probability of participating in contract farming [34], and the adoption

of certified seed plants [37]. A weak land tenure security lessens farm investment and makes the farmer more vulnerable to shocks, including climate change. Thus, focusing the climate action on farmers with a weak land tenure security is crucial in moderating the impact of climate change. **Table 3** shows the distribution of Indonesian rice farmers based on land tenure security.

**Table 3** shows that about 30% of Indonesian rice farmers have weak land tenure security and perform farming either on leased or sharecropped land. The majority of these farmers were located in Java and Sumatera. Furthermore, the majority ratio of own farmer to lease/sharecropping farmer is lowest in Java and Sumatra. Both Java and Sumatera have 3 and 2 own to lease/sharecropping farmer ratio, indicating that there is one lease/sharecropping farmer for every three own farmers in Java, and two in Sumatera. Focusing climate action on lease/sharecropping in Java and Sumatera is crucial to improve the effectiveness of the adaptation program.

#### **4.4 Irrigation**

The fourth variable is the irrigation infrastructure. Historically, irrigation infrastructure has played a central role in Indonesian rice farming. The development of the irrigation system in Indonesia started in the colonial era and continued in each government regime. In the independence period, irrigation development was characterized by the construction of massive irrigation infrastructure [42]. The finding of this study shows that the presence of irrigation infrastructure reduces the perceived-impact of climate change. It indicates that irrigation infrastructure moderates the negative impact of climate change, especially during drought. It also implies that farmers with no access to irrigation are vulnerable to climate change and is appropriate as the beneficiary of climate adaptation program.

Several studies have found the benefit of irrigation infrastructure in mitigating the impact of climate change. The development and improvement of irrigation infrastructure are crucial in mitigating the negative impact of drought due to climate changes in the Vietnamese rice sector [43]. Irrigation development in Vietnam is also able to overcome the excess of water during the rainy season and provide water during the


*Notes:* 

*1. The region classification is similar to those presented in Table 1.*

*2. The value in brackets indicates the within-group percentage (own/lease/sharecropping).*

*3. The data contains 407 observations with missing value, thus excluded from data presented in Table 3.*

*4. The data reported three categories of land tenure owned, leased, and lease-free. However, we categorized 'lease-free' as sharecropping since there are a resource and result-sharing agreement between the farmer and the landowner.*

*5. The ratio is own to the farmer lease+sharecropping ratio. The value indicates the number of lease/sharecropping farmers for every own-farmer.*

**237**

*Notes:* 

**Table 4.**

*1. The region classification is similar to those presented in Table 1.*

*3. The data contains 407 observations with a missing value.*

*access to irrigation infrastructure.*

*2. The value in brackets indicates the within-group percentage (irrigated/non-irrigated land).*

*The distribution of Indonesian rice farmers based on access to irrigation infrastructure.*

*Improving the Efficacy of Climate Policy in the Indonesian Rice Sector: The Potential Use…*

dry season [44]. Research conducted on rice farmers in Indonesia shows that irrigation infrastructure development can increase yields of crops, planting season, and planting intensity [45]. Furthermore, the presence of irrigation infrastructure increases agricultural land value in the rural and peri-urban areas in Indonesia [46] and drives the way farmers govern water-user associations [47]. However, the current irrigation infrastructure only covers less than half of Indonesian rice farmers (**Table 4**).

**Table 4** shows that irrigation infrastructure covers only 45.27% of Indonesian rice farmers. Furthermore, the majority of farmers who have access to irrigation infrastructure were located in Java (42.30%), followed by Sumatera, Bali & Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua. However, the percentage of farmers with having no access to irrigation infrastructure was also located in Java (34.45%). But, looking at the ratio, Sulawesi has the highest ratio of 96. It means that for every ten farmers in Sulawesi who have access to irrigation infrastructure, 96 farmers do not. Java, Kalimantan, Bali & Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku have a ratio of less than ten. It means that the number of farmers that have access to irrigation infrastructure is higher than those who do not. This figure indicates that

The fifth and six variables are cropping system and chemical fertilizer application and belong to the farming system category. Multicultural rice farming system increases farmer's perceived impact of climate change. Thus, farmers applying multi-culture rice farming perceived a high degree of climate change impact. Fortunately, the majority of Indonesian rice farmers applied monoculture rice farming (96.1%). 65.8% of farmers applied monoculture rice farming were located in Sumatera and Java. In contrast, the application of chemical fertilizer decreases the degree of perceived impact of climate change. Chemical fertilizer increases rice yield. Thus, the use of chemical fertilizer is associated with higher rice production. Consequently, it is associated with the low degree of perceived impact of climate change. The majority of Indonesian rice farmers applied chemical fertilizer (91.4%), and 67.8% of them were located in Java and Sumatera. **Table 5** shows the distribution of farmers based on the cropping system and chemical fertilizer application.

**Region Non-irrigated land Irrigated land Ratio** Sumatera 13,674 (28.61%) 9.791 (24.77%) 13 Java 16,466 (34.45%) 16,720 (42.30%) 9 Kalimantan 3212 (6.72%) 8776 (14.08%) 5 Sulawesi 8757 (18.32%) 905 (2.29%) 96 Bali & Nusa Tenggara 4988 (10.44%) 5608 (14.19%) 8 Maluku 226 (0.47%) 651 (1.65%) 3 Papua 477 (1%) 291 (.74%) 16 **Indonesia 47,800 (54.73%) 39,530 (45.27%) 12**

*4. The ratio represents the number of the farmer with no access to irrigation infrastructure for every ten farmers with* 

irrigation development was concentrated on the island of Java.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94004*

**4.5 Farming system**

#### **Table 3.**

*The distribution of Indonesian rice farmers based on land tenure.*

*Improving the Efficacy of Climate Policy in the Indonesian Rice Sector: The Potential Use… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94004*

dry season [44]. Research conducted on rice farmers in Indonesia shows that irrigation infrastructure development can increase yields of crops, planting season, and planting intensity [45]. Furthermore, the presence of irrigation infrastructure increases agricultural land value in the rural and peri-urban areas in Indonesia [46] and drives the way farmers govern water-user associations [47]. However, the current irrigation infrastructure only covers less than half of Indonesian rice farmers (**Table 4**).

**Table 4** shows that irrigation infrastructure covers only 45.27% of Indonesian rice farmers. Furthermore, the majority of farmers who have access to irrigation infrastructure were located in Java (42.30%), followed by Sumatera, Bali & Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua. However, the percentage of farmers with having no access to irrigation infrastructure was also located in Java (34.45%). But, looking at the ratio, Sulawesi has the highest ratio of 96. It means that for every ten farmers in Sulawesi who have access to irrigation infrastructure, 96 farmers do not. Java, Kalimantan, Bali & Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku have a ratio of less than ten. It means that the number of farmers that have access to irrigation infrastructure is higher than those who do not. This figure indicates that irrigation development was concentrated on the island of Java.

#### **4.5 Farming system**

*Recent Advances in Rice Research*

**4.4 Irrigation**

of certified seed plants [37]. A weak land tenure security lessens farm investment and makes the farmer more vulnerable to shocks, including climate change. Thus, focusing the climate action on farmers with a weak land tenure security is crucial in moderating the impact of climate change. **Table 3** shows the distribution of

**Table 3** shows that about 30% of Indonesian rice farmers have weak land tenure security and perform farming either on leased or sharecropped land. The majority of these farmers were located in Java and Sumatera. Furthermore, the majority ratio of own farmer to lease/sharecropping farmer is lowest in Java and Sumatra. Both Java and Sumatera have 3 and 2 own to lease/sharecropping farmer ratio, indicating that there is one lease/sharecropping farmer for every three own farmers in Java, and two in Sumatera. Focusing climate action on lease/sharecropping in Java and Sumatera is crucial to improve the effectiveness of the adaptation program.

The fourth variable is the irrigation infrastructure. Historically, irrigation infrastructure has played a central role in Indonesian rice farming. The development of the irrigation system in Indonesia started in the colonial era and continued in each government regime. In the independence period, irrigation development was characterized by the construction of massive irrigation infrastructure [42]. The finding of this study shows that the presence of irrigation infrastructure reduces the perceived-impact of climate change. It indicates that irrigation infrastructure moderates the negative impact of climate change, especially during drought. It also implies that farmers with no access to irrigation are vulnerable to climate change

Several studies have found the benefit of irrigation infrastructure in mitigating the impact of climate change. The development and improvement of irrigation infrastructure are crucial in mitigating the negative impact of drought due to climate changes in the Vietnamese rice sector [43]. Irrigation development in Vietnam is also able to overcome the excess of water during the rainy season and provide water during the

**Region Own Lease Sharecropping Ratio** Sumatera 14,452 (23.39%) 5826 (36.90%) 3101 (33.16%) 2 Java 24,708 (39.99%) 4976 (31.52%) 3319 (35.49%) 3 Kalimantan 6646 (10.76%) 1243 (7.87%) 829 (8.87%) 4 Sulawesi 7535 (12.20%) 1414 (8.96%) 676 (7.23%) 4 Bali & Nusa Tenggara 7064 (11.43%) 2222 (14.07%) 1270 (13.58%) 3 Maluku 747 (1.21%) 72 (0.46%) 57 (0.61%) 6 Papua 632 (1.02%) 35 (0.22%) 99 (1.06%) 5 **Indonesia 61,784 (70.75%) 15,788 (18.08%) 9351 (10.71%) 3**

and is appropriate as the beneficiary of climate adaptation program.

*1. The region classification is similar to those presented in Table 1.*

*The distribution of Indonesian rice farmers based on land tenure.*

*2. The value in brackets indicates the within-group percentage (own/lease/sharecropping).*

*3. The data contains 407 observations with missing value, thus excluded from data presented in Table 3. 4. The data reported three categories of land tenure owned, leased, and lease-free. However, we categorized 'lease-free' as sharecropping since there are a resource and result-sharing agreement between the farmer and the* 

*5. The ratio is own to the farmer lease+sharecropping ratio. The value indicates the number of lease/sharecropping* 

Indonesian rice farmers based on land tenure security.

**236**

**Table 3.**

*Notes:* 

*landowner.*

*farmers for every own-farmer.*

The fifth and six variables are cropping system and chemical fertilizer application and belong to the farming system category. Multicultural rice farming system increases farmer's perceived impact of climate change. Thus, farmers applying multi-culture rice farming perceived a high degree of climate change impact. Fortunately, the majority of Indonesian rice farmers applied monoculture rice farming (96.1%). 65.8% of farmers applied monoculture rice farming were located in Sumatera and Java. In contrast, the application of chemical fertilizer decreases the degree of perceived impact of climate change. Chemical fertilizer increases rice yield. Thus, the use of chemical fertilizer is associated with higher rice production. Consequently, it is associated with the low degree of perceived impact of climate change. The majority of Indonesian rice farmers applied chemical fertilizer (91.4%), and 67.8% of them were located in Java and Sumatera. **Table 5** shows the distribution of farmers based on the cropping system and chemical fertilizer application.


*Notes:* 

*1. The region classification is similar to those presented in Table 1.*

*2. The value in brackets indicates the within-group percentage (irrigated/non-irrigated land).*

*3. The data contains 407 observations with a missing value.*

*4. The ratio represents the number of the farmer with no access to irrigation infrastructure for every ten farmers with access to irrigation infrastructure.*

#### **Table 4.**

*The distribution of Indonesian rice farmers based on access to irrigation infrastructure.*


*Notes:* 

*1. The value in brackets indicates the within-group percentage (multi-culture/monoculture and not* 

*applied/applied chemical fertilizer). 2. The data contains 486 observations with a missing value.*

#### **Table 5.**

*The distribution of Indonesian rice farmers based on the cropping system and chemical fertilizer application.*


*Notes:* 

*1. The region classification is similar to those presented in Table 5.*

*2. The value in brackets indicates the within-group percentage (have no access/have access and non-member/ member).*

*3. The data contains 39 observations with a missing value for Extension services and 486 missing values for the farmer group.*

**Table 6.**

*The distribution of farmers based on access to extension services and farmer group membership.*

#### **4.6 Farm institutions**

Farm institutions consist of two variables: agricultural extension services and farmer groups. The farmer group plays a crucial role in Indonesian rice farming. The government used farmer groups to deliver various programs related to rice farming, such as the distribution of subsidized fertilizer, seed, agricultural machinery, and program related to the improvement of farming practices. Thus, participation in farmer group improves farmer ability to adapt to climate change and decreases their perceived impact of climate change. Unfortunately, only 52.2% of Indonesian farmers registered in the farmer group. It suggests that there is still a large proportion of farmers with no access to farmer groups and their subsequent facility.

Agricultural extension service is the second farm institution. Agricultural extension plays a crucial in the dissemination of agricultural technology, farming practices,

**239**

Indonesia.

*Improving the Efficacy of Climate Policy in the Indonesian Rice Sector: The Potential Use…*

target the most vulnerable farmers to climate change (**Table 6**).

and current agricultural knowledge and information to farmers. Agricultural extension plays an even more crucial role in climate change adaptation efforts. Farmers require accurate information to adapt to climate change. Furthermore, the existence of agricultural extension officers is crucial in informing the appropriate adaptation practices to farmers and improves farmer's awareness of the threat of climate change on their farming. Unfortunately, the coverage of agricultural extension in Indonesia is relatively low. The current agricultural extension service covers only 24.8% of Indonesian rice farmers. Increasing the coverage of agricultural extension service should be the long-term priority of the Indonesian government in the rice sector policy. Currently, the government should optimize the channel of agricultural extension to identify and

The results of this study indicate that several factors influence the impact of climate change on farmers. Female farmers are more able to adapt to climate change than male farmers. Socialization theory suggests that women are sensitive to respond to change. Thus, female farmers have relevant characters for implementing climate change adaptation and mitigation than male farmers. Therefore, increasing the participation of women farmers in climate change adaptation activities and making adaptation decisions is a crucial factor in increasing farmers' resilience to climate change. Besides, focusing on the region with a high number of vulnerable farmers is crucial to improve the effectiveness of the policy. **Figure 5** shows the distribution of farmers with characteristics of those who perceived a high climate

The level of education and access to extension reduce the negative impacts of climate change. The information provided by extension agencies can encourage farmers to adapt to face the risks of climate change. Studies on farmers in Mali and Senegal [48] and West Africa [49] show that information is a crucial factor for determining the type of adaptation and increasing farmers' resilience to the risks of climate change. Therefore, it is essential to increase the ability to provide information to minimize the impact of climate change. Strengthening information on climate change can be done in two ways, namely increasing the reach of extension agencies, as well as increasing the role of individual extension workers or extension

The government can strengthen the role of individual farmer extension agents by selecting key farmers or farmers with high levels of education and knowledge. Conduct intensive training for these farmers, and provide supporting programs through these farmers. This strategy is feasible to implement, considering that rice farmers with a high level of education are at the age of

Land ownership has a positive effect on minimizing the risk of climate change

impacts. This study shows that farmers with owned land types have a greater incentive to adapt than farmers with production sharing or rental models. The implementation of climate change policies based on land ownership types can be focused on farmers with weak ownership status. So that farmers with a land lease and sharecropping status will apply adaptation strategies. This strategy is crucial to be implemented, considering that 30% of rice farmers in Indonesia are classified as lease and sharecropping farmers. If these farmers do not adapt to climate change, rice production will decline substantially and threaten food security in

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94004*

**5. Policy implications**

change impact.

20–40 years.

carried out from farmer to farmer.

*Improving the Efficacy of Climate Policy in the Indonesian Rice Sector: The Potential Use… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94004*

and current agricultural knowledge and information to farmers. Agricultural extension plays an even more crucial role in climate change adaptation efforts. Farmers require accurate information to adapt to climate change. Furthermore, the existence of agricultural extension officers is crucial in informing the appropriate adaptation practices to farmers and improves farmer's awareness of the threat of climate change on their farming. Unfortunately, the coverage of agricultural extension in Indonesia is relatively low. The current agricultural extension service covers only 24.8% of Indonesian rice farmers. Increasing the coverage of agricultural extension service should be the long-term priority of the Indonesian government in the rice sector policy. Currently, the government should optimize the channel of agricultural extension to identify and target the most vulnerable farmers to climate change (**Table 6**).
