**Author details**

*Pseudomonas aeruginosa* - Biofilm Formation, Infections and Treatments

**economy**

immune system [10].

**2. Biofilms associated infection and its impact on human health and** 

Infection is predominantly triggered by biofilm formation. It is projected that more than 60% of all bacterial infections are associated with biofilms [6]. In simple words, biofilms mean colonization of bacteria on biotic and abiotic surfaces. Biofilm is the most supreme stage of bacterial lifestyle. Biofilm formation involves various stages to instigate with initial adhesion (reversible adhesion) of individual bacteria (planktonic stage) through their cell appendages (flagella, fimbriae, pili, that are anchored to bacterial cell surface) to host bodily surfaces such as skin, mucosa, and teeth also on medical devices such as implants, catheters, contact lenses and on water pipes, sinks, bathtub. The second steps are microcolony formation and biosynthesize of numerous exogenous biopolymers by bacteria such as nucleic acids (extracellular DNA, RNA), proteins, polysaccharides, virulence factors and metabolites that aids them in irreversible/strong adhesion to the surfaces, cell-to-cell adhesion, and foundation for initial architecture for biofilm. Later stages include further maturation and growth of bacteria within the microcolony and production of biomolecules and formation of robust three-dimensional biofilm and finally dispersion of individual bacteria from the mature biofilms to initiate colonization at new site [7, 8]. This close vicinity of the bacterial cells within the biofilm empowers exchange and distribution of various essential products includes nutrients, genetic materials, proteins, metabolites and other small molecules for the fitness, growth, and survival of bacterial cells and exclusion of toxic end products [9]. The complex biofilm architecture defends the bacterial cells within them from antibiotics, antiseptics, soaps and detergents, physical shear forces and the host

The prevalence and persistence of biofilm associated infections has direct adverse impact on human health and World's economy including costing billions of dollars annually for treatment across several different sectors such as wound and burns treatment, dentistry, endocarditis, bronchitis's, cystic fibrosis and surgical (hip, knee joints, pacemakers, cardiac valves) and non-surgical (contact lenses, urinary catheters, artificial teeth) implants [11, 12]. For instance, United States of America spends approximately 94 billion USD a year with more than half a million deaths related to biofilms [13]. Biofilm related Hospital-acquired infections/nosocomial infection includes pneumoniae, surgical site infections, Urinary tract infections (UTIs), blood stream infections alone cost USA health care 11 billion USD with approximately 2 million cases per year and is responsible for fourth leading cause of deaths in USA [6, 14, 15]. In general, it is speculated that nosocomial infection in patients becomes apparent within 48 hrs of early patient care [14]. Australia's health system already expended \$909 million annually for treatment associated with Urinary tract infections (UTIs). To note: the ratio of patients affected with UTIs in Australia is estimated to be 1 out of 2 women and 1 out of 20 men in their lifetime. UTIs associated implications in Australia also resulted in over 2.5 million visits to clinics and 75,000 hospital stay yearly [16]. As per statistics, report by European centre for disease prevention and control, nosocomial infection rate in European Union countries is soar, estimated to be around 3 million people get infected and around 50,000 death associated with it per year [17]. Primary factors that trigger the increase in infection rate, morbidity and mortality and associated treatment cost are due to poor hygiene, malnutrition, and lack of sanitation especially in the low-income countries, also misuse of antibiotic in food industry (agriculture, livestock, dairy) and unwarranted prescription (e.g., antibiotics prescribed to patients for common cold). Development of multidrug resistance bacteria or superbugs further escalates infection rate and associated

**2**

Theerthankar Das Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia

\*Address all correspondence to: das.ashishkumar@sydney.edu.au

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