**6. Conclusions and further directions**

Nosocomial infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit, which can usually be prevented. Although not all nosocomial infections can be eliminated due to the specific nature of JIS patients, the incidence can be significantly reduced by control measures. Simple measures such as strict hand hygiene, isolation, sterility, elevated head position, judicious use, and prompt removal of central catheters, urinary catheters, and endotracheal tubes can dramatically affect the frequency of nosocomial infections. Although not all nosocomial infections can be prevented, intensive care targets should be zero. Consistent application and monitoring of the effectiveness of infection control measures must go a long way towards achieving the goal. The medical community must take steps to reduce and prevent nosocomial infections. Future efforts should be made to distinguish community-acquired infection from nosocomial infection, to reduce the development of resistant organisms through prudent use of antibiotics, to design JIS to isolate patients and ensure hand hygiene, and to develop barrier design [2, 3].

#### **6.1 Further directions**


**29**

**Author details**

Silvia Labovská

Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Teaching Hospital Nitra, Slovakia

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

\*Address all correspondence to: silvialabovska@gmail.com

provided the original work is properly cited.

*Pseudomonas aeruginosa* as a Cause of Nosocomial Infections

• Prevention of catheter blood infections begins at the time of insertion with sterility. Catheter care and the use of catheters that are impregnated with

antiseptics or antibiotics may further reduce the risk of infection.

head above bed level and considering extubation daily.

• Routine removal of central venous catheters does not reduce the risk of

• VAP prevention is facilitated by the use of a protocol that includes raising the

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95908*

catheter blood infections.

*Pseudomonas aeruginosa* as a Cause of Nosocomial Infections *DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95908*

*Pseudomonas aeruginosa* - Biofilm Formation, Infections and Treatments

protectors and coats [2, 3].

coats and gloves.

standard measures.

**6.1 Further directions**

among hospitalized patients.

nosocomial resistant organisms.

droplets, or airborne transmission.

the patient's examination, but also when gloves are worn. In case of contact with body fluids or secretions, it is advisable to use barriers such as gloves, masks, eye

Transmission-based measures aim to protect against the transmission of infectious micro-organisms from patients with a proven or suspected infection, as well as from patients colonized by specific micro-organisms. These additional measures are more than standard measures and are based on the path of transmission: contact,

Contact transfer measures apply to a wide range of micro-organisms that spread

by direct contact with the patient or by indirect contact through contaminated objects such as toys, a stethoscope and unwashed hands. Preventive measures include, in addition to standard measures, isolation rooms for the patient or group,

Droplet transfer measures are directed against microorganisms that spread a short distance from the patient by coughing and sneezing. These measures include isolation rooms for one patient or for a group of patients with the same microorganism. Healthcare professionals should wear masks with eye protection in addition to

Measures to prevent airborne transmission include additional precautions against microorganisms which spread through the air stream. Patients should be isolated in rooms with ionized air. For other airborne microorganisms, a respirator is required when entering the patient's room. Isolation of a patient may be based on clinical symptoms or circumstances present on admission to the hospital and should

Nosocomial infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit, which can usually be prevented. Although not all nosocomial infections can be eliminated due to the specific nature of JIS patients, the incidence can be significantly reduced by control measures. Simple measures such as strict hand hygiene, isolation, sterility, elevated head position, judicious use, and prompt removal of central catheters, urinary catheters, and endotracheal tubes can dramatically affect the frequency of nosocomial infections. Although not all nosocomial infections can be prevented, intensive care targets should be zero. Consistent application and monitoring of the effectiveness of infection control measures must go a long way towards achieving the goal. The medical community must take steps to reduce and prevent nosocomial infections. Future efforts should be made to distinguish community-acquired infection from nosocomial infection, to reduce the development of resistant organisms through prudent use of antibiotics, to design JIS to isolate patients and ensure hand hygiene, and to develop barrier design [2, 3].

• Adherence to infection control procedures, including hand hygiene, is one of the most useful and well-established methods for preventing nosocomial infections.

• Isolation measures are crucial in preventing the transmission of infections

• Following cultures at the time of patient admission may reduce the spread of

always be initiated before isolating the microorganism [2, 3].

**6. Conclusions and further directions**

**28**

