**6. Conclusion**

(2) factory and plant zone, (3) primary industrial zone. The "residence and service zone" contains facilities for people's use, such as housing, buildings for various services, streets, and parks. The "factory and plant zone" contains facilities for large-scale industrial production, such as manufacturing factories and power plants. The "primary industrial zone" includes farmlands and planted forests. In addition, the "factory and plant zone" and "residence and service zone" are closely connected to the "secondary industry" and "tertiary industry," respectively. Meanwhile, facilities for interurban and local transport are also significant as city components. Accordingly, we have added typical transport routes to **Figure 5**, dividing them into

Bearing standard cities in mind, we have specified important spatial relationships among city components. Extracts of such relationships are shown in **Table 6**. Choosing one element, that is, "residence and service zone," the rest of this section explains a key variable and its desired value. First, we have identified "extent of the residence and service zone from a station of passenger transport" as the key variable. Next, we have determined its two desired values: (1) within walking distance of an interurban railway station, (2) within short walking distance of a local transport (tram/bus) line's station. At least one of the two desired values need to be met. Satisfying the above desired value contributes to meeting many of the requirements shown in **Table 4**. First, limiting the residence and service zones within walking distances of public transportation stations leads to environmental protection by preventing urban sprawl. It also promotes the shift from automobile to mass transit systems, walking, and biking, which reduces traffic congestion, pollution, and CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, an increase in walking and biking leads to better health. Furthermore, lively pedestrian traffic contributes to increasing economic vitality and social interaction, as well as preventing crimes through an increase in

The third step shows the principles of designing city components. In this step,

Choosing one element from this table, that is, "larger buildings," the rest of this section comments on the selected three variables and their desired values. Meeting these desired values helps to fill various requirements for sustainable urban design. Concerning the first variable, "energy usage of the building," we have identified

requires buildings' high-level energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy. In addition, installing equipment for using renewable energy, such as solar panels, is a

Meanwhile, we have determined the desired value of "height limits for construction" to be "not high," more specific "height for several-floor buildings at the maximum." There are many disadvantages in constructing tall buildings, including skyscrapers. The taller the buildings become, the more difficult they achieve netzero energy buildings. Installing solar panels on the roof is a common way to use renewable energy at building sites; however, high-rise buildings inevitably increase the ratio of total floor area to the roof area. Besides, high-rise buildings often block surrounding buildings from the sun and make it difficult to use renewable energy. Furthermore, controlling buildings' height uniform with neighbors also contributes

first, main city component types are identified as elements. Next, items that strongly influence urban sustainability are determined as variables. Part of such

its desired value as "net-zero energy building." Achieving this desired value

measure for disaster damage reduction, since such equipment can provide

passenger transport and freight transport.

*Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development*

people's "eyes on the street" [23–25].

emergency electricity.

to better landscapes.

**292**

*5.2.3 Principles of designing city components*

elements and variables are demonstrated in **Table 7**.

This chapter illustrated the system-control-based methodology for sustainable structure design, with the examples of housing and urban design. Section 2 showed the "control system for promoting sustainable structure design." The third section demonstrated the "process of producing and revising sustainable structure design guidelines." The fourth section included the extracts of the sustainable housing design guidelines produced and revised in Japan. Lastly, Section 5 outlined a way of producing sustainable urban design guidelines. Unlike the design of city components, such as houses, the design of the whole city needs extensive spatial planning. Accordingly, the final stage of producing sustainable urban design guidelines consists of the three steps: (1) development allowable areas, (2) spatial relationships among city components, (3) principles of designing city components.

As already shown in our previous studies, this methodology has the following four characteristics: (1) visualization of the whole picture for promoting sustainable design, (2) user-friendliness, (3) comprehensiveness, (4) adaptability to different and changing situations [26]. The first characteristic originates in the schematization of the control system (**Figure 1**) and the process of producing and revising the design guidelines (**Figure 3**). Besides, this chapter has included two new diagrams, namely **Figure 4** and **Figure 5**, which are expected to help understand the whole picture for promoting sustainable urban design.

The second feature, "user-friendliness," originates from the "element-variabledesired value" framework in the sustainable design guidelines. Elements in the design guidelines are equivalent to actual parts of structures. Therefore, the system users can smoothly design the structures by comparing the actual structure or drawings with the design guidelines. Meanwhile, the third feature, "comprehensiveness," means that this methodology can deal with various environmental, social, and economic issues. This feature results from the model of sustainability (**Figure 2**), which has been incorporated in the control system for promoting sustainable structure design (**Figure 1**).

The fourth characteristic, "adaptability to different and changing situations," originates in the process of producing and revising the design guidelines. As demonstrated in **Tables 1** and **2**, local/particular problems in a country or region can be included in producing and revising the design guidelines. As a result, the produced and revised guidelines naturally become adaptable to that country's or region's situation. Meanwhile, Section 3.2 and Section 4.2 have shown the process of revising the design guidelines and its concrete instance, respectively. These study results include theoretical and practical ways to adapt the guidelines to changing situations over time.

Our main future work is further research on sustainable urban design. First, we must complete the sustainable urban design guidelines for practical use. After that, it is also necessary to revise the design guidelines by following the revision process shown in **Figure 4**. Through such future work, we are aiming to refine this methodology for designing sustainable structures.

*Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development*

**References**

2020-09-07]

[1] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Urbanization Prospects 2018 [Internet].

*How to Design Sustainable Structures*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95012*

[8] Fujihira K. Requirements for sustainable housing design. In: Fujihira K, editor. Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2017. DOI: 10.5772/ intechopen.71322 Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/

sustainable-home-design-by-

for-sustainable-housing-design

[9] Fujihira K. Basic schemes: Preparations for applying control science to sustainable design. In: Fujihira K, editor. Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2017. DOI: 10.5772/ intechopen.71325 Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/ sustainable-home-design-by-applying-

control-science/basic-schemespreparations-for-applying-controlscience-to-sustainable-design

of-applying-control-science-tosustainable-housing-design

[11] Fujihira K. System control for sustainability: Application to building design. In: Thomas C, editor. Complex Systems, Sustainability and Innovation. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2016. DOI: 10.5772/ 65875 Available from: https://www. intechopen.com/books/complexsystems-sustainability-and-innovation/ system-control-for-sustainabilityapplication-to-building-design

[12] Fujihira K. Comprehensive strategy for sustainable housing design. In: Cakmakli A, editor. Different Strategies

of Housing Design. London:

[10] Fujihira K. Methodology of applying control science to sustainable housing design. In: Fujihira K, editor. Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2017. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71324 Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/ books/sustainable-home-design-byapplying-control-science/methodology-

applying-control-science/requirements-

[2] United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). Cities and Climate Change: Global Report on Human Settlements 2011. London, Washington DC: Earthscan; 2011. 300 p.

[3] United Nations. Resolution adopted

by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable

Development [Internet]. 2015

Corona Publishing; 1999 177 p

[5] IPCC. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC; 2007. 104 p

[6] IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis

Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC; 2014. 151 p

[7] Denton F, Wilbanks T, Abeysinghe A, Burton I, Gao Q, Lemos M, et al. Climate-resilient pathways: Adaptation, mitigation, and sustainable development. In: Field C et al., editors. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part a: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2014.

pp. 1101-1131

**295**

[4] Osuka K, Adachi S. Approach to Systems Control (in Japanese). Tokyo:

2018. Available from: https:// population.un.org/wup/ [Accessed:
