**4. Langmuir absorption model**

For an overview of these more innovative and prospective applications, the general common method can be given in first order linear concentration change. However sequential sorption cycles changed that trend in sorption of heavy metal contents of gases.

The first order sorption concentration at three stage cycling counted as t time depended by the Eq. 3 below:

$$\ln \sigma\_{p\text{b}} \, ^{(\text{Ca,PO3,S2O3})} = a + b (\frac{k\_{1\text{Ca}}t}{\text{1}!} + \frac{k\_{2\text{PO3}}t^2}{\text{2}!} + \frac{k\_{3\text{S2O3}}t^3}{\text{3}!} \tag{2}$$

$$\frac{d\mathbf{Q}}{dt} = k^{(\text{Ca}, \text{PO3}, \text{S2O3})} \left(\text{Qe} - \text{Q}\right) \tag{3}$$

$$\mathbf{Q} = \mathbf{Q}\mathbf{e}(\mathbf{1} - e^{-\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{t}}) \tag{4}$$

Qe: Equilibrium adsorption capacity (mg/g) Q: Time adsorption capacity (mg/g)

*Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development*

applied afterwards.

was dried.

**Table 2.**

decantation.

**3.2 Ca phosphate/carbon compost sorbent applications**

*Phosphate, shale and Marly shale granules, physical packed properties.*

During the experimental studies bentonite and phosphate samples, Ünye region, was investigated with intermediate type bentonite; pure, purified, tap water and CaCl2.2H2O, NaCl, MgCl2, KCl, FeCl3 at concentrations ranging from 125 mg to 1000 ppm. Bentonite suspensions prepared by adding waters such as suspensions decanted by sedimentation method for 30 minutes in a 2 lt scale and bentonite slurries were obtained and then necessary test and characterization procedures were

**Waste Sorbent Granule Active Matter,% BET Area, density** Bentonite CaO, 23 122, 800–980 kg/cm3 Sepiolite NaO, 12 45, 400–700 Apatite Phosphate P2O5, 16 23, 700

Decantation was carried out in 2000 ml mills by adding 75 gr bentonite to 1900 ml of water. For a homogeneous suspension mortar, the bentonite water

After the scurvy, the suspension was allowed to stand for 30 minutes after being agitated so that the impurities were precipitated. At the end of the period, suspended bentonite concentrate was removed by titration method and etch

The same procedure was repeated with synthetic waters prepared by adding salts at concentrations ranging from 125 ppm to 1000 ppm, until the bentonite slurry were obtained in sufficient quantities with salt slurry mixing water. The layout of the washing cycle is somewhat simpler than that of the lime slurry: there was no water–compost washing column towers connected to the waste sludge, and the washing unit contained one single microwave radiation column can be used to perform the three decantation washing phases: roughing, scraping and cleaning. The variation of the third cycle washing was also more limited recycled by

The simple production presented as adapted and optimized depending on the target application. The main applications are briefly described in the following sections. Although this review only focuses on state-of-the art commercially available pellet plants, it should be noted that some prospective advanced applications for heat melting of binder are currently being studied, mainly in the form of prototypes

• Compost systems, in which the extrusion mold system takes advantage of

• Compression press systems, where the high load press is used to drive the

ents and amounts (of at least 20 C) in slurries to drive a recycle.

• Continuous conversion systems, utilizing the high temperature binding gradi-

• Hot production, where the scraping power of the load system is used to drive

proposed as seen in **Figure 3**. These innovative applications include:

temperature gradients in wet gradient.

the compressive form of hot system.

forming sludge in plant.

mixture was first subjected to salt slurry mixing cell for 5 minutes.

**316**

t: Time (min)

k1: First-order rate coefficient (l/min)

Apatite phosphate was known to react easily at low pH of 5–6 by a considerable dependence on the layer charge and edge charge pH. Therefore, a decrease in the cation exchange capacity should be expected in locked cavity texture of char with the decrease in pH. Acidic washing was so efficient reaching by Fe holdup of 70 ppm and Lead holdup of 65 ppm with 55% highest yield at 18 hours (**Figure 4**).

Cation exchange ability was so effective in metal sorption manner. The acidic pH was efficient at criteria in the washing column sorption. It can be seen in the above graph, the pH decreases inversely proportional to the amount of salt added to bentonite suspension, which is much more noticeable when FeCl3 as activation cavity sites developed.

Bentonite is known to have a considerable dependence on the layer charge and edge charge pH. Therefore, a decrease in the cation exchange capacity should be expected in parallel with the decrease in pH. Acidic washing was so efficient reaching by Fe holdup of 60 ppm and Lead holdup of 41 ppm with 45% highest yield at 18 hours (**Figure 5**).

The FeCl3 20 mg added bentonite solutions showed the change in cation exchange capacity (CEC, milliequivalent gram/100gr) found in the bentonite concentrates and suspensions obtained using the precipitation-siphoning technique, depending on the salt concentration added.

Zeolite exchange ability was so effective in metal sorption manner. The pH was efficient criteria in the washing column sorption. It can be seen in the above graph, the pH decrease improved the amount of lead and Hg char suspension, pH 4 was more noticeable when Pb 65 ppm at high cavity sites developed (**Figure 6**).

**Figure 4.**

*The change in metal sorption depending on the metal concentration incorporated in the phosphate char suspensions.*

**319**

**Figure 6.**

**Figure 5.**

*suspensions.*

*Apatite/Salt Slurry Emission Control of Post Combustion Flue Gas of Lignite and Coal…*

*The change in metal sorption depending on the metal concentration incorporated in the bentonite char* 

*The change in metal sorption depending on the metal concentration incorporated in the zeolite char suspensions.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95296*

*Apatite/Salt Slurry Emission Control of Post Combustion Flue Gas of Lignite and Coal… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95296*

**Figure 5.** *The change in metal sorption depending on the metal concentration incorporated in the bentonite char suspensions.*

**Figure 6.** *The change in metal sorption depending on the metal concentration incorporated in the zeolite char suspensions.*

*Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development*

k1: First-order rate coefficient (l/min)

depending on the salt concentration added.

Apatite phosphate was known to react easily at low pH of 5–6 by a considerable dependence on the layer charge and edge charge pH. Therefore, a decrease in the cation exchange capacity should be expected in locked cavity texture of char with the decrease in pH. Acidic washing was so efficient reaching by Fe holdup of 70 ppm and Lead holdup of 65 ppm with 55% highest yield at 18 hours (**Figure 4**). Cation exchange ability was so effective in metal sorption manner. The acidic pH was efficient at criteria in the washing column sorption. It can be seen in the above graph, the pH decreases inversely proportional to the amount of salt added to bentonite suspension, which is much more noticeable when FeCl3 as activation cavity sites developed. Bentonite is known to have a considerable dependence on the layer charge and edge charge pH. Therefore, a decrease in the cation exchange capacity should be expected in parallel with the decrease in pH. Acidic washing was so efficient reaching by Fe holdup of 60 ppm and Lead holdup of 41 ppm with 45% highest yield at

The FeCl3 20 mg added bentonite solutions showed the change in cation exchange capacity (CEC, milliequivalent gram/100gr) found in the bentonite concentrates and suspensions obtained using the precipitation-siphoning technique,

*The change in metal sorption depending on the metal concentration incorporated in the phosphate char* 

Zeolite exchange ability was so effective in metal sorption manner. The pH was efficient criteria in the washing column sorption. It can be seen in the above graph, the pH decrease improved the amount of lead and Hg char suspension, pH 4 was more noticeable when Pb 65 ppm at high cavity sites developed (**Figure 6**).

t: Time (min)

18 hours (**Figure 5**).

**318**

**Figure 4.**

*suspensions.*

Zeolite was known to have a considerable dependence on the layer charge and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity should be expected in parallel with the decrease in pH. Acidic washing was so efficient reaching by Fe holdup of 60 ppm and Lead holdup of 65 ppm with 45% yield at 18 hours.

#### **4.1 Double shower by microwave radiation**

The bentonite sample was sieved and a small part of 45 μm was used for the operation. Bentonite samples were activated with 1 and 2 M HCl solutions for 2 h at 90° C using the Batch method (using 100 ml acid solution for 5 g sample). The acidtreated samples were washed with hot deionized water to remove Cl-ions and dried in room condition. 125-1000 ppm salt CaOH2, CaCl2, NaOH, NaCl, KCl, FeCl3 was mixed by activated clay samples are mixed in 2 lt slurry mixing cells by tap water.

### **5. Results and discussion**

The current use of absorbent bentonite and new areas of use increase in demand due to outflow. The phosphate resources of Mazıdağı Mardin was gaining in sorbent production and phosphoric acid use in copper ore leaching recently inTurkey, The local sobent alkali and reactive alkali matters is limited due to instead of clay consumption. For this purpose, apathite resources as high rock salt reserves existing in Turkey provided high advantage in use as absorbent and waste mixtures with clay beds. These phosphate waste materials must be fully identified, potential sources should be determined, absorbent purpose should be investigated. In this market, the country economy will provide significant benefits in desulphurization and air pollution control in terms of apathite phosphate instead of fertilizer acid production.

Effective sorptive char in pyrolysis process depend on numerous factors including coal rank in carbonization, the volatile gaseous matter of coal such as presence of hydrogen, carbonyl gas. Char oxidation rate was so stabilizing the desorbence, the settings of optimal diffusion conditions including structure defects (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, etc.), temperature, oxygen content of coal. The optimization of reactivity and cavity concentration ratios improved the adsorption–desorption balance, the residence time and the reactive spatial distribution of sorbent molecules in coal amorph texture. The acidified washing was other parameter determining the sorbent effıciency of carbonized char. The extent of carbonization was much dependent on the site activation affecting sorption rate, its desorption properties and bed meso porosity. As seen in **Figures 3**–**5**, the carbonized char was a prerequisite step for sorption substrate.

The apathite content rate was widely used to improve the adsorption and catalytic properties of natural bentonites. The impurities, such as calcite and dolomite, are removed from the structure by the treatment of montmorillonite with inorganic acids, the interchangeable cations are replaced by hydrogen ions, and some of the Al ions in the tetrahedral layer dissolve certain cations of Fe, Al and Mg in the octahedral layer.

As a result, acid activation increases the pore diameters of the bentonite surface and the surface area and adsorption capacity up to a certain amount of this application. If the amount of acid used during the acid activation process is excessively high, the Al ions found in the octahedral layer dissolve more and as a result, the mineral structure collapses, leaving a skeleton structure composed of silica solids. This reduces the adsorption capacity of the clay and disrupts its selectivity. Pb is a colorless and Hg. The main sources are fossil fuels such as Pb, acidic mine waters and toxic metal sludges, which are industrial plants and industrial steel washings. During the metal smelting processes and other industrial processes.

**321**

**Figure 7.**

*Apatite and salt act on emission control for flue gas.*

*Apatite/Salt Slurry Emission Control of Post Combustion Flue Gas of Lignite and Coal…*

The compost of apatite, char and salts has substantially oxidized, resistant to forming crystal crack underway service. This pressurized fluid provides precise, uniform temperature control to 500°C in closed-loop microwave systems where the heat transfer fluid is more than occasionally exposed to air. The fluid is comprised of a unique high-stability base plus high-performance oxidation inhibitor/stabilizer.

In the sorbent size distribution, 80% of weights of samples were less than 3 mm. The lignite samples were mainly distributed between 1 mm and 3 mm size fractions. The effect of particle size of solid sorbents were investigated over the combustion of Şırnak Asphaltite char shale and bentonite carried out well on acidic mine water of copper mine in Siirt substance subjected to reaction with salt/char slurry in sorp-

Although metal diffusion on sorbent from salt slurry was believed to be the primary mass transport process in the absorption chamber, complex reactions proliferated the alkali clusters below 1-2 mm size and exothermic oxidation reactions increased toxic substances in the effluent form, a relatively porous structure of bentonite clay interstitial spaces and cracks reduced below 1 mm size. The hazardous heavy metal concentrations reacted adsorbate then adsorbs to the sorbent in a certain amount that is equal to the amount of previous adsorbate that was partially degraded on the surface of the bentonite clay and stuck covered toxins, along with

Initially, most of the toxin removal occurs through chemical adsorption of the toxins to the apatite fine at weight rate of 5 % in fluidized bed where the combustion temperature was in the combustion phase below 750°C that lasts approximately 2–3 mins.The removal efficiency of 40–90% were reported during this temperature range. Total organic toxin substances were completely slightly at efficiencies of 75–90% in the late combustion phase. A common industrial combustion to control the emissions pro combustion stage lime washing involves backwashing with air and hydrated lime water rinse. Process variables include the control backwash rate,

avoiding chelating organic matter related carbonyl and amine.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95296*

**5.1 Carbon surface activation**

tion, as shown in **Figure 7**.

The compost of apatite, char and salts has substantially oxidized, resistant to forming crystal crack underway service. This pressurized fluid provides precise, uniform temperature control to 500°C in closed-loop microwave systems where the heat transfer fluid is more than occasionally exposed to air. The fluid is comprised of a unique high-stability base plus high-performance oxidation inhibitor/stabilizer.
