**3. Material and methods**

#### **3.1 Physical surface properties of sorbent/char**

BET specifıc surface areas of sorbent as tested by N2 gas permeability. The sorbent was critical on the base of surface properties such as total surface activity, oxygen functional groups, total surface impurities, metal concentrations, dielectric value, free radical concentration and reactivity. The main chemical texture was related to the stimulation of oxidation reactivity. However, in some investigations, the pore size distribution of activated carbon is also likely to affect desorption kinetics.

The salt slurries were mixed with activated clay bentonite at weight rates of 1/8. The head tests are caried out by CaCl2 adde 10000ppm slurries to 80 gr bentonite solid. The suspension of 80 gr slurry of clay and apatite was mixed in 1lt water as slurry and give through shower in 5 cm diameter glass columns. Finally microwave radiated glass showered to flue gas compressed at 2 bar retained by exposure to at 160 °C for 4 hours. In addition, these samples were further dried at the same temperature for 1 hour to remove vapor species. The experimentation unit as shown in **Figure 1**. The microwave salt slurry washing tests are followed by flowsheet as seen in **Figure 2**. The surface areas of the apatite, coal char, activated compost and shale clay samples were measured with a Quanta Chromosorb surface analyzer. The surface area was determined by measuring the thermal conductivity using a gas mixture prepared in N2 and Ar composition and taking into account the BET equation. The sorbent solids compositions and physical quality are given in **Tables 1** and **2**.

**315**

**Table 1.**

*\**

Şırnak Asphaltite Char Shale

**Figure 2.**

Apatite Phosphate

*LOI: Loss on Ignition at 1000°.*

*Sorbent types for washing treatment.*

*Studied washing by microwave sorption technique.*

**Figure 1.**

*Apatite/Salt Slurry Emission Control of Post Combustion Flue Gas of Lignite and Coal…*

*The schematic view of an washing with microwave recycled by microwave sorption technique.*

**SiO2 Al2O2 Fe2O2 MgO K2O CaO P2O5 TiO2 LOI\***

27,4 7.70 10.83 2.17 1.97 10.5 1.4 1.74 5.47

0,2 0,1 2,3 2,3 4,3 11,3 23,5 0,1 6,5

Kaolin (%) 47.85 37.60 0.83 0.17 0.97 0.57 0.2 0.2 11.27

Bentonite 50.45 17.80 6.83 12.17 4.97 3.57 0.1 0.4 7.37 Marly Shale 17.85 11.60 0.83 5.17 3.97 20.57 0.2 0.4 5.27 Fly ash 27.8 13.60 17.83 4.17 2.97 10.7 1.6 1.4 17.27

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95296*

*Apatite/Salt Slurry Emission Control of Post Combustion Flue Gas of Lignite and Coal… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95296*

**Figure 1.**

*Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development*

**2.4 Ca phosphate/Asphaltite shale char composite**

apatite waste/zeolite and char and cleaned [31–37].

**3.1 Physical surface properties of sorbent/char**

and 6 mm is required.

**3. Material and methods**

quality are given in **Tables 1** and **2**.

**2.5 Microwave treated biomass char/apatite phosphate compost**

xP2O5 and NaCO3. The calcinations product is subjected to acid treatment for artificial fertilizer fabrication. The acid dissolution characteristics after calcinations, Mazıdağı apatite phosphate was mostly acid-soluble in their natural state compared to other phosphate minerals. The study utilized the fine waste, compost 32.81% P2O5–30.98% P2O5, soluble% P2O5 27.16%% P2O5 parts - calcination at 625°C at last 1/2 hour [38–40].

In this study, bentonite type clay is used as salt slurry with char fine for emission control. The substrate fine of the bentonite/P2O5 granules use as absorbent in 2020s show improved treatment [24–30]. The industrial waste sludges in some tanning and wood board plants, airplane hangars, ship building bench, other production facilities required neutralization and further treatment. In the workshops, grease, oil, water, chemicals and other undesirable substances absorbed by compost of

Washing of hazardous waste waters by microwave action efficiencies exceeding the total Fe Pb and Hg contents of sludge increased fast on coal char and wood char were also reported by Tosun [6–10]. Material to be used as powder at porous granule at ultrafine grain size, basic as absorption capacity by the gas emission and other fluids reactive and solvents. High absorption capacity having clay, only to absorb the urea not ventilated, but bad reduce smell and bacteria should avoid. The packed grain size distribution of clay granules it is important that it is usually between 1

BET specifıc surface areas of sorbent as tested by N2 gas permeability. The sorbent was critical on the base of surface properties such as total surface activity, oxygen functional groups, total surface impurities, metal concentrations, dielectric value, free radical concentration and reactivity. The main chemical texture was related to the stimulation of oxidation reactivity. However, in some investigations, the pore size distribution of activated carbon is also likely to affect desorption

The salt slurries were mixed with activated clay bentonite at weight rates of 1/8. The head tests are caried out by CaCl2 adde 10000ppm slurries to 80 gr bentonite solid. The suspension of 80 gr slurry of clay and apatite was mixed in 1lt water as slurry and give through shower in 5 cm diameter glass columns. Finally microwave radiated glass showered to flue gas compressed at 2 bar retained by exposure to at 160 °C for 4 hours. In addition, these samples were further dried at the same temperature for 1 hour to remove vapor species. The experimentation unit as shown in **Figure 1**. The microwave salt slurry washing tests are followed by flowsheet as seen in **Figure 2**. The surface areas of the apatite, coal char, activated compost and shale clay samples were measured with a Quanta Chromosorb surface analyzer. The surface area was determined by measuring the thermal conductivity using a gas mixture prepared in N2 and Ar composition and taking into account the BET equation. The sorbent solids compositions and physical

**314**

kinetics.

*The schematic view of an washing with microwave recycled by microwave sorption technique.*

#### **Figure 2.**

*Studied washing by microwave sorption technique.*


#### **Table 1.**

*Sorbent types for washing treatment.*


**Table 2.**

*Phosphate, shale and Marly shale granules, physical packed properties.*

### **3.2 Ca phosphate/carbon compost sorbent applications**

During the experimental studies bentonite and phosphate samples, Ünye region, was investigated with intermediate type bentonite; pure, purified, tap water and CaCl2.2H2O, NaCl, MgCl2, KCl, FeCl3 at concentrations ranging from 125 mg to 1000 ppm. Bentonite suspensions prepared by adding waters such as suspensions decanted by sedimentation method for 30 minutes in a 2 lt scale and bentonite slurries were obtained and then necessary test and characterization procedures were applied afterwards.

Decantation was carried out in 2000 ml mills by adding 75 gr bentonite to 1900 ml of water. For a homogeneous suspension mortar, the bentonite water mixture was first subjected to salt slurry mixing cell for 5 minutes.

After the scurvy, the suspension was allowed to stand for 30 minutes after being agitated so that the impurities were precipitated. At the end of the period, suspended bentonite concentrate was removed by titration method and etch was dried.

The same procedure was repeated with synthetic waters prepared by adding salts at concentrations ranging from 125 ppm to 1000 ppm, until the bentonite slurry were obtained in sufficient quantities with salt slurry mixing water.

The layout of the washing cycle is somewhat simpler than that of the lime slurry: there was no water–compost washing column towers connected to the waste sludge, and the washing unit contained one single microwave radiation column can be used to perform the three decantation washing phases: roughing, scraping and cleaning. The variation of the third cycle washing was also more limited recycled by decantation.

The simple production presented as adapted and optimized depending on the target application. The main applications are briefly described in the following sections. Although this review only focuses on state-of-the art commercially available pellet plants, it should be noted that some prospective advanced applications for heat melting of binder are currently being studied, mainly in the form of prototypes proposed as seen in **Figure 3**. These innovative applications include:


**317**

*Apatite/Salt Slurry Emission Control of Post Combustion Flue Gas of Lignite and Coal…*

For an overview of these more innovative and prospective applications, the general common method can be given in first order linear concentration change. However sequential sorption cycles changed that trend in sorption of heavy metal

*Apatite and salt slurry gas washing plant for emission control of flue gas, proposed for silopi power plant.*

The first order sorption concentration at three stage cycling counted as t time

( ) ( ) Ca,,PO3,S2O3 <sup>=</sup> Qe Q <sup>−</sup> *dQ <sup>k</sup>*

k t Q Qe(1 ) <sup>−</sup> = − *e*

( ) 2 3 Ca,PO3,S2O3 <sup>1</sup> 2PO3 3S2O3 ln ( 1! 2! 3! =+ + + *Ca*

*k t ktk t c ab* (2)

*dt* (3)

(4)

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95296*

**4. Langmuir absorption model**

contents of gases.

**Figure 3.**

depended by the Eq. 3 below:

*Pb*

Qe: Equilibrium adsorption capacity (mg/g)

Q: Time adsorption capacity (mg/g)

*Apatite/Salt Slurry Emission Control of Post Combustion Flue Gas of Lignite and Coal… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95296*

**Figure 3.** *Apatite and salt slurry gas washing plant for emission control of flue gas, proposed for silopi power plant.*
