**14. Operation parameter**

*Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development*

1 cm thick; surface area 70cm2

of the anaerobic chamber was 90 cm3

compartment of the MFCs provides simplified layout and cost savings. Typically they provide just an anodic chamber in a cathodic chamber without aeration need. Mohanakrishna et al. [35] fabricated single-chamber MFC with "perspex" material with a total working volume of 0.54/0.48 L operated under fed-batch mode in an anaerobic microenvironment (**Figure 6**). Plain graphite plates (5 cm × 5 cm;

NAFION 117 (Sigma–Aldrich) as proton exchange membrane sandwiched between anode and cathode duly after pre-treatment. Whereas the bottom portion was connected to PEM and exposed to liquid, the top section of the cathode was exposed to sunlight. The anode was mounted below the PEM and submerged in the wastewater absolutely. After sealing with epoxy sealant copper wires were used for contact with electrodes. In order to maintain the anaerobic microenvironment in the anode compartment, leak-proof sealing was provided at the joints. Provisions for the sampling

Mardanpour et al. [36] fabricated a unique annular single chamber microbial fuel cell (ASCMFC) with the spiral anode (**Figure 7**). They used stainless steel mesh coated with graphite as an anode material. The dimensions of the chamber were 3 cm in height, 7.1 cm internal diameter, and 8 cm external diameter. The volume

*Schematic diagram of annular single chamber microbial fuel cell (ASCMFC) with the spiral anode (adapted* 

*Schematic details of non-catalyzed single-chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) used in this study with measurement circuits [FT, wastewater feeding tank; DT, decant tank; VR, variable resister; A, ammeter; V, voltmeter; T, pre-programmed timer; P, peristaltic pump; PEM, proton exchange membrane (NAFION 117)]* 

ports, wire input points (top), inlet and outlet ports have been developed.

composed of stainless steel mesh coated with graphite (mesh 300).

) were used as electrodes without coating along with

. The anode electrode (63 cm × 2 cm) was

**116**

**Figure 7.**

**Figure 6.**

*(adapted from [35]).*

*from [36]).*
