*10.1.1 Natural anode materials*

Synthesis of high-efficiency anode components, by using renewable and recyclable components, provides an outstanding ecological solution including both deriving reusable energy from nature and maintaining biodiversity. An interesting example is the layered corrugated carbon anode production from low priced packaging material through carbonization (LLC). It is important to remember that the LCC's 3D surface is normally tunable by differing the height and layers of the flute. A six times increase in the number of layers resulted in a successive rise in current density because of the potential for biofilm formation in wider surface areas. It is evident that the LCC anode has four times the current density as correlated with the graphite felt anode. Natural anode materials prove to be an ideal option for low priced microbial fuel cells due to their 3-dimensional microporous structures, increased electron transfer rate, and high kinetics of the electrogenic bacterial population. A variety of recently produced highly 3-dimensional porous anode material uses LCC as a lowcost high-performance substitute, usually manufactured from carbonized recycled paper [76, 77]. High performance was obtained from the use of 3-dimensional anodes, based on exoelectrogens' 3-dimensional growth. Stronger anode kinetics can be attained by using maximal anode surface area, but the efficiency only rises gradually as the reaction reaches the triple-phase boundary, i.e. lower inner resistance among anode, cathode, and electrolyte. Interestingly, in comparison with the plane graphite electrode, 8 times better performance is seen with carbonized corn stem. However, few benefits of the aforementioned electrode material include increased biocompatibility, less internal resistance, and rougher surface that facilitated linkage to biofilm. A coated rough electrode, constructed from the carbonization of common packaging materials, was observed to be the highest rated anode of all carbonbased modifications. The current densities achieved were 201 A/m2 and 391 A/m2 , respectively, from three and six corrugated layers. This is a low-cost material with higher performance for the construction of MFC.
