**1. Introduction**

Exhaust toxic gases coming out of the chimneys in the highly industrialized locations cause hazardous environmental issue. The factories using combustion boilers pollute the fresh air in nature. The industrial development and urbanization and transportation opportunities harm the environment and living things due to combusted fuels. In many countries, power generation is the leading source of air

pollution. While thermal power plants using coal make a significant contribution part of air pollution, diesel generators are also another major ecological concern. Industrial processes in the chemical and mining industries are related with use of solvents producing hazardous emissions as a result of the volatile properties of those chemicals and the combustion outputs pollute the air. In Turkey, The policies and programs that aimed to increase energy efficiency and production from renewable sources have a direct impact on a country's air quality [1].

In environmental impact assessment processes since 2012, the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization request risk assasment supported financially the project owners to make calculations using owning and operating modeling programs that take into account the long-range and cumulative reducing effects on air pollution in the country [2].

Privatized owning resources for 50 years period income owing and tax free ıncome quarentee for renewable resource use was eliminating incentive uses for fossil fuels, especially coal, and developing policies and incentive mechanisms to prioritize other alternative energy sources instead of fossil fuels.

## **2. Pollution control on post combustion shower sorption**

Conventional coal combustion systems using Stokers or grate chambers are not designed to treat potentially low quality coal and waste in combustion [3–12]. In order to prevent air pollution, combusted boilers with post combustion was become the potential choice eliminate to spread of toxic emissions of coal and wastes [13–15]. The polluting matter of combusted emissions in stack should be controlled for Pb and Hg flue emissions, even as radioactive dust control. Sorbent use as the charcoal was offered and the sorptive property on porosity and the effect of char content was advantageous. The toxic waste and the reactive washing solutions utilized active carbon which resulted in the followed washing equations as below: [6–8].

The dissolution kinetics of sludge/mud particle for Pb heavy metal is followed by equation

$$\frac{dP\_{\rm pb}}{dt} = k\_i e^{-\rm tc} dc\tag{1}$$

**313**

activation [35–40].

**2.3 Phosphate - clay compost**

*Apatite/Salt Slurry Emission Control of Post Combustion Flue Gas of Lignite and Coal…*

property. When mixed with water, density of a few solid swelling bentonite about

name on the main content which cation of montmorillonite change mainly with Ca; Atapulgite, 2MgSi8O20 4(H2O) (OH). The palygorskite expressed by the formula 4H2O aqueous magnesium, aluminum silicate. Sepiolite is (OH) 6 Mg9 Si12 O30(OH)4 6H2O group is aqueous Mg silicate. In these clay minerals, the channelshaped pore water bound to crystal structure with layered silicate molecules. The activated clay minerals by deydrated crystal cavities contain micropores and channels and large surface area due to the possession of various cavity surfaces

The diffusion rate of combustion gases with solid sorbents may influence the adsorption of toxic emissions amount. Especially, increased combustion tempera-

The gas stream amendments, such as shale char carbonized from Şırnak asphaltite containing 52–60% shale by columns under microwave radiation as geo material composted for waste gas treatment should control contaminated effluents concentration. The field studies to evaluate the stability of heavy Hg and Pb SOx concentrations and salts were balanced as weight increase. The initial objective of this study was to determine the effects of gas flow to sorbent column from the industrial discharge under certain pressure and temperature. In this study, important investigations have been made on composite granules production with Şırnak shale char and apatite ore of Mazıdağ, Mardin, as Ca phosphate feed in order to salt slurry shower in microwave oven 2 M HCl dissolution. The double stage compost sorbent for high level high gas sorption in laboratory water packed bed column adsorption compost system. Although the changes in the structural properties of bentonite after acid activation have been studied extensively in the literature, the studies on Pb adsorption of these samples are rather limited [30–33]. For this reason, the aim of this study is to investigate the thermal Pb and Hg washed adsorption properties

In this study, bentonite and other clays, shale and marly shale of Şırnak utilized regarding absorbance properties, areas of use, production and market conditions. The bulk density of absorbent apatite phosphate changed the amount of moisture and the absorbent capacity. Bentonite and atapulgite absorbance by passing through certain processes was performed and the absorbance was measured at the mechani-

Bentonite with desired surface properties, porosity and hence retention capacity was mainly produced by dry or wet acid activation using mineral acids such as H2SO4 and HCl [31–34]. The main purpose in acid activation is to reach the desired structure without disrupting the layered crystal structure of the clay. For this reason, the acid/clay ratio, temperature, acidity, acid concentration, type and duration of activation, clay type and physical properties and amount of activation were important considerations to be taken into account when performing the appropriate

The Mazıdağı phosphate waste was Ca salt form of the phosphate mineral and lımestones with even fluorine apatite [41–45]. The dust waste of calcinations was utilized as necessary to prevent the joint reactive of CaO and F in order to sorptive washing process The obtained slurries at 10% waste dust by using such as CaO 2HPO4 5OH.

adsorbing heavy metals and high adsorbing capacities [20–30].

ture will reduce the time of solid sorbent diffusion [13–20].

of shale after acid modification and microwave activation.

cal strength change has been studied [25–30].

. Montmorillonite is calcium clay in common use. Bentonite is a given

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95296*

**2.2 Sorbent type and utility**

2.5 g/cm3

Where cPb Lead contamination mg/l, k the rate of dissolution of lead, i is the reaction style, t is time, Lead matter of coal would affect mainly emission increase pressure content.

The different type of solid sorbents such as Tatvan Pumice, salted pumice and borax, the popped borax soaked CaO were studied in elimination of toxic emissions in high sulfur asphaltite coal combustion [15, 16]. It was found that the reduction of toxic gas emissions can reach as high as 94.52% with soaking CaO and 90% with soaking CaO and oil slurry after 1 h combustion at 750°C, with a 100:1 weight ratio of clay pellet to fuel, 21 wt. % CaO/borax.

#### **2.1 Sorption matter**

The large surface used for industrial purposes natural materials [17–20]. Absorbents and adsorbents generally used bentonite; Simectite, Atapulgite, Sepiolite. It can be classified as montmorillonite. The smectite group is one of clay minerals or fire clay activated more called bentonite. Bentonite base mineral montmorillonite is common for the killer and is a commercially used term, at least soft, containing 85% montmorillonite, is an aluminum hydrosilicate with a colloidal *Apatite/Salt Slurry Emission Control of Post Combustion Flue Gas of Lignite and Coal… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95296*

property. When mixed with water, density of a few solid swelling bentonite about 2.5 g/cm3 . Montmorillonite is calcium clay in common use. Bentonite is a given name on the main content which cation of montmorillonite change mainly with Ca; Atapulgite, 2MgSi8O20 4(H2O) (OH). The palygorskite expressed by the formula 4H2O aqueous magnesium, aluminum silicate. Sepiolite is (OH) 6 Mg9 Si12 O30(OH)4 6H2O group is aqueous Mg silicate. In these clay minerals, the channelshaped pore water bound to crystal structure with layered silicate molecules. The activated clay minerals by deydrated crystal cavities contain micropores and channels and large surface area due to the possession of various cavity surfaces adsorbing heavy metals and high adsorbing capacities [20–30].

#### **2.2 Sorbent type and utility**

*Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development*

pollution in the country [2].

as below: [6–8].

pressure content.

**2.1 Sorption matter**

of clay pellet to fuel, 21 wt. % CaO/borax.

by equation

pollution. While thermal power plants using coal make a significant contribution part of air pollution, diesel generators are also another major ecological concern. Industrial processes in the chemical and mining industries are related with use of solvents producing hazardous emissions as a result of the volatile properties of those chemicals and the combustion outputs pollute the air. In Turkey, The policies and programs that aimed to increase energy efficiency and production from renew-

In environmental impact assessment processes since 2012, the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization request risk assasment supported financially the project owners to make calculations using owning and operating modeling programs that take into account the long-range and cumulative reducing effects on air

Privatized owning resources for 50 years period income owing and tax free ıncome quarentee for renewable resource use was eliminating incentive uses for fossil fuels, especially coal, and developing policies and incentive mechanisms to

Conventional coal combustion systems using Stokers or grate chambers are not designed to treat potentially low quality coal and waste in combustion [3–12]. In order to prevent air pollution, combusted boilers with post combustion was become the potential choice eliminate to spread of toxic emissions of coal and wastes [13–15]. The polluting matter of combusted emissions in stack should be controlled for Pb and Hg flue emissions, even as radioactive dust control. Sorbent use as the charcoal was offered and the sorptive property on porosity and the effect of char content was advantageous. The toxic waste and the reactive washing solutions utilized active carbon which resulted in the followed washing equations

The dissolution kinetics of sludge/mud particle for Pb heavy metal is followed

*Pb tic i dP k e dc*

Where cPb Lead contamination mg/l, k the rate of dissolution of lead, i is the reaction style, t is time, Lead matter of coal would affect mainly emission increase

The different type of solid sorbents such as Tatvan Pumice, salted pumice and borax, the popped borax soaked CaO were studied in elimination of toxic emissions in high sulfur asphaltite coal combustion [15, 16]. It was found that the reduction of toxic gas emissions can reach as high as 94.52% with soaking CaO and 90% with soaking CaO and oil slurry after 1 h combustion at 750°C, with a 100:1 weight ratio

The large surface used for industrial purposes natural materials [17–20]. Absorbents and adsorbents generally used bentonite; Simectite, Atapulgite, Sepiolite. It can be classified as montmorillonite. The smectite group is one of clay minerals or fire clay activated more called bentonite. Bentonite base mineral montmorillonite is common for the killer and is a commercially used term, at least soft, containing 85% montmorillonite, is an aluminum hydrosilicate with a colloidal

<sup>−</sup> = (1)

*dt*

able sources have a direct impact on a country's air quality [1].

prioritize other alternative energy sources instead of fossil fuels.

**2. Pollution control on post combustion shower sorption**

**312**

The diffusion rate of combustion gases with solid sorbents may influence the adsorption of toxic emissions amount. Especially, increased combustion temperature will reduce the time of solid sorbent diffusion [13–20].

The gas stream amendments, such as shale char carbonized from Şırnak asphaltite containing 52–60% shale by columns under microwave radiation as geo material composted for waste gas treatment should control contaminated effluents concentration. The field studies to evaluate the stability of heavy Hg and Pb SOx concentrations and salts were balanced as weight increase. The initial objective of this study was to determine the effects of gas flow to sorbent column from the industrial discharge under certain pressure and temperature. In this study, important investigations have been made on composite granules production with Şırnak shale char and apatite ore of Mazıdağ, Mardin, as Ca phosphate feed in order to salt slurry shower in microwave oven 2 M HCl dissolution. The double stage compost sorbent for high level high gas sorption in laboratory water packed bed column adsorption compost system. Although the changes in the structural properties of bentonite after acid activation have been studied extensively in the literature, the studies on Pb adsorption of these samples are rather limited [30–33]. For this reason, the aim of this study is to investigate the thermal Pb and Hg washed adsorption properties of shale after acid modification and microwave activation.

In this study, bentonite and other clays, shale and marly shale of Şırnak utilized regarding absorbance properties, areas of use, production and market conditions. The bulk density of absorbent apatite phosphate changed the amount of moisture and the absorbent capacity. Bentonite and atapulgite absorbance by passing through certain processes was performed and the absorbance was measured at the mechanical strength change has been studied [25–30].

Bentonite with desired surface properties, porosity and hence retention capacity was mainly produced by dry or wet acid activation using mineral acids such as H2SO4 and HCl [31–34]. The main purpose in acid activation is to reach the desired structure without disrupting the layered crystal structure of the clay. For this reason, the acid/clay ratio, temperature, acidity, acid concentration, type and duration of activation, clay type and physical properties and amount of activation were important considerations to be taken into account when performing the appropriate activation [35–40].

#### **2.3 Phosphate - clay compost**

The Mazıdağı phosphate waste was Ca salt form of the phosphate mineral and lımestones with even fluorine apatite [41–45]. The dust waste of calcinations was utilized as necessary to prevent the joint reactive of CaO and F in order to sorptive washing process The obtained slurries at 10% waste dust by using such as CaO 2HPO4 5OH. xP2O5 and NaCO3. The calcinations product is subjected to acid treatment for artificial fertilizer fabrication. The acid dissolution characteristics after calcinations, Mazıdağı apatite phosphate was mostly acid-soluble in their natural state compared to other phosphate minerals. The study utilized the fine waste, compost 32.81% P2O5–30.98% P2O5, soluble% P2O5 27.16%% P2O5 parts - calcination at 625°C at last 1/2 hour [38–40].

#### **2.4 Ca phosphate/Asphaltite shale char composite**

In this study, bentonite type clay is used as salt slurry with char fine for emission control. The substrate fine of the bentonite/P2O5 granules use as absorbent in 2020s show improved treatment [24–30]. The industrial waste sludges in some tanning and wood board plants, airplane hangars, ship building bench, other production facilities required neutralization and further treatment. In the workshops, grease, oil, water, chemicals and other undesirable substances absorbed by compost of apatite waste/zeolite and char and cleaned [31–37].
