*3.3.2 Female reproductive disorders*

The first clinical warning with EDCs came from diethylstilbestrol, a potent estrogen mimic, given to millions of women 50–80 years ago to prevent miscarriage. A large number of children exposed *in utero* to this chemical developed genital malformations and cancers (e.g., vaginal adenocarcinoma) while the exposed mothers had an increased risk for developing breast cancer [3, 38].

Exposure during pregnancy to several EDCs (e.g., bisphenol A and phthalates) is associated with inflammatory cytokine levels in maternal and neonatal circulation and increased risk of low birth weight [25, 41].
