Preface

This book provides an overview of current environmental issues and sustainable solutions. Nowadays, both developed and developing countries are paying much attention to environmental management practices. This book is a resource for students, researchers, and decision-makers in the field of environmental management. It consists of twenty-three chapters, each focusing on a certain environmental issue. The chapters are developed across five themes: natural resources, waste management, climate change, sustainability, and pollution management.

Section 1 – "Natural Resources"

Chapter 1 presents a case study on developing the capabilities needed to adapt to freshwater shortages and enhance prospects for human security in Panchkahl Municipality, Kathmandu, Nepal. Data from the study suggest the need for further system transformation to promote adaptation.

Chapter 2 addresses microfinance practices and value-added, non-wood forest products for a sustainable environment, using a state in India as an example. This study reveals opportunities for using natural resources sustainably and encourages forest dwellers to become micro-entrepreneurs.

Chapter 3 addresses the consequences of different processes in the grassland ecosystem in the shola forest and grassland mosaic of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR), South India.

Chapter 4 describes the effects of climatic variability on harmful algal blooms, providing systematic knowledge to manage and mitigate their impacts.

Chapter 5 addresses the need to improve models for effective communication and to answer policy-relevant questions. Study findings reveal that there is a need to improve communication between decision-makers and the public to advance knowledge and understanding of results at the appropriate decision-making hub and the associated community.

Chapter 6 discusses the rights and responsibilities of forest fringe communities in Ghana and Collaborative Forest Management (CFM) in the northern region. It explores the levels of awareness of communities of these rights and responsibilities.

Section 2 – "Waste Management"

Chapter 7 elaborates on microbial fuel cell technology and its application for dairy wastewater treatment. It provides useful insight for integrating this technology with existing conventional wastewater treatment methods to achieve the degradation of various dairy pollutants, including emerging micropollutants.

Chapter 8 is a study of municipal solid waste generation in Dir City, District Dir Upper Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The study finds that the spatial

distribution of waste generation varies across the city. For example, a high rate of generation was found in the Rehankot and Shaow areas, whereas low generation rates were found in fringe areas.

Chapter 9 provides a review of RS waste management strategies, highlighting applications for removing contaminants from wastewater in single and multi-component systems, and in static or continuous operation modes.

Chapter 10 discusses hazardous wastes and their management.

Chapter 11 reviews the structure and dynamics of organic soils and explains their creation, evolution, and ultimate fate. It focuses on degraded peatland net primary productivity because of potential forthcoming differences attributed to rainfall, temperature, vegetation, hydrology, and permafrost disappearance.

Section 3 – "Climate Change"

Chapter 12 addresses multiple deleterious consequences of climate change. It talks about the causes of climate change and its effect on the planet, environment, plants, animals, and humans. It also discusses climate change adaptation and preventive strategies.

Chapter 13 is a review distinguishing the levels of vulnerability and resilience between the people who live in high potential zones and low potential zones in Tanzania. Study findings suggest that farmers with weak adaptive capacity should be carefully and immediately attended to, otherwise their livelihood options can destroy the environment further.

Chapter 14 is a study assessing the potential impact of climate change under a range of scenarios on intercrops of maize and improved pigeon pea varieties developed and released in Kenya.

Section 4 – "Sustainability"

Chapter 15 discusses how the spatial carrying capacity of cities, river basins, and regional transformation adapt to environmental changes, as well as the direction of carrying capacity improvement.

Chapter 16 discusses non-timber forest products and the associated economic activities. It also relates habitat management aspects along with commercial invasion, which have become detrimental to the environment.

Chapter 17 describes the methodology for designing sustainable structures with examples of control systems for promoting sustainable structure design and the process of producing and revising sustainable structure design guidelines.

Section 5 – "Pollution Management"

Chapter 18 is an experimental study describing the encapsulation of the polluting gases NO3, NO2, CO2, and N2 by the calix[4]arene molecule. Study results clearly explain the charge distribution reactivity.

**VII**

Chapter 19 describes the development of solid pellet technology for molten salt in heat transport processing. The apatite phosphate, molten salt in slime-salt bath mixes was investigated under microwave radiation heating, resulting in insoluble sorbent fines dissolved in a porous basket. Study findings are helpful for advanced fuel energy storage with favorable economic potential and intrinsic properties.

Chapter 20 provides a detailed and comprehensive account of the numerical

as well as their main strengths and weaknesses and simulation capabilities.

a discussion of preventive strategies to minimize exposure to EDCs.

the efficiency of an individual process.

environmental management.

Chapter 21 reviews how advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) help in removing pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in which hydroxyl radicals (HO) act as common oxidants to improve the biodegradability of further treatments. The chapter concludes that treatment with AOPs increases efficiency when compared to

Finally, Chapter 22 describes the human health consequences of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). It provides information on routes of exposure, metabolism, and mechanisms of action of EDCs. It also discusses the main consequences of EDCs, including obesity, diabetes, reproductive disorders, and cancer. The chapter ends with

Overall, this book enhances understanding of various environmental issues, changes, and sustainable solutions. The information contained herein will help to improve the skills of environmental scientists and decision-makers. It also contributes to the exchange of best practices for developing and implementing methods for

**Suriyanarayanan Sarvajayakesavalu**

Vinayaka Missions Kirupanandavariyar Arts and Science College, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation Deemed to be University,

SCOPE – India (*Scientific Committee of Problems of the Environment*),

Director of Ph.D. and Master Programmes in Environmental Science,

JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER),

Director of Master Programme in Intellectual Property

and Innovation Management Graduate School,

Professor,

Salem, India

Mysuru, Karnataka, India

**Pisit Chareonsudjai, Ph.D.**

Department of Environmental Science,

Faculty of Science,

Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

approaches proposed to analyze the fouling phenomenon that occurs inside exhaust gas systems. It examines in detail the main characteristics of each numerical model

Chapter 19 describes the development of solid pellet technology for molten salt in heat transport processing. The apatite phosphate, molten salt in slime-salt bath mixes was investigated under microwave radiation heating, resulting in insoluble sorbent fines dissolved in a porous basket. Study findings are helpful for advanced fuel energy storage with favorable economic potential and intrinsic properties.

Chapter 20 provides a detailed and comprehensive account of the numerical approaches proposed to analyze the fouling phenomenon that occurs inside exhaust gas systems. It examines in detail the main characteristics of each numerical model as well as their main strengths and weaknesses and simulation capabilities.

Chapter 21 reviews how advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) help in removing pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in which hydroxyl radicals (HO) act as common oxidants to improve the biodegradability of further treatments. The chapter concludes that treatment with AOPs increases efficiency when compared to the efficiency of an individual process.

Finally, Chapter 22 describes the human health consequences of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). It provides information on routes of exposure, metabolism, and mechanisms of action of EDCs. It also discusses the main consequences of EDCs, including obesity, diabetes, reproductive disorders, and cancer. The chapter ends with a discussion of preventive strategies to minimize exposure to EDCs.

Overall, this book enhances understanding of various environmental issues, changes, and sustainable solutions. The information contained herein will help to improve the skills of environmental scientists and decision-makers. It also contributes to the exchange of best practices for developing and implementing methods for environmental management.

## **Suriyanarayanan Sarvajayakesavalu**

Professor, Vinayaka Missions Kirupanandavariyar Arts and Science College, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation Deemed to be University, Salem, India

SCOPE – India (*Scientific Committee of Problems of the Environment*), JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India

#### **Pisit Chareonsudjai, Ph.D.**

Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science, Director of Ph.D. and Master Programmes in Environmental Science, Director of Master Programme in Intellectual Property and Innovation Management Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

**VI**

distribution of waste generation varies across the city. For example, a high rate of generation was found in the Rehankot and Shaow areas, whereas low generation

Chapter 9 provides a review of RS waste management strategies, highlighting applications for removing contaminants from wastewater in single and multi-component

Chapter 11 reviews the structure and dynamics of organic soils and explains their creation, evolution, and ultimate fate. It focuses on degraded peatland net primary productivity because of potential forthcoming differences attributed to rainfall,

Chapter 12 addresses multiple deleterious consequences of climate change. It talks about the causes of climate change and its effect on the planet, environment, plants, animals, and humans. It also discusses climate change adaptation and preventive

Chapter 13 is a review distinguishing the levels of vulnerability and resilience between the people who live in high potential zones and low potential zones in Tanzania. Study findings suggest that farmers with weak adaptive capacity should be carefully and immediately attended to, otherwise their livelihood options can

Chapter 14 is a study assessing the potential impact of climate change under a range of scenarios on intercrops of maize and improved pigeon pea varieties developed

Chapter 15 discusses how the spatial carrying capacity of cities, river basins, and regional transformation adapt to environmental changes, as well as the direction of

Chapter 16 discusses non-timber forest products and the associated economic

Chapter 17 describes the methodology for designing sustainable structures with examples of control systems for promoting sustainable structure design and the process of producing and revising sustainable structure design guidelines.

Chapter 18 is an experimental study describing the encapsulation of the polluting gases NO3, NO2, CO2, and N2 by the calix[4]arene molecule. Study results clearly

activities. It also relates habitat management aspects along with commercial invasion,

rates were found in fringe areas.

Section 3 – "Climate Change"

destroy the environment further.

and released in Kenya.

Section 4 – "Sustainability"

carrying capacity improvement.

Section 5 – "Pollution Management"

explain the charge distribution reactivity.

which have become detrimental to the environment.

strategies.

systems, and in static or continuous operation modes.

Chapter 10 discusses hazardous wastes and their management.

temperature, vegetation, hydrology, and permafrost disappearance.

**1**

Section 1

Natural Resources
