Meet the editors

Dr. Adam T. Devlin is a physical oceanographer who analyzes the fluctuations in tides and sea level on a global and regional level, with a special interest in the dynamics of the Western Pacific Ocean. He also studies the patterns of water level and meteorological changes using historical records and modern satellite data to better predict future flood scenarios and impacts on coastal populations and ecosystems. Dr. Devlin holds a Ph.D. in Applied

Physics from Portland State University, an MS in Applied Physics from Appalachian State University, and a BS in Physics from the University of Oregon. He worked at the Chinese University of Hong Kong from 2016 to 2019. Dr. Devlin joined the School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University as a distinguished research professor in May 2019.

Professor Jiayi Pan received his Ph.D. in Physical Oceanography from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1996. He was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Delaware from 1999 to 2003, then worked at the University of Southern Mississippi, Oregon Health and Science University, and Portland State University in 2003-2004, 2004-2005, and 2005- 2009, respectively. He joined the Institute of Space and Earth

Information Science, the Chinese University of Hong Kong as an associate professor in February 2009. Professor Jiayi Pan has been engaged in research on ocean remote sensing, air-sea interaction, estuarine dynamics, and internal wave dynamics for many years, and was the principal investigator (PI) or Co-PI for a number of research projects. In July 2019, he joined the School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University as a distinguished professor.

Dr. Mohammad Manjur Shah obtained his Ph.D. from Aligarh Muslim University in 2003. He is a pioneer in the field of insect parasitic nematodes in the North East Part of India. He has presented his findings in several conferences and published his articles in various reputed international journals. He completed post-doctoral fellowship twice under the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India before joining the Yusuf

Maitama Sule University, Kano, Nigeria in 2015. Apart from the present book, he has already edited five books with IntechOpen. He is also the reviewer of several journals of international repute. He has been listed in various biographies published from the USA and UK. At present he is working as an Associate Professor in Biology at the Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano, Nigeria.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

of Fisheries

*and Prasanna Pal*

Improvement

**Preface XI**

Water Quality of Inland Waters **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 19**

Ecological Factors Affecting Inland Waters **41**

**Chapter 3 43**

**Chapter 4 55**

**Chapter 5 73**

**Chapter 6 83**

Systemic-Entropic Approach for Assessing Water Quality of Rivers,

Effect of Climate Change on Aquatic Ecosystem and Production

Designing River Diversion Constructed Wetland for Water Quality

Constructed Wetlands in Wastewater Treatment and Challenges of

*by Sani Dauda Ahmed, Sampson Kwaku Agodzo and Kwaku Amaning Adjei*

*by Satarupa Ghosh, Snigdha Chatterjee, Ghora Shiva Prasad* 

The Tourism Impacts of Lake Erie Hazardous Algal Blooms

Emerging Resistant Genes Filtration and Reloading *by Donde Oscar Omondi and Atalitsa Caren Navalia*

*by Matthew Bingham and Jason Kinnell*

Microplastic Pollution in Portuguese Saltworks *by Ana Sofia Soares, Carlos Pinheiro, Uirá Oliveira* 

*and Maria Natividade Vieira*

Reservoirs, and Lakes *by Gevorg Simonyan*

### Contents



Preface

Inland waters, lakes, rivers, and their connected wetlands are the most important and the most vulnerable sources of freshwater on the planet. The ecology dependent on these systems includes a wide range of flora and fauna, as well as most human populations and civilization. The study of inland waters includes analyses of the biology, chemistry, physical dynamics, morphology, geology, and geography of inland aquatic systems. Inland water investigations may include examinations of lakes, rivers, ponds, streams, reservoirs, wetlands, and groundwater, as well as the ecological and anthropogenic factors that define and influence such systems. In particular, inland waters and wetlands are highly susceptible to chemical and biological pollutants from natural or human sources, changes in watershed dynamics due to the establishment of dams and reservoirs, and land use changes from agriculture and industry. This book provides a comprehensive review of issues important to the understanding of inland waters and discusses many worldwide inland water systems. The main topics of this text are water quality investigation, analyses of the ecology of inland water systems, remote sensing observation and

numerical modelling methods, and biodiversity investigations.

This book is organized into four main sections. The first section is entitled "Water Quality of Inland Waters", which is concerned with factors that affect the status of freshwater system quality. Chapter 1 of the first section investigates the contamination by microplastics found in salt works used for table salt in the Portuguese coastal waters, which reveals that microplastic contamination can be a serious concern. Chapter 2 of the first section adopts a novel approach to consider the entropy of inland water systems in the analysis of pollution and analyzes and compares many different freshwater quality indices in the waters of Armenia.

The second section of the book is entitled "Ecological Factors Affecting Inland Waters", which presents different issues related to the ecological health of wetlands and lakes. Chapter 1 of the second section analyzes how the impacts of global climate change can affect the production of inland freshwater fisheries, which in turn can impact the economy of those who depend on these industries. This chapter also provides suggestions for efficient management of fisheries under increased climate change scenarios. Chapter 2 of the second section is about techniques and methodologies of designing constructed wetlands for river diversion as possible improvements to water quality. Chapter 3 of the second section discusses the dynamics of hazardous algae blooms in Lake Erie, and the economic impacts on tourism in the region. Chapter 4 in the second section discusses various forms of constructed wetland structures and how this may help local aquatic plants respond

and adapt to contamination by pollutants such as antibiotic resistant genes.

The third section of this book is focused on observational and modelling

methodology, entitled "Remote Sensing and Modelling of Inland Waters". Chapter 1 of the third section examines how thermal stratification in lakes and reservoirs can be categorized and provides an in-depth analysis of the governing equations for modelling the hydrodynamics and water quality in stratified inland water systems, including particular case studies. Chapter 2 of the third section analyzes
